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NUMBERS OA OPEN APPLE NEWSLETTER OA-X OPEN-APPLE-X KEY P PAGE PDS PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE PR: PRODUCT REVIEW P@ PRODUCT AD S@ SOFTWARE AD SR: SOFTWARE REVIEW TELECOM TELECOMMUNICATIONS /OUTPUT IC OR C INCIDER MAGAZINE ID IDENTIFICATION INTBASIC INTEGER BASIC LC LANGUAGE OR RAM CARD LO-RES LOW RESOLUTION MAC MACINTOSH COMPUTER ML MACHINE LANGUAGE/CODE NB NIBBLE MAGAZINE NO. NUMBER NOS.P.L.E. MAGAZINE CTRL-X CONTROL-X (X=ANY CHARACTER) DATABASE DATA BASE DBMS DATABASE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM DIY DO-IT-YOURSELF FIX CORRECTION H@ HARDWARE AD HI-RES HIGH RESOLUTION HR: HARDWARE REVIEW I/O INPUTY[\]E APPLIED ENGINEERING AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AL ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE APPLE INC APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ASOFT APPLESOFT BASIC BBS BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM BR: BOOK REVIEW C OR IC INCIDER MAGAZINE CA CALL-A.PLAST-MODIFIED-1/17/88 *** ABBREVIATIONS USED *** *** IN SUPER INDEXES *** A OR CA CALL-A.P.P.L.E. MAGAZINE A+ OR + A+ MAGAZINE A+1287P10 " " DEC-1987-PAGE-10 A+584P23 " " MAY-1984-PAGE-23 AAA ALL ABOUT APPLESOFT-BOOK A/OhIJJb}Xwh w|\?F}7FfkTeoKt{m ч8\t: ޱs@Ab'+gKk-=K_䍄&:^?]|`旷atzoRw@P 1^d4X!ǧ$D?πJUBbgȜ$= + _2190 THEN X=FRE(0) : REM Applesoft/DOS 3.3 85 IF PEEK(978)=190 THEN PRINT CHR$(4);"FRE" : REM ProDOS 90 PRINT "GARBAGE COLLECTED"; CHR$(7) Line 10 determines how many strings our program will have. Line 20 dimensionsthe technique works, let's imagine an elementary order-entry program for a pumpkin factory. Each time the factory receives an order, the name and address of the purchaser is entered. Then the program asks for a pumpkin identification number (they come in many different sizes, shapes, and shades) and the quantity ordered. The program automatically looks up the identification number to figure out if that kind of pumpkin is available and its price. Once the first item is found, the program asks for ano might look like: 100 GOSUB 1000 : REM initialize program 110 DIM IN$(500) : GOSUB 1100 : REM load index array 120 FT = PEEK(111) + PEEK(112)*256 : REM save value in fretop 130 GOSUB 2000 : REM get name and address 140 GOSUB 2100 : REM get items 150chnique, we constantly force new temporary strings to overwrite the old, no-longer needed ones. Consequently, the strings never fill up your Apple's memory and the Garbageman is never called. Here's what our order-entry program, which uses the technique, the top of the first group. The second order is taken. Its temporary strings are placed in memory, again beginning right next to the permanent strings. At the end of the second order, we again poke FRETOP with its original value. Using this temory, between the variable tables and the permanent strings. When we are finished processing the first order, we poke the value previously found in FRETOP back into FRETOP. This tricks Applesoft into storing the next group of temporary strings right overall the strings that will never be changed are assigned values first. This will pack them all together in the area of memory right next to DOS. Then the programmer takes a peek at FRETOP. The first order is taken. Temporary strings are placed in methe Garbageman would get to scan the 500 array strings 500 times. Your computer will lock up for what seems like forever. BEATING THE GARBAGEMAN TO HIS OWN GAME. In the selective string preservation technique, the programmer takes care to make sure wo, all available memory would be filled up. Garbage collection would be slow because the string array holding pumpkin identification numbers alone would typically have 500 or more items in it. Not even counting all the other strings in the program, y string variables hold information such as the name and address on the order and the ID numbers and prices of the pumpkins. Any software similar to our order-entry program is exactly what the Garbageman loves to muck up. After entering an order or te variables that are assigned one value on the first order, a completely different value on the second order, and so on. After an order has been saved on disk and printed, the strings associated with these variables will not be used again. These temporarthat the ID was valid. The ID's position in the array could also be used as a record number for a random-access inventory file. In addition to permanent string variables, our pumpkin program would use a number of temporary string variables. These ar In our order entry program, we would also have a large, permanent, string array holding pumpkin identification numbers. These would be strings like "RX-11-Pink" or "JC-0-Light". Whenever a pumpkin ID was entered, we would scan the array to make sure ables that are assigned a value only once. They may be referred to over and over again, but they don't actually vary. The DOS d$ is a good example of a string variable that is assigned once, is never again changed, but is used throughout most programs. papers. Then the program starts over and asks for the name and address on the next order. This program, and most other database-type programs like it, involve two kinds of string variables. First there are permanent string variables. These are varither pumpkin identification number (we hope it's a large order for many different kinds of