' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL] X  ` 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'з꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"ųųೳŪŪųųij  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?   1 '" *"( (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0"):$(%"%:$(%"%$$2%4%$$2%4%$(2()!)E(!8b $!H(+ "@H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`ɃlXLȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 ˆʎõĵL õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QL߼J̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n `@-eff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLISUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATA_OMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p@p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx-( Ϡ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ  / / ED B / / ]ƴS0Jȴ ȴ)  紅D贅E B ƴ  / 0L Ν `HD٤DEEhiHLGh ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLǵBȵC`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(`Œ d ֠ĠĠˠz #?"Ԡ" Ġ"Ơ"îϠ!" ŠӠ Ԡ " " "zz`:9:12:"Get computer's attentionEraseEdit responseEscape to indexAnswerBack"x- 2:I6114312:10,I260,I::32 360:1009:"@c5@4@F@0ESCAPE":Gz 4:10:"You can 'ESCAPE' to the mainindex of a lesson by pressingthe key marked ESC.":360 N:2:8:"@c5@4@F@0SUMMARY@1":G:7:5:"KEY":20:7:"FUNCTION" 9:3:"RETURN"(31)""(29)"ESCCTRL ACTRL B"S( "@P"leftinsert word5C2:I3014012:20,I252,I::3DH360:1150f N:2:13:"@c5@4@F@0HELP":G 3:10:"To see the answer to a questionhold down 'CTRL' and press 'A'.":17:"@x2@c5CTRL-A@x1@c7 gives you the @x2@c5a@x1@c7nswer.":360 N:2:5:"Summary of Markup Symbols@C6":1:3:B40:G:5:4:"=X"(5)(4)""(19)""(20)""(24)""(23)""(22)""(16)>5:13:"wrong letterno letter hereinverted lettersinsert beforeinsert aftershould be lower caseshould be upper casemove word @C5RETURN@ for anexplanation of these symbols.":300:15:1:E40,415:1:"@Pwrong letter":17:8:"inverted order":19:18:"missing letter":15:25:"extra letter" 2:20,11095,75:90,125120,75:164,140164,75:230,110200,75:3:360v4N: by putting somesymbols under your answer.":360N:"If you typed sadimu chlrides insteadof sodium chloride this is how youranswer will be marked."ZA$"sadimu chlrides":8:12:"@:"ZA$A"sodium chloride":9:11:ZM$D15:4:"Press @X2isplay in a lessonhold down 'CTRL' and press 'B'.":17:"@x2@c5CTRL-B@x1@c7 allows you to go @x2@c5b@x1@c7ack.":360:25001N:6:"If you have made a typing or spellingerror in your answer the computerwill try to help you locate thespecific problemn edit your response bypressing the key marked ";(29)".Pressing ";(29);" once erases yourresponse.If you press ";(29);" again your answer";"will return one word at a time.":360N:2:12:"@c5@4@F@0BACK":G{2:10:"To