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BE TTHE NUMBER OF ATOMS MUST BE THÅ SAME ON EACH SIDÅ THE ATOMS MUST HAVE THE SAMÅ VALENCÅ ALL OF THE ABOVńN“D“N“N“X“ SORRY ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€X“ EXACTLY ”THE NUMBER OF ATOMS ON THE RIGHT HANÄSIDE MUSTCAĢEQUATIONS"® FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE SHOWINĒTHE REACTION OF SODIUM WITH CHLORINÅTO FORM SODIUM CHLORIDE® PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚l“b“v“ IN A CHEMICAL EQUATIONŗ THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES MUST BÅ THE SAME ON EACH SIDÅ ETURN TO CONT.©€”“ GOOD ”A SODIUM ATOM POSSESSES 11 ELECTRONS®THEREFORE THE THIRD ORBIT CONTAINS ĮSINGLE ELECTRON® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€v“ THE CHANGES WHICH OCCUR WHEĪSUBSTANCES CHEMICALLY REACT WITH EACČOTHER ARE EXPRESSED IN "CHEMIF +± CHLORINE (CL) HAS A VALENCÅ OF -± (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €”“ WHAT IS THE VALENCE OF SODIUMæ +± -± +² -²„Š“€“€“€“”“ NOT TRUE .  KEEP IN MIND THAT A SODIUM ATOM  POSSESSES 11 ELECTRONS. TRY AGAIN® (PRESS R ”WHEN AN ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON, IŌPOSSESSES MORE PROTONS THAN ELECTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ž“ THE VALENCE OF AN ELEMENT IS  A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY TĻCOMBINE WITH OTHER ELEMENTS.  E.G. SODIUM (NA) HAS A VALENCÅ OM HAS GAINED AN ELECTRON¬SO IT HAS A NET CHARGE OF -1® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¼“ INCORRECT ®REMEMBER THAT PROTONS HAVE A POSITIVÅCHARGE, AND ELECTRONS ARE NEGATIVELŁCHARGED. NOW PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¼“ SUPER® FOLLOWING THE REACTION, THE SODIUĶATOMS HAVE ONLY TEN ELECTRONS BUT STILĢPOSSESS THEIR ORIGINAL 11 PROTONÓ(POSITIVELY CHARGED)® THE SODIUM ATOMS HAVE NOW ACQUIREÄA NET CHARGE OF +1 AND HAVE THUS BECOMÅCHARGED INTO IONS. SIMILARY EACČCHLORINE ATOKES THE FIRST TWO ORBITS TĻACCOMODATE THE 10 ELECTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ę“ NOW LET US EXAMINE THE REACTIOĪBETWEEN SODIUM AND CHLORINE TO GIVÅSODIUM CHLORIDE. IN REACTING WITČCHLORINE, EACH SODIUM ATOM LOSES ONÅELECTRON TO A CHLORINE ATOMITÓ 5 ORBITÓ 8 ORBITӄŚ“Š“Ś“Ś“ä“ SORRY .  REMEMBER THAT THE FIRST ORBIT CAN ONLŁHOLD TWO ELECTRONS WHILE THE SECOND CAN HOLD UP TO EIGHT ELECTRONS. PLEASE GĻBACK AND TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €ä“ GREAT ”IT ONLY TA” EXCELLENT ”IN A NEUTRAL ATOM, THE NUMBER OĘELECTRONS IS THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OĘPROTONS. THE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVÅCHARGE CANCEL EACH OTHER® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€” IF AN ATOM CONTAINS 10 ELECTRONS¬IT MUST HAVEŗ 10 ORBITÓ 2 ORBLECTRONS AS PROTONS. AN ATOM OĘHYDROGEN POSSESSES ONE PROTON AND ONÅELECTRON; IRON POSSESSES 26 PROTONS¬WHILE URANIUM CONTAINS 92 PARTICLES OĘEACH TYPE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€*” NOT TRUE ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ E NUCLEUS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€\” WONDERFUL ”NEUTRONS HAVE ALMOST THE SAME MASÓAS PROTONS, BUT THEY POSSESS NĻELECTRIC CHARGE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€4” EACH ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL ATOĶOF AN ELEMENT CONTAINS THE SAME NUMBEŅOF EONÓ THE ELECTRON IS SURROUNDED BŁ THE NUCLEUÓ THE ELECTRON AND NUCLEUS ARÅ JOINED TOGETHEŅ NONE OF THE