pumpkins). The process continues until there are no more items, at which point the program saves the entire order in a disk file and prints an invoice and shipping GOSUB 3000 : REM save order on disk 160 GOSUB 3500 : REM print invoice, etc 170 POKE 112,FT/256 : POKE 111,FT - PEEK(112)*256 : REM fix freetop 180 GOTO 130 : REM do next order ...program subroutines start here The important lines are 120 and 170. Line 120 saves the value in FRETOP after all permanent strings have been assigned. Line 170 pokes this value back into FRETOP when it's time to clear all the temporary strings. IMPLEMENTATION TIPS. If you decide to use this technique, hereis lower. Time-Life sells its letter to the U.S. business community, which is used to paying too much for computer-related services. Open-Apple's market, on the other hand, is the world-wide Apple user community, which demands getting its money's worth.Wiley Catt Okefenokee Swamp The October issue of Time-Life's letter listed seven executives and nineteen contributors. The committee that puts together Open-Apple is smaller--just Weishaar and six or seven of us imaginary creatures--so our overhead . ~page 1.6 ASK (or tell) UNCLE DOS ======================== ~page 1.6 Life and Times --------------- I subscribe to a Time-Life newsletter about Apples that costs $48 a year. How will you and Weishaar stay in business with a price only half that? g the Garbageman's time-wasting visits. Once you get the selective string preservation technique down, you'll find it quite helpful for those string- and disk-intensive data base programs you are writing. The Garbageman will no longer be your nemesiss will not. If you are using the selective string preservation technique, avoid the fre(0) command. This command calls the Garbageman and asks him to attack. What we are trying to do here is haul the garbage out ourselves, thereby completely avoidinnto either the permanent or the temporary string storage areas. This only works for program strings assigned with quotation marks. For example, d$=CHR$(4) will put a control-D in the string storage area; d$="" : REM invisible control-d between quote variables right inside your program. For example, if you have a line in your program such as 1000 f$="scary stuff", the pointer in the variable table will point at the string where it appears in your program. The string "SCARY STUFF" will not be moved i that the values in your permanent strings cannot be changed. If they are, the new value will be stored in your temporary string area, and the old value will become wasted memory space. One way you can get around this is by assigning values to stringt mixed up and think that since you assigned a value to a variable before peeking at FRETOP the first time, you can later safely change the value. It kind of seems like the new value should get stored in the permanent string area. But it won't. Remembert was previously given a string value. But instead of the assigned string, the variable contains gibberish, or worse. This is because the original string assignment was placed in the temporary strings area and was later overwritten. It is easy to geut in his original article, it is helpful to know that the pokes to FRETOP, and not some other bugs, are to blame. When the selective string preservation technique is to blame for the bug, here's what happens. Your program tries to use a variable thami-permanent strings by poking in the other value. Don't try to poke new values into FRETOP until you have all other bugs out of your program. If you change FRETOP at the wrong place in your program, very strange things can happen. As Ruth pointed ostrings, and temporary strings. In this case you would save the FRETOP value twice, in different variables. This way you could delete only the temporary stings by poking FRETOP with one of the values and you could delete both the temporary and the se are some tips. First, use great care in splitting the permanent strings from the temporary strings. In long, complex programs, you may have to use more than just two string groups. For example, you may have completely-permanent strings, semi-permanent ~page 1.6 Save the Trees --------------- Why is Open-Apple printed on such light-weight paper? P.T.Bridgeport Okefenokee Swamp It saves postage (particularly to subscribers living outside North America), space in your file drawer, and gives us a distinctive feel (you'll never get Open-Apple mixed up with Byte, for example). The newsletters will be protected by envelopes in all subscription mailings. ~page 1.6 From Cotton to Apples ---------------------- Open-Apple looks interesting and Ing, you know just enough to be dangerous. Electrical soldering requires both smaller soldering irons (the device that provides the heat) and a different kind of solder (the tin-lead alloy). Heathkit sells a self-instructional kit on soldering. It coood electrical connection that is also physically strong. In addition to its use in electrical work, solder is also used in many other situations. The gutters on your house are probably soldered. However, if you know all about non-electrical solderi Okefenokee Swamp First of all, if you don't know how already, you have to learn to solder (pronounced sodder). Soldering is a technique for connecting electronic components and wires together using heat and a tin-lead alloy. Soldering provides a g------------------ I'm interested in