go back a dyou type your response, press RETURN to have your answer judged.":360:2000t~N:2:16:"@c5@4@F@0@J@1":BK2:G3:10:"@PThe key marked @J will erase whatyou have typed on the screen.":360N:2:15:"@c5@4@F@0@K@1":G8:3:"@PYou cahave typed an answer to aquestion, press RETURN to have yourresponse evaluated by the computer.":360LN:16:2:"@4@F@0@c5"(1)"@1":BK6:G:8:1:"This symbol "(1)" will appear on thescreen when you are to respondto a question."M`14:"After @1Press @x2@c5RETURN@x1@c7 to go on.":300:N:9:"@c5@4@F@0RETURN@1":BK1:G:7:1:"@PPressing the key marked RETURN getsthe computer's attention."11:"Press RETURN when you have finishedreading and are ready to go on."g15:"After you 360:100iA"N":ZA%Ĺ770,96:771,0:772,0:"Sound effects will @x2@c5NOT@x1@c7 be used.":360:10014:4:"Type: y or n":R:220,P:ZK%2350Z1283006ZK%27100@J100^1:BK100,1100,1150,1200,1250,1000,hG:23:5:",49,278,192,4:10:2:"@#@c3@4@F@0SOUND":Gw8:4:"Do you want sound effects whileworking these programs? (y,n) 12:10:ZL%1:I:14:4:E14:12:10:E4A"Y":16:4:ZA%Ĺ770,173:771,48:772,192:"Sound effects @x2@c6will@ be used.":1. Instructions for Using These Programs2. Sound3. See Index of Lessons@c6":B0,46,278,192,4xP:AZK%48:A1A3120A1000,200,130N:1:B:4:9:"@F@0@4ONE MOMENT, PLEASE..."::G:(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"+N:1:B0,0,278,49:B0O. Box 102, Wentworth N.H. 03282"t <17:10:"(603) 764-5831":22:5:"Press @x2@c6RETURN@x1@c7 to continue.":300 dN:B0,0,278,45:G:Y4:5:"@2@FATOMIC, FORMULA and MOLECULAR WEIGHTS":G:3:8:"@F@0@x2@c6Choose topic by number.":Gcn7:12:"anf (2:22:" Copyright (C) 1983 by Smith and Kean":B2,177,276,189:9:Y180:"@x2PRESS RETURN.":P 2N:1:9:"@F@x2@0@c6Distributed by@x1":5:B1,20,276,80,12,6:6:Y37:"@F@4@C5@0COMPress":G! 713:6:"A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.":15:3:"P.72,152,72,96: I09:A:912I,A:: ONERR GOTO FIXUPz N:"@0@P@1@C7@v4":GS:6:B0,0,278,191,2,2:G:B2,2,276,45 #Y9:5:"@F@4@C1CHEMISTRY":G:8:4:"@F@2ATOMIC, FORMULA AND MOLECULAR WEIGHTS":G &G:17:5:"Stanley Smith Elizabeth KeBLOAD KEY TABLE,A"((24584)256(24585)):D$"BLOAD WHITE SET,A"((24580)256(24581)) WS(24580)256(24581)1029:D$"BLOAD BOLD TABLE,A"WS:H(WS256):LWS256H:24582,L:24583,H D$;"BLOAD BIN.STRING.EXP.794"  104,168,104,166,223,154,1,202^ 782,208:783,245:784,174:785,0:786,3:787,76:788,2:789,3:790,96:791,0:792,0p 793,0:800,0 ::10:8:"ONE MOMENT PLEASE...":12:6:"LOADING ENBASIC CAI SYSTEM":22:16:"D4/V3" (13);(4)"BRUN ENBASIC" D$(4)W D$" : HELLO 11/2/83 2/84: (C) SMITH KEAN 1983E38000N30Z 1012,0 104,168,104,166,223,154,72,152,72,96 I09:A:912I,A: 770,173:771,48:772,192:773,136:774,208:775,5:776,206:777,1:778,3:779,240:780,9:78             a i yLvh \hgQMEưikmjln[lX `ĠԤ{ ~21;27BwQr+|yg_htpq}WDhBjJ01~l8*9n*yL Pu5 UČJFGaI2 Dӝ[f'&;:(@ ّSb?:Jvs]J>?