ABOVńp”f”f”f”z” NOT QUITE ®PLEASE TRY THE QUESTION AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€z” RIGHT ”THE ELECTRONS SURROUND THEæ CUTTING A PIECE OF PAPEŅ BURNING A PIECE OF PAPEŅ BREAKING A GLASÓ NONE OF THE ABOVń¢”˜”¢”¢”¬” SORRY ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¬” WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTÓIS TRUEæ THE NUCLEUS IS SURROUNDED BŁ ELECTRKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS, RESULTINĒIN THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT SUB­STANCES THAN WERE PRESENT BEFORE THÅCHANGE. 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WATER IS MADE OF TWĻHYDROGEN ATOMS AND ONE OXYGEN ATOM® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€$• WHAT ARE IONIC LATTICESæ THREE-CAL BOND® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€V• COMPOUNDS MAY BE GROUPED INTO TWĻBROAD CATEGORIESŗ A) MOLECULAR COMPOUNÄ B) IONIC COMPOUNÄ (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€L• WATER IS Aŗ MOLECULAR COMPOUNÄ IONIC COMPOUNÄ ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCÅIMILAR ELEMENTÓ CHEMICALLY COMBINEÄ TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ CHEMICALLY COMBINEÄ TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ MIXED TOGETHEŅ NONE OF THE ABOVńj•`•j•j•t• EXCELLENT ”COMPOUNDS ARE TWO OR MORE DIFFERENŌELEMENTS JOINED BY A CHEMIE DISTINGUISHED FROĶMERE PHYSICAL MIXTURES® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€~• THE ATOMS IN A COMPOUND FORM Į"CHEMICAL BOND" WITH ONE ANOTHER. IĪA PHYSICAL MIXTURE, THEY DO NOT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€t• CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AREŗ TWO OR MORE SCT ”ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES CAN HAVE MORÅTHAN A SINGLE ATOM, BUT THEY MUST BÅOF THE SAME KIND® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ˆ• SUBSTANCES COMPOSED OF TWO OŅMORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COM­BINED ARE KNOWN AS "COMPOUNDS". COM­POUNDS SHOULD BOGEN (N2)® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¦• ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES CONTAINŗ ONLY ONE ATOĶ ONLY ONE MOLECULÅ ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOĶ NONE OF THE ABOVńœ•œ•’•œ•¦• SORRY ®PLEASE TRY THE QUESTION AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¦• CORRE ONLY OF SINGLE ATOMS, WHILÅOTHERS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES IĪWHICH TWO OR MORE ATOMS OF THE SAMÅKIND HAVE BECOME CHEMICALLY ATTACHEÄTO EACH OTHER® AN EXAMPLE OF THE FORMER IÓHELIUM (HE), WHILE THE LATTER ARÅREPRESENTED BY THE GASES OXYGEN (O2©AND NITRONT.©€Ī• RIGHT ”EVERY ATOM REPRESENTS A DIFFERENŌELEMENT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ŗ• SUBSTANCES WHICH CONTAIN ONLY ONÅKIND OF ATOM ARE CALLED "ELEMENTARŁSUBSTANCES"® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€°• SOME ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCEÓCONSISTN IS DENOTED BY Ī (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ī• WHAT ARE ATOMSæ PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP AN ELEMENŌ THEY REPRESENT DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ SMALL DUST PARTICLEÓ NONE OF THE ABOVńŲ•Ä•Ų•Ų•Ī• INCORRECT ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO C MAY BE CONVERTED INTO  ANOTHER.   (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ā• THERE ARE 105 DIFFERENT KINDS OĘATOMS, EACH OF WHICH REPRESENTS ĮDIFFERENT "ELEMENT". EACH ELEMENT IÓDENOTED BY AN ATOMIC SYMBOL® E.G. HYDROGEN IS DENOTED BY Č NITROGE   (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €ģ• CHEMISTRY DEALS WITH THE MANNER IN WHICH ATOMS OF DIFFERENT KINDS HAVÅBECOME ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER TO FORM THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MATTER.  IT IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH HOW ONÅSUBSTANCE  BY     HAMED SANDOGHDAR       GRAPHICS BY KEVIN HICKEY     !vܑ÷d–±²°¶ø³ E.C.P.L. EDUCATION PROGRAM       AN INTRODUCTION TO     BASIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS                                           CAĢEQUATIONS"® FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE SHOWINĒTHE REACTION OF SODIUM WITH CHLORINÅTO FORM SODIUM CHLORIDE® PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚l“b“v“ IN A CHEMICAL EQUATIONŗ THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES MUST BÅ THE SAME ON EACH SIDÅ ETURN TO CONT.©€”“ GOOD ”A SODIUM ATOM POSSESSES 11 ELECTRONS®THEREFORE THE THIRD ORBIT CONTAINS ĮSINGLE ELECTRON® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€v“ THE CHANGES WHICH OCCUR WHEĪSUBSTANCES CHEMICALLY REACT WITH EACČOTHER ARE EXPRESSED IN "CHEMIF +± CHLORINE (CL) HAS A VALENCÅ OF -± (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €”“ WHAT IS THE VALENCE OF SODIUMæ +± -± +² -²„Š“€“€“€“”“ NOT TRUE .  KEEP IN MIND THAT A SODIUM ATOM  POSSESSES 11 ELECTRONS. TRY AGAIN® (PRESS R ”WHEN AN ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON, IŌPOSSESSES MORE PROTONS THAN ELECTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ž“ THE VALENCE OF AN ELEMENT IS  A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY TĻCOMBINE WITH OTHER ELEMENTS.  E.G. SODIUM (NA) HAS A VALENCÅ OM HAS GAINED AN ELECTRON¬SO IT HAS A NET CHARGE OF -1® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¼“ INCORRECT ®REMEMBER THAT PROTONS HAVE A POSITIVÅCHARGE, AND ELECTRONS ARE NEGATIVELŁCHARGED. NOW PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¼“ SUPER® FOLLOWING THE REACTION, THE SODIUĶATOMS HAVE ONLY TEN ELECTRONS BUT STILĢPOSSESS THEIR ORIGINAL 11 PROTONÓ(POSITIVELY CHARGED)® THE SODIUM ATOMS HAVE NOW ACQUIREÄA NET CHARGE OF +1 AND HAVE THUS BECOMÅCHARGED INTO IONS. SIMILARY EACČCHLORINE ATOKES THE FIRST TWO ORBITS TĻACCOMODATE THE 10 ELECTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ę“ NOW LET US EXAMINE THE REACTIOĪBETWEEN SODIUM AND CHLORINE TO GIVÅSODIUM CHLORIDE. IN REACTING WITČCHLORINE, EACH SODIUM ATOM LOSES ONÅELECTRON TO A CHLORINE ATOMITÓ 5 ORBITÓ 8 ORBITӄŚ“Š“Ś“Ś“ä“ SORRY .  REMEMBER THAT THE FIRST ORBIT CAN ONLŁHOLD TWO ELECTRONS WHILE THE SECOND CAN HOLD UP TO EIGHT ELECTRONS. PLEASE GĻBACK AND TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €ä“ GREAT ”IT ONLY TA” EXCELLENT ”IN A NEUTRAL ATOM, THE NUMBER OĘELECTRONS IS THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OĘPROTONS. THE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVÅCHARGE CANCEL EACH OTHER® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€” IF AN ATOM CONTAINS 10 ELECTRONS¬IT MUST HAVEŗ 10 ORBITÓ 2 ORBLECTRONS AS PROTONS. AN ATOM OĘHYDROGEN POSSESSES ONE PROTON AND ONÅELECTRON; IRON POSSESSES 26 PROTONS¬WHILE URANIUM CONTAINS 92 PARTICLES OĘEACH TYPE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€*” NOT TRUE ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ E NUCLEUS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€\” WONDERFUL ”NEUTRONS HAVE ALMOST THE SAME MASÓAS PROTONS, BUT THEY POSSESS NĻELECTRIC CHARGE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€4” EACH ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL ATOĶOF AN ELEMENT CONTAINS THE SAME NUMBEŅOF EONÓ THE ELECTRON IS SURROUNDED BŁ THE NUCLEUÓ THE ELECTRON AND NUCLEUS ARÅ JOINED TOGETHEŅ NONE OF THE ABOVńp”f”f”f”z” NOT QUITE ®PLEASE TRY THE QUESTION AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€z” RIGHT ”THE ELECTRONS SURROUND THEæ CUTTING A PIECE OF PAPEŅ BURNING A PIECE OF PAPEŅ BREAKING A GLASÓ NONE OF THE ABOVń¢”˜”¢”¢”¬” SORRY ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¬” WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTÓIS TRUEæ THE NUCLEUS IS SURROUNDED BŁ ELECTRKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS, RESULTINĒIN THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT SUB­STANCES THAN WERE PRESENT BEFORE THÅCHANGE. THE BURNING OF A PIECE OF PAPER REPRESENTS A CHEMICAL CHANGE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¶” WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS ĮCHEMICAL CHANGHE ABOVńŌ”Ō”Ō”Ź”Ž” GREAT ”ALL OF THESE ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ą” CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ARE INDICEÓOF THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO UNDER­GO CHEMICAL CHANGES. CHEMICAL CHANGEÓALWAYS INVOLVE THE MAKING AND/OŅBREAHE SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ANÄTHE SAME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. THEY ARÅMERELY DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF THÅSAME SUBSTANCE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ž” WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ĮPHYSICAL PROPERTYæ MELTING POINŌ BOILING POINŌ DENSITŁ ALL OF T"REVIEW¢  IF AN ATOM WEIGHS HALF AS MUCČAS A CARBON ATOM, ITS ATOMIC WEIGHT ISŗ 1/² ¶ 1² NONE OF THE ABOVńś‘š‘ś‘ś‘š‘ INCORRECT . REMEMBER THAT THE ATOMS ARE JOINED BŁA CHEMICAL BOND. PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.) €t• TRONS POSSESS A NEGATIVE  CHARGÅ NEUTRONS DON'T POSSESS AĪ ELECTRIC CHARGńJ’J’J’@’T’ "REVIEW¢  IF AN ATOM IS NEGATIVELY CHARGEÄIT HASŗ LOST A PROTOĪ LOST AN ELECTROĪ GAINED AN ELECTROĪ NONE OF THE ABOVń’’’’’ LLOWING IS ĮPHYSICAL PROPERTYæ MELTING POINŌ BOILING POINŌ DENSITŁ ALL OF THE ABOVńr’r’r’h’|’ "REVIEW¢  WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTÓIS TRUEæ PROTONS AND NEUTRONS HAVE THÅ SAME CHARGÅ PROTONS POSSESS A NEGATIVÅ CHARGÅ NEUCOVEREÄ FIRSŌ NONE OF THE ABOVńš’’š’š’¤’ "REVIEW¢  HOW ARE THE ATOMS IN A COMPOUNÄJOINED TOGETHERæ THEY ARE PHYSICALLY MIXEÄ MAGNETIC FORCÅ CHEMICAL BONÄ NONE OF THE ABOVń†’†’|’†’’ "REVIEW¢  WHICH ONE OF THE FOENT KINDS OĘATOMS EXISTæ 1° 10µ 25° NONE OF THE ABOVń®’®’¤’®’ø’ "REVIEW¢  WHAT IS AN ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCEæ SUBSTANCES WHICH HAVE DIFFERENŌ KINDS OF ATOMÓ SUBTANCES WHICH CONTAIN ONLY ONÅ KIND OF ATOĶ SUBSTANCES WHICH WERE DISD PROTONS AND ELECTRONS. WE CAN THEREFORE SPEAK OF MATTER AS BEING  ELECTRICAL IN NATURE. EVEN THOUGH THIÓIS TRUE OF ALL TYPES OF MATTER, IT IS MOST TANGIBLY EVIDENT WITH IONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  € ” "REVIEW¢  HOW MANY DIFFERN THE THIRÄORBIT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€’ SORRY ®IN ORDER FOR AN ATOM TO BECOMÅNEGATIVELY CHARGED, IT MUST GAIN AĪELECTRON® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€’ WE JUST STATED THAT ALL ATOMS CON- TAIN ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES CALLEOES THE FIRSŌORBIT HOLDæ ± ² ø 1ø„6’,’6’6’@’ INCORRECT ®THE FIRST ORBIT HOLDS ONLY TWĻELECTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€,’ SORRY ®SINCE THE FIRST TWO ORBITS HOLD UP TĻ10 ELECTRONS THE REMAINING THREÅELECTRONS MUST BE PLACED I INCORRECT . AN ATOM IS COMPOSED OF ELECTRONS¬PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.   (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €T’ NOT TRUE ®NEUTRONS DO NOT POSSESS AN ELECTRIĆCHARGE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€@’ "REVIEW¢  HOW MANY ELECTRONS DTO CONT.©€|’ TRUE ¬BUT THE CORRECT ANSWER IS (D) SINCÅALL THE CHOICES ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€h’ "REVIEW¢  WHAT IS AN ATOM COMPOSED OFæ ELECTRONÓ PROTONÓ NEUTRONÓ ALL OF THE ABOVń^’^’^’T’h’ ENŌELEMENT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¤’ INCORRECT ®ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES ARE SUBSTANCEÓWHICH CONTAIN ONE KIND OF ATOM® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€’ NOT TRUE ®THE ATOMS ARE CHEMICALLY BONDED WITČONE ANOTHER® (PRESS RETURN HLORINE ATOM® 35.“ 37.“ 70.ø NONE OF THE ABOVń֒֒Ģ’Ö’ą’ THAT'S RIGHT ”THE ANSWER IS OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYINĒ2 BY 35.4® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ā’ SORRY ®THERE ARE 105 DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS¬EACH OF WHICH REPRESENTS A DIFFER”SINCE CARBON HAS AN ATOMIC WEIGHT OĘ12, ANY ATOM THAT WEIGHS TWICE AÓMUCH MUST HAVE AN ATOMIC OF 24® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ź’ CHLORINE (CL) HAS AN ATOMIC WEIGHŌOF 35.4. A CHLORINE MOLECULE HAS ²ATOMS. WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OĘA CT.©€0“ CORRECT ”THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS APPROXIMATELŁEQUAL TO THE SUM OF PROTONS, ELECTRONÓAND NEUTRONS. HOWEVER, THE MASS OĘTHE ELECTRONS IS ALMOST NEGLIGABLE COM­PARED TO THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€“ VERY GOOD BE THE SAME AS THE LEFT HANÄSIDE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€:“ WHAT IS THE MASS OF AN ATOĶEQUAL TOæ THE PROTONÓ THE ELECTRONÓ THE NEUTRONÓ THE SUM OF ALL OF THE ABOVń&“&“&““0“ NOT QUITE ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONTHE NUMBER OF ATOMS MUST BE THÅ SAME ON EACH SIDÅ THE ATOMS MUST HAVE THE SAMÅ VALENCÅ ALL OF THE ABOVńN“D“N“N“X“ SORRY ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€X“ EXACTLY ”THE NUMBER OF ATOMS ON THE RIGHT HANÄSIDE MUSTSARY® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€0“ IN 1961, CARBON-12 WHICH WAÓASSIGNED A WEIGHT OF 12.0000 WAÓACCEPTED AS THE BASIS OF A NEW TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHT. EVERY OTHER ATOĶWAS WEIGHED IN COMPARISON TO CARBON® E.G. HYDROGEN HAS AN ATOMIĆ WEIGH COMPRISING IT. THE TRUÅWEIGHT OF A SINGLE ATOM IS AN EXCE­EDINGLY SMALL AND CUMBERSOME NUMBEŅWITH MANY ZEROS TO THE RIGHT OF THÅDECIMAL POINT; SO IT WAS REALIZED THAŌSOME SORT OF SIMPLIFIED NUMERICAL SCALÅBASED UPON THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OĘATOMS WAS NECESPRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ž” THAT'S NOT CORRECT¬®PLEASE GO BACK AND READ THE QUESTIOĪMORE CAREFULLY® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€R” THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS APPROX­IMATELY EQUAL TO THE SUM TOTAL OF THÅMASSES OF THE PROTONS, ELECTRONS