doing some interfacing tricks with my Apple, such as hooking two Apples together and connecting stuff to the game port. However, I am a complete beginner at electronics. Where should I begin? Grundoon Groundchuckt. Do you really think that's the root cause of our troubles? I predict that Apple will buy another SuperBowl spot this year and that it will once again be more interesting than the game. You read it here first. ~page 1.6 Where is the Beginning? ------ ad last year and my life has been a mess ever since. Churchy LaFemme Okefenokee Swamp Things weren't real swell around here, either, though 1984 wasn't as bad as some predicted. Last year I was in the bathroom during Apple's ad and I, too, missed i Weishaar is a member of the Apple Bits Users Group in Kansas City. He is frequently invited to make presentations to groups of Apple users. ~page 1.6 By the Sea ----------- Do I need to watch the SuperBowl this year? I missed Apple's Big Brotherring that period he also wrote articles (DOS Be Nimble, DOS Be Quick, March 1983; Breaking the Floppy Barrier: An Introduction to Apple's ProDOS, January 1984) and was one of the Softalk Sages who answered reader's questions in the If-Then-Maybe column. as one of the best new programs of 1983 in Softalk's annual reader poll (Softalk, April 1984, page 73). In addition to programming, Weishaar wrote Softalk's monthly DOStalk column from April 1983 through the final issue of Softalk in August 1984. Du an accomplished Basic and assembly language programmer. He has developed two programs, ProntoDOS and Frame-Up, that have been published by Beagle Bros. Both programs appear frequently on best-seller lists of Apple utility programs. ProntoDOS was chosenevelopment of new electronic terminals for CNS customers. The terminals replaced teletype machines and early dot-matrix printers. Weishaar bought an Apple II in 1980. A year later he left CNS to devote full time to the potential of the Apple. He iswsletters. Later, as the company's Managing Editor for operations, Weishaar was heavily involved in a changeover of the company's entire editorial department from typewriters and teletype machines to computers and terminals. He was also involved in the de was in college. He received a masters degree in journalism from the University of Kansas in 1975. He then worked at Commodity News Services, an electronic news source for commodity traders. At CNS Weishaar started and managed a group of four weekly ne am considering a charter subscription. But could you please tell me Weishaar's qualifications as a newsletter publisher? Doc Owl Okefenokee Swamp Weishaar (pronounced wise-ar) is a professional journalist who has been working with computers since hsts around $20. It includes an excellent book and some electronic parts you can safely destroy while learning. If you're interested in the hard side of the Apple II, this kit is a real good starting place. If you don't have a soldering iron, don't buy one until you need it. The first part of Heathkit's book describes the various kinds of irons that are available and what kind you need. Radio Shack sells adequate ones. Oh, and while you're at Radio Shack, take a look at their cheapest multimeteg, issue a restore command to bring the variables back into memory. Goto (not run!) will then resume processing with all variables intact. ~page 1.7 Putting RWTS in Solitary -------------------------- Is there any way to edit DOS 3.3 so only the RWTllocation scheme so that the problem doesn't occur. If you are using ProDOS, however, there is a solution. Before editing your program, issue the store command. This will save the current values of all variables in a file on your disk. After editine memory space used by the program listing itself gets either bigger or smaller. To keep the variables intact, they would all have to be moved to keep them adjacent to the program. The other Basics you've worked with probably use a different memory aram line? Harold F. Williams Hutchinson, Minn. The reason Dr. Basic clears all the variables is that your program and its variable tables are adjacent to each other in memory. (See Figure 1 on page 4 of this newsletter.) When you edit a program, thble values still intact. This is a big aid in debugging a program since you need not start back at the beginning with a run. Is there a poke or some other technique that will restore pointers or values for variables in Applesoft after altering a progalues of all variables are cleared whenever the most minor change is made to a line of an Applesoft program residing in memory? I have worked with other machines that let you change a program line, issue a GOTO to resume processing, and have all variassional free-lance writers who do articles on Commodores one day and Apples the next. If your main interest is the advertising, A+ now appears to be the thickest Apple magazine. ~page 1.6 Variable Recovery ------------------ Why is it that the vof its articles are written by minors. A+ and inCider have always struck me as opportunist publications. Both are late-comers from publishers who first had other computer magazines. Most articles appear to be written by either CP/M holdouts or profesingle-minded devotion to one of today's most popular hobbies--defeating copy-protection schemes. Nibble has always been a whole-heartedly Apple magazine. It is targeted toward new users, however. For some reason, I