<;8HUTW N8Q4Z""8?>>> ?DDDD   Q for a calculator."5100$5 s5Y224ĺ" - Undefined Function":5814Z550305 E,7:X0:Y130:E2,7:Y100:E40,3:Y120:E40:E,8:Y104:X30:"@PPress CTRL-Q for a calculator."51005 A" - Syntax Error":5814>4Y133ĺ"-Division by zero":5814a4Y191ĺ" - Too complex":58144Y107ĺ" - Bad Subscript":58144Y224ĺ" - Undefined Function":5814450305 :X0:Y130:E1,7:Y100:E40,3:Y120:E40:Y104:X30:"Press CTRL-2)):EX((EX10J.5)):EXEX10J:"= ";H3EX1000EX.099ĺEX:5030y3EX1000JJ2:EX10J"x10@+"J"@D":50303EX.099JJ2:EX10J"x10@+"J"@D":50303912:X10:Y(222):"Cannot evaluate";3Y69ĺ" - TOO LARGE":58144Y16 FIX )( TO )*(H2L147L158EX$EX$"*":5300: NO IMPLIED MULTb2L425300: "*"2L142EX$(EX$,(EX$)1):L94:L$(94):5300: "**" TO "^"2L1L:EX$EX$L$2PP1:P(ZA$)550025070)3|;:794:J1(((((EX))2.3)0401TYTBLF:YTY(1EX$"":C1:P1V1L$(ZA$,P,C):L$"x"L$"X"L$"*":5300i1L$"="L$" "1L(L$):L62L94L69:"Use numbers and ()+*-/^ only.":50301P153001L405100: CHECK FOR "("2L141EX$EX$"*":5300: finished. "W0X1:Y101:5:X,Y1X3971,Y1X3971,Y2113X,Y2113X,Y1:3n0Y1108:LF11:TBY10TBTB22:TB180TBY1220:YTB:X0:E39:YTB4:YY:X0:E39:YTBLF:YY:X0:E39:0R:X0:YTB:ZL%30:I:1:ZK%259001ZA$""5"M$")= "M" moles"C/= N1ĺ"Please include moles in your answer."Q/B N2İ400_/L ZK%2340n/V 250:2360/CA1:CC1:5800: ########CALCULATOR########### 0Y104:X3:E38:"Type a numerical expression and press RETURN. Press CTRL-B when "WT" grams of"M$"? Formula weight of "M$" = "MW:420:MWTMW:M((100M))100.$ 7:12:500:ZK%17įR:7:12:E30:5000:R:2340.. MXM.1M:MNM.1M:360:A"":590:ZA%Ģ12:2040/8 9:1:N0ĺWT"g "M$" x(1 mole "M$"/"MW"g er."-N2İ400 -ZK%2220/-250:2240[-PP(3(1)1):PP2300,2310,2320:2330y-M$"K@D2SO@D4":MW135.2:- M$"NaNO@D3":MW85.0:- M$"CaCl@D2":MW111.1:P. N:WT(20(1)70):14:"@2@F"M$"@1@S":4:1:"How many moles are there in))10;,7:12:500:ZK%17įR:7:12:E30:5000:R:2220,MXM.1M:MNM.1M:360:A"":590:ZA%Ģ12:2040,9:1:N0ĺWT" g "M$" x (1 mole "M$"/"MW" g "M$")= "M" moles"-N1ĺ"Please include the unit moles inyour answ(3(1)1):PP2212,2214,2216:2218;+M$"Mg":MW24.3:Q+M$"Zn":MW65.4:g+M$"Fe":MW55.8:,N:WT(50(1)100):14:"@2@F"M$"@1@S":4:1:"How many moles are there in "WT" gramsof "M$"? Atomic weight of "M$" = "MW:420:MWTMW:M((10MMMW:*\7:12:500:ZK%17įR:7:12:E30:5000:R:2140{*fMXWT.1WT:MNWT.1WT:360:A"":590:ZA%Ģ12:2040*p9:1:N0ĺM" moles "M$" x ("MW" g "M$"/1 mole "M$") = "WT" g"*zN1İ410*N2İ400*ZK%2140*250:2160%+PP0:20803)RPP(3(1)1):PP2132,2134,2136:2138I)TM$"Cu":MW63.5:_)VM$"Na":MW23.0:u)XM$"Al":MW27.0:*ZN:M(5(1)2):16:"@2@F"M$"@1@S":4:1:"What is the weight, in grams, of "M" molesof "M$"? Atomic weight of "M$" = "MW:420:WTMW:420:WTMMWE( 7:12:500:ZK%17įR:7:12:E30:5000:R:2060(MXWT.1WT:MNWT.1WT:360:A"":590:ZA%Ģ12:2040( 9:1:N0ĺM" moles "M$" x ("MW" g "M$"/1 mole "M$")= "WT" grams"(*N1İ410(4N2İ400(>ZK%2060)H2520101'PP(3(1)1):PP2052,2054,2056:2058J'M$"H@D2O":MW18.0:c'M$"CO@D2":MW44.0:|'M$"NH@D3":MW17.0:( N:M(6(1)2):14:"@2@F"M$"@1@S":4:1:"What is the weight, in grams, of "M" molesof "M$"? Molecular weight of "M$" = " g Cu":15:20:"= 0.31 moles Cu":D(1)1:290:100]&MP4:BK10:I1MP:P(I)I::NT0:NPMP&NT1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(2)1:100&RN(NP(1)1):NT0&P(RN)2050,2130,2210,2290'1:MPNP(NT1)" right";:27:NP(NT1)" to go":290:":590:ZA%1770t%20:1:ZC%1N0ĺ"You are converting to moles so youneed the number of grams in a molehere.%ZC%1N1İ410%ZC%1N2İ400%ZC%1ĺ"Try: 63.5 grams"%ZK%1700%250:17102&17:28:"Cu":17:13:E30:" 63.5e,1moles,1mol>":600:ZA%1650B$^22:1:"TRY: 1 mole":ZK%1620Q$h250:1630$r15:28:"Cu":10:1:E38,3:15:13:E30:" 1 mole Cu":10:4:"Now complete the denominator.":R:17:28:"Cu"%14:17:MX63.6:MN63.48:ZL%10:505:360:A"0 grams of copper."6#E5:1,15270,15270,161,16:3#J1:16:"20 grams Cu x":107,124230,124:10:6:"Complete the numerator ofthis conversion factor.":15:28:"Cu"$T14:15:ZL%10:505:A"":O"!15:28:"CO@D2":15:13:E30:" 44 grams CO@D2"!10:4:E38,3:"Now complete the denominator.":R:17:28:"CO@D2"!13:17:ZL%10:505:A"":O"":600:ZA%1560"20:1::15:MX44.01:MN43.999:ZL%10:505:360:A"":590:ZA%1510 18:1:ZC%1N0ĺ"You are converting to grams so youneed the number of grams in a molehere. ZC%1N1İ410 ZC%1N2İ400 ZC%1ĺ"Try: 44 grams" ZK%1470!2t's construct the conversion factorfor calculating the number of grams in2 moles of CO@D2.":5:1,15270,15270,161,16:31:16:"2 moles CO@D2 x":107,124250,124:10:5:"Complete the numerator ofthis conversion factor.":15:28:"CO@D2"C 13he numerator togive moles in the answer. Try: A":ZK%1380Kx250:139017:1:"34 grams NH@D3 x":16:14:" 1 mole NH@D3":18:"17.0 grams NH@D3":105,132200,132:17:27:"= 2 moles":290|N:BK8:"The molecular weight of CO@D2 is 44.0.LeH@D3 = 17.0)":7:1:"A":8:3:" 1 mole NH@D3":10:"17.0 grams NH@D3":Z7:19:"B":8:21:"17.0 grams NH@D3":10:" 1 mole NH@D3":Y67:18,Y112,Y:155,Y260,Yd14:13:ZF$"@H":500:A"A":600:ZA%1410<n16:1:"No, moles must be in t320<250:1330F17:1:"2 Moles NaCl x":16:14:"58.5 grams NaCl":18:" 1 mole NaCl":105,132210,132:20:13:"= 111.6 grams NaCl":290IPN:2:"Which conversion factor, A or B, willconvert 34 grams of NH@D3 to moles?(Molecular Weight of N:"58.5 grams NaCl"o7:18:"B":8:20:"58.5 grams NaCl":10:" 1 mole NaCl":Y67:8,Y112,Y:153,Y260,Y(14:13:ZF$"@H":500:A"B":600:ZA%1350216:1:"No, grams must be in the numerator togive grams in the answer. Try: B":ZK%1130,99:3:11:26:"= 0.5 moles":17:5:E30,3:1:"Grams cancel to give the answer inmoles.":300N:BK7:"Which conversion factor, A or B, willconvert 2 moles of NaCl to grams?