ANÄNEUTRONSVELŁCHARGED® AN IONIC LATTICE OF SODIUĶCHLORIDE (NACL) OR COMMON SALT, IÓSHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATION® PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚••$• PARTIALLY CORRECT¬®BUT THERE IS A BETTER ANSWER. PLEASÅTRY AGAIN® (OGEN AND ONÅOF OXYGEN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€B• THE SECOND MAJOR CLASS OF COM­POUNDS IS MADE UP OF IONIC LATTICES¬THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OĘELECTRICALLY CHARGED ATOMS CALLEÄ"IONS". SOME OF THE IONS HAVE POSITIVÅCHARGES AND SOME ARE NEGATIPOUNDS EXIST AÓMOLECULES WHICH CONTAIN TWO OR MORÅDIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS. AN EXAMPLÅOF SUCH A COMPOUND IS WATER, WHICH IÓREPRESENTED BY THE FORMULA H O. THIS   ²SIGNIFIES THAT EVERY MOLECULE OF WATEŅCONTAINS TWO ATOMS OF HYDRATOMIC WEIGHT ISŗ 2.° 12.° 24.° NONE OF THE ABOVńž’ž’ō’ž’“ NOT QUITE ®A CARBON ATOM HAS AN ATOMIC WEIGHT OĘ12. THEREFORE, AN ATOM THAT WEIGHEÄHALF AS MUCH WOULD HAVE AN ATOMIĆWEIGHT OF 6® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€š‘ MOLECULAR COMF TWĻPRINCIPAL TYPES OF PARTICLES: A©PROTONS POSSESSING A POSITIVE ELECTRIĆCHARGE AND B) NEUTRONS OF ALMOST THÅSAME MASS AS PROTONS, BUT LACKING ANŁELECTRIC CHARGE® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€R” IF AN ATOM WEIGHS TWICE AS MUCH AÓA CARBON ATOM, ITS SICAL PROPERTIES OF ANŁELEMENT OR COMPOUND ARE THOSÅCHARACTERISTICS WHICH SERVE TO DISTIN­GUISH IT FROM OTHER SUBSTANCES, BUŌWHICH DO NOT DEAL WITH ITS ABILITY TĻUNDERGO CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€č” THE NUCLEUS IS MADE UP OHENCE, THE REASON FOR WRITING THE NUMBER "2" NEXT TO THE NA AND THÅNACL IN THE EQUATION® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.) €X“ SORRY ®REMEMBER THAT CARBON HAS AN ATOMIĆWEIGHT OF 12. NOW, PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€“ THE PHYTIVELY CHARGED, THEY MUSTŗ LOSE A PROTOĪ GAIN A PROTOĪ LOSE AN ELECTROĪ ALL OF THE ABOVń²“²“Ø“²“¼“ NOTE ALSO THAT THE EQUATION MUSŌBE "BALANCED". THERE MUST BE THÅSAME NUMBER OF ATOMS OF A GIVEN ELEMENŌON ONE SIDE OF THE EQUATION AS ON THÅOTHER; OR EXAMPLE, IN THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATION, IN THE ATOMS OF ELEMENŌSODIUM (NA), THERE ARE 11 ELECTRONS¬WHILE IN A CHLORINE (CL) ATOM, THERÅARE 17 ELECTRONS.   PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚ų“ä“” IN ORDER FOR AN ATOM TO BECOME POSITRONS CARRY NO ELECTRIĆ CHARGńH”H”H”>”R” THE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM ARE ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF ORBITS AROUNÄTHE NUCLEUS. THE FIRST ORBIT HOLDÓONLY TWO ELECTRONS, THE SECOND ANÄTHIRD ONLY EIGHT, AND THE FOURTH ANÄFIFTH HOLD UP TO 18 ELECTRONS® FIECES, IT STILL HAS THE SAME CHEMICAĢPROPERTIES® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.) €Ž” WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTÓIS TRUEæ PROTONS AND NEUTRONS HAVE THÅ SAME CHARGÅ PROTONS POSSESS A NEGATIVÅ CHARGÅ NEUTRONS POSSESS A NEGATIVÅ CHARGÅ NEUASURINĒLENGTH, VOLUME AND MASS, AND THÅCELSIUS OR CENTIGRADE SCALE FOŅMEASURING TEMPERATURE.  (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¬” TERRIFIC ! WHEN A PIECE OF PAPER IS BURNED, IŌWILL CHANGE ITS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES®HOWEVER, WHEN IT IS CUT INTO SMALLEŅP NOT QUITE . REMEMBER THAT A WATER MOLECULE CONSISTÓOF TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS AND ONE OXYGEĪATOM. PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€B• IN DEALING WITH THE PROPERTIES OĘSUBSTANCES, SCIENTISTS THE WORLD OVEŅUSE THE METRIC SYSTEM FOR ME’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’8 = 2.01¶ WEIGHT OF ONE OXYGEN ATOM ½ 1 X 16.0 = 16.° MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF H 0 ½ ² 18.01¶  (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ą’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’NAME>¬YOU'RE DOING FINE. THAT COMPLETES THÅCONCEPTS AND QUIZ OF "INTRODUCTION TĻBASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS". NOW, ON TĻSOME REVIEW QUESTIONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ø’ OF AN ATOM® PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚„”z”Ž” 2 X 1.00E SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONÓ AS PROTONS  NONE OF THE ABOVE „”” ”” ” ¬YOU'RE DOING FINE. THAT COMPLETES THÅCONCEPTS AND QUIZ OF "INTRODUCTION TĻBASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS". NOW, ON TĻSOME REVIEW QUESTIONS® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ø’ <ŗ A) A NUCLEUÓ B) AN ELECTRON "CLOUD" SURROUNDINĒ THE NUCLEUS  THE FOLLOWING IS A SIMPLIFIED REP­RESENTATION OF AN ATOM® PRESS (A) TO SEE ILLUSTRATIOĪ PRESS (B) TO GO OĪ‚„”z”Ž” A NEUTRAL ATOM CONTAINSŗ NO ELECTRONÓ NO PROTONÓ THONE OF THE ABOVń"’"’’"’,’ CONGRATULATIONS¬”YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE EDUCATION PRO­GRAM OF "AN INTRODUCTION TO BASIĆCHEMICAL CONCEPTS"® PRESS (A) TO START AGAIĪ PRESS (B) TO STOŠ‚ö•ę‘š‘ STRUCTUALLY, ALL ATOMS ARE COM­POSED OF TWO BASIC PARTS² 18.01¶  (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ą’ NOT QUITE TRUE¬®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ą’ "REVIEW¢  AN ALUMINUM ATOM CONTAINS 1³ELECTRONS. HOW MANY ELECTRONS ARE IĪTHE THIRD ORBIT® ° 1³ ³ NBSTANCE®E.G. SINCE WATER HAS A FORMULA H O¬ITS MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS: ²  WEIGHT OF TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS ½ 2 X 1.008 = 2.01¶ WEIGHT OF ONE OXYGEN ATOM ½ 1 X 16.0 = 16.° MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF H 0 ½ T AT 1.00ø NITROGEN HAS AN ATOMIĆ WEIGHT OF 14.00· (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€“ THE WEIGHT IN ATOMIC WEIGHT UNITÓOF A COMPOUND OR OF AN ELEMENT COMPOSEÄOF MOLECULES CONTAINING TWO OR MORÅATOMS IS CALLED THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OĘTHE SU’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’*Ŗ*®†Ŗ»’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ŠŠŒ"»ŖŽŖ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’®ŠŖŖŖ®®’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ ‚ ŗ*® 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Ŗ*ŖŖ‹:’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ž’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’   ē-F25  Ÿ-F24  ×,F23  ’C22.PIC 3ZF22  śNF20  ,F21  ²+F19  źXF18  &+F17  ©*F16  yNF15  Ń)F14  H)F13  (F12  ņ'F11  ”'F10  ''F9  Ö%F8  `%F7  %F6  .$F4  ¼$F5  @#F3  ?"F2   F1 9.PIC (RF49  ż5F48  ¶5F47  ĮcF46  «HF45  Æ4F44  '4F43  \F42  NQF41  ßVF40  |3F38  Ń3F39  ¦2F37  ’C36.PIC ĄbF36  zPF35  b2F34  Ź1F33  •OF32  g0F31  0F30  §[F29  ™/F28  J.F27  šUF26    vUF71  ĀWF70  "^F69  AF68  ŗ@F67  ?@F66  ˆ\F65  ŗ?F64  v?F63  ¤>F62  cTF61.5  ’C61.PIC ™=F61  ‘®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€• GOOD ”IN A SINGLE ATOĶ„8•.•.•.•B• TRUE ”MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS EXIST AS MOLECULEÓWHICH CONTAIN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENŌKINDS OF ATOMS. WATER IS MADE OF TWĻHYDROGEN ATOMS AND ONE OXYGEN ATOM® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€$• WHAT ARE IONIC LATTICESæ THREE-CAL BOND® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€V• COMPOUNDS MAY BE GROUPED INTO TWĻBROAD CATEGORIESŗ A) MOLECULAR COMPOUNÄ B) IONIC COMPOUNÄ (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€L• WATER IS Aŗ MOLECULAR COMPOUNÄ IONIC COMPOUNÄ ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCÅIMILAR ELEMENTÓ CHEMICALLY COMBINEÄ TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ CHEMICALLY COMBINEÄ TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ MIXED TOGETHEŅ NONE OF THE ABOVńj•`•j•j•t• EXCELLENT ”COMPOUNDS ARE TWO OR MORE DIFFERENŌELEMENTS JOINED BY A CHEMIE DISTINGUISHED FROĶMERE PHYSICAL MIXTURES® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€~• THE ATOMS IN A COMPOUND FORM Į"CHEMICAL BOND" WITH ONE ANOTHER. IĪA PHYSICAL MIXTURE, THEY DO NOT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€t• CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AREŗ TWO OR MORE SCT ”ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES CAN HAVE MORÅTHAN A SINGLE ATOM, BUT THEY MUST BÅOF THE SAME KIND® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ˆ• SUBSTANCES COMPOSED OF TWO OŅMORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COM­BINED ARE KNOWN AS "COMPOUNDS". COM­POUNDS SHOULD BOGEN (N2)® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¦• ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES CONTAINŗ ONLY ONE ATOĶ ONLY ONE MOLECULÅ ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOĶ NONE OF THE ABOVńœ•œ•’•œ•¦• SORRY ®PLEASE TRY THE QUESTION AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€¦• CORRE ONLY OF SINGLE ATOMS, WHILÅOTHERS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES IĪWHICH TWO OR MORE ATOMS OF THE SAMÅKIND HAVE BECOME CHEMICALLY ATTACHEÄTO EACH OTHER® AN EXAMPLE OF THE FORMER IÓHELIUM (HE), WHILE THE LATTER ARÅREPRESENTED BY THE GASES OXYGEN (O2©AND NITRONT.©€Ī• RIGHT ”EVERY ATOM REPRESENTS A DIFFERENŌELEMENT® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ŗ• SUBSTANCES WHICH CONTAIN ONLY ONÅKIND OF ATOM ARE CALLED "ELEMENTARŁSUBSTANCES"® (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€°• SOME ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCEÓCONSISTN IS DENOTED BY Ī (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€Ī• WHAT ARE ATOMSæ PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP AN ELEMENŌ THEY REPRESENT DIFFERENT ELEMENTÓ SMALL DUST PARTICLEÓ NONE OF THE ABOVńŲ•Ä•Ų•Ų•Ī• INCORRECT ®PLEASE TRY AGAIN® (PRESS RETURN TO C MAY BE CONVERTED INTO  ANOTHER.   (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.©€ā• THERE ARE 105 DIFFERENT KINDS OĘATOMS, EACH OF WHICH REPRESENTS ĮDIFFERENT "ELEMENT". EACH ELEMENT IÓDENOTED BY AN ATOMIC SYMBOL® E.G. HYDROGEN IS DENOTED BY Č NITROGE   (PRESS RETURN TO CONT.)  €ģ• CHEMISTRY DEALS WITH THE MANNER IN WHICH ATOMS OF DIFFERENT KINDS HAVÅBECOME ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER TO FORM THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MATTER.  IT IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH HOW ONÅSUBSTANCE  BY     HAMED SANDOGHDAR       GRAPHICS BY KEVIN HICKEY     y ܑ÷d–±²°¶ø³ E.C.P.L. EDUCATION PROGRAM       AN INTRODUCTION TO     BASIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS   "" " " " " """""""""