often have the feeling that many ly Line are my favorite Apple-only publications. When you read these you feel like you're among friends--people who have Apples, use them, and are trying to share their discoveries with all of us. Hardcore Computist is an Apple-only magazine with a the microcomputer industry. Its editors have a healthy respect for Apples; you won't feel short-changed reading this one. In addition to news, InfoWorld publishes lots of reviews and a couple of very good columnists. Call -A.P.P.L.E.and Apple Assemb ----------------------------- Now that Softalk is gone, what Apple magazines do you read and recommend? Mam'selle Hepzibah Okefenokee Swamp InfoWorld, while not an Apple-only magazine, is my favorite. It's a weekly and concentrates on news in this you can buy a better one later. Here at Open-Apple we'll help you out with a column called Bus School. It will be about Apple hardware and techniques for connecting your Apple to the world. Watch for it. ~page 1.6 Replacement Reading Materialr. These little gizmos measure voltage, amperage, and resistance. Usually Radio Shack will have a small, adequate multimeter available for about $10. You can also spend a lot more, but the $10 one is good enough for beginners. If you get really good atS subroutine and boot up procedure are left? Would this free up space on the disk? Also, on some disks that I boot up, the cursor flashes, but on others, it doesn't. I have searched the DOS manual, but have found no information on either subject. I would be grateful if you would answer these questions. Albert Ting Bellevue, Wash. A flashing cursor indicates you are using Apple's 40-column firmware. A non-flashing cursor indicates you are using Apple's 80-column firmware (activated by programs on number of the disk drive times 16), and jumping to $B700. ~page 1.7 HeDaP Heaven ------------- All this talk in the computer magazines about the "sorry" state of computer documentation is disgusting. Users act as if they have a Constitutional righte loaded and run automatically when you boot. Your program can load and run other programs, if they are stored on the disk using the same ascending-sector scheme, by making the above changes in memory, loading the X register with what's at $B7E9 (the sloten put $12 (the number of sectors) at $B7E0; $31 (the high-byte address of the program's final sector) at $B7E7; $02 and $01 (the track and sector of the program's final sector) at $B715 and $B71A. At $B73B put 4C 00 20 (jmp $2000) The program will b and loads at $2000 and is $1200 bytes long, put the stuff from $2000-20FF at track 1/sector 0; $2100-$21FF at track 1/sector 1; $2F00-$2FFF at track 1/sector F; $3000-$30FF at track 2/sector 0; $3100-$31FF (the end of the program) at track 2/sector 1. Th (track 0/sector 1, bytes $15 and $1A) to the numbers of the track and sector where that final sector is stored. At $B73B-$B73D (track 0/sector 1, bytes $3B-$3D) put a jump ($4C) to your program's starting address. For example, if your program starts byte $E0) to the number of sectors used to store your program; the number at $B7E7 (track 0,/sector 1, byte $E7) to the high-byte address where your program's final sector should be loaded (low-byte of address must be zero); the numbers at $B715 and $B71Ao on. When you've filled track 1/sector 15, go to track 2/sector 0 and continue until your entire program is on the disk. Now, to get this program off the disk and back into memory, use the disk zapper to change the number at $B7E0 (track 0/sector 1, To do this, start by storing your main program on a disk in ascending sectors. For example, if your program is $1200 bytes long, use a disk zap utility to store the first 256 bytes in track 1/sector 0; the second 256 bytes in track 1/sector 1; and s The easy way to run a machine language program on start-up is to modify the DOS boot routine at $B700-$B749 so that it loads your program instead of the DOS command interpreter and file manager (see previous letter--but don't do what it says there).ad other programs, given a track and sector. I wish to do nothing more. No filenames, no file directory, just what I have said. I have tried this before, but soon found I just didn't have the necessary know-how to do it. Jeff Biggus Glen Ellyn, Ill.OStalk. ~page 1.7 Running Without Filenames -------------------------- I need to create a DOS system that would allow me to simply boot up a disk and run a machine language program at a certain sector on a given track. I'd also like to be able to loest of DOS. This effectively frees up sectors 10 though 15 on track 0 and all of tracks 1 and 2, however, you will have to unmark the VTOC's free-space bit map on the newly-initialized disk yourself. If you don't know how to do this, see the March 1984 Dat $B70E and initialize a new disk (from the Monitor enter B70E:BD 88 C0 4C 69 FF). When you boot this new disk, RWTS will be loaded normally, but then our new instructions will turn off the drive and jump to the Monitor rather than continue loading the rsome of your disks via PR#3). Note that the 40-column firmware cannot display 80 columns, but the 80-column firmware can display either 40 columns (press esc 4) or 80 columns (press esc 8). To edit DOS down to just RWTS, put a LDA $C088,X JMP $FF69 to information about how computers and software work. But as any student of the history and traditions of data processing knows, this information has always belonged solely to the Heros of Data Processing (HeDaPs). There is nothing new about the notion that an elite, closed group of people should control the technology of the time. That's how witch doctors did it and what's good enough for them is good enough for us. Just imagine the sorry state the world would be in today if users had had acce further than the platform-writing committees of last summer's political conventions. The Democrats had a gem that went like this, "The Democratic party opposes quotas which are inconsistent with the principles of our country." Isn't that beautiful languad sleep even better if documentation writers would write more like scholars and a little less like newspaper hacks. Even politicians know more about proper English than most technical writers do. For good examples of scholarly writing we need turn nos when HeDaPs lose control. I've seen War Games; I've seen Tron; I know what happens when you let untrained individuals loose around a computer. I sleep soundly at night knowing that the HeDaPs have the users on the run. However, I must admit I woulogramming manual. And the great joke is that even if users get a copy it won't help them; they need a Lisa to write programs--that kills me. The MacIntosh is a shoe-in for the HeDaP machine of the year. Believe me, I know how serious the situation i Those books are no longer standard equipment. They cost $50 extra. That should keep the users from nosing around too much. Even better, however, is Apple's policy with its MacIntosh. You have to be a certified HeDaP to get that computer's $150 prf people learning how to use and program a computer with the books that came with the machine. Fortunately, it was only Basic they were learning. It is my pleasure to assure you that the Heros of Data Processing have now gained control even at Apple.ne HeDaP told me CP/M stood for Conspiracy to Protect the Ministry. I believed him. Oh, the users got a little uppity there for awhile when those two garage engineers developed the Apple II. I must admit it was frightening to see tens of thousands obarrassed and sorry and knew from that moment on that computers must be protected from the masses. Perhaps the greatest weapon we have in this fight is obscure documentation. The early materials that accompanied CP/M, for example, were so good that ocing. A Sales Engineer approached but neither he nor any of his colleagues could make the man dance again. My machine was dead. I had, with one uninformed keystroke, killed a little dancing man--to say nothing of a computer priced at 10 grand. I was emof commerce--called Sales Engineers. The Sales Engineers sat each HeDaP down in front of a machine. A little stick man made of letters popped up on the screen and started to dance. Curious, I pressed a key on the machine's keyboard. The man stopped dan computer systems. Unconvinced and unrepentant, I snuck into an IBM seminar for HeDaPs. The seminar was about a machine called the DisplayWriter. Around the seminar room stood unique beings--half from the world of technology and half from the world n't be any harder to start than lawnmowers. I argued constantly with one big HeDaP in particular about who should be allowed to use the power of our company's computer. He patiently explained to me many times how damaging us common bunglers can be to big a witch doctor; and then where would we be? I am not a HeDaP myself. But I do acknowledge that theirs is the power and the glory. Regretfully, I must admit I didn't always understand that. There was a time when it seemed to me that computers couldss to witch doctor information 10,000 years ago. A careless user might have ridden a spirit hard, put it away wet, and contaminated all the spirits. If anyone could be a witch doctor, then everyone could be a witch doctor; and then no one would really bege? It is absolutely impossible to tell whether the Democrats think all quotas are un-American or if they think some are and some aren't and they oppose only the ones that are. For their part, the Republicans wrote, "We...oppose any attempts to increase taxes which would harm the recovery..." Do they oppose all taxes or only those that are harmful? You can't tell. This is what scholarly writing is all about. Obscurity is the foundation on which elitism is built. According to a report in the Wa e `anger to HeDaPdom, which suits us just fine. ce between which and that turn themselves in for reprogramming. Then we'll only have a few newspaper editors and this guy Bremner to worry about. Deacon Muskrat Okefenokee Swamp Indeed, documentation that always has commas in front of whiches is a dtroduce a clause that is essential to the meaning of a sentence. "Which", which should be preceded by a comma, is reserved for clauses that add incidental information, according to Bremner. I recommend that any technical writers who know the differenary to think that one or two of them might be documentation writers? (I don't think we have to worry that any of them are politicians.) This unbearably clear-minded professor, whose name is John Bremner, insists writers should always use "that" to inll Street Journal, a journalism professor from the University of Kansas told a group of newspaper editors this summer, "Outside this room, there are only three or four people left who know the difference between 'which' and 'that'." Don't you agree it's sc