(Formula Weight of NaCl = 58.5)":7:1:"A":8:2:" 1 mole NaCl":10 Factor = # of Moles"q11:1:"9 grams H@D2O x":10:14:" 1 mole H@D2O":12:"18 grams H@D2O":100,84190,84X138:Y152:X248:Y275:450:X187:X2110:Y270:450:17:5:"This time we want moles in thenumerator.":290c5:20,9250,77:160,870016:1:E40,5:5:17,9950,84:110,107146,94:3:18:1:"Moles cancel giving the answer in grams.":25:12:" = 36 g H@D2O":300N:BK6:"Here is how to convert 9 grams of waterto moles.":5:1,25275,25275,261,26:3:6:"Given x Conversion4:X281:Y299:450:290:0:450:3:20:1:E35}11:12:" x":13:11:"18 grams H@D2O":13:" 1 mole H@D2O":95,92185,9216:1:"Since 18 grams H@D2O = 1 mole H@D2O, wecan construct a conversion factorfor changing 2 moles of H@D2O to grams.":3oles mustweigh 2x18 or 36 grams. Try: 36 grams."@N1İ410NN2İ400\ZK%1160k250:11707:1:"Right. Here is a general way to workthis type of problem.":12:"2 moles H@D2O.20:1:"This is what we're given:":5:X1140:Y114ll indicate the same amountof water.":290~N:BK5:"1 Mole of water weighs 18 grams. Whatis the weight, in grams, of 2 molesof water?5:14:MX36.1:MN35.999:500:360:A"":590:ZA%1200212:1:N0ĺ"1 mole weighs 18 grams so 2 m:1140;GN0įA"EIGHTEEN":ZA%İ6001140DH600L20:1:N0ĺ"1 mole of water weighs 18 grams. Type: 18 g"VN1İ410`N2İ400eZK%1090j250:1100+t18:1:"Right! 18 grams, 1 mole, and 6.0x10@U2@U3molecules aontains6.0x10@U2@U3 molecules of water.":2908N:BK4:1005:11:1:"If the beaker contains 1 mole of water,how many grams of water are in it?(The molecular weight of water is 18.0)"B16:14:MX18.02:MN17.99:500:360:N1įA"":ZA%İ600 are in it?"h17:14:500:A"":600:ZA%106020:1:"There are 6.0x10@U2@U3 molecules in a mole.Therefore the answer is 1 mole.":ZK%1030250:1040.$20:3:"Right 1 mole of water c::12:1:"Here is a beaker which contains somewater.":16:"There are several equivalent ways tosay how much water is in the beaker.":290 N:BK3:1005:12:3:"If this beaker contains 6.0x10@U2@U3molecules of water, how many molesof water$"":530#A"":ZA%1ZL%15057ZK%0:NTNT1:MNN1ZA%0:ZW%1XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL::bN:BK2:1005:1010X110:Y20:X,YX,Y40X3,Y43X40,Y43X46,Y40X46,Y:4113,61:Y59387:5111,Y8:B4:X2X1X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1):470MX3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1)X2,Y2X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)1X2,Y2:ZL%1ZL%20SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100ZK%17ıZK%2ġ:350 ZK%1ZC%ZC%1:SS1:NOave to many numbers after thedecimal point.":"Your number is right, but please includethe units of grams in your answer.":2:1,99276,99:3:Y104:X30:"Press CTRL-Q for a calculator.":-X1,Y1X2,Y2:A1((Y2Y1)(X2X1)):A21.571A1:A""N0:t jA$"":C$"":N0:SF0:DM0:I1(ZA$):B$(ZA$,I,1):(B$)45(B$)58A$A$B$:C$C$" ":SFSF(DM1) m(B$)57(B$)46C$C$B$ n(B$)46DM1 r:ZA$C$:A(A$):AMXAMNZA%1:ZW%0:N1(SF3): |ZA%0:ZW%1:/"You h25:T1,I:T2,30:CL:& T:ZK%2609 ZK%27ġ:100K ZK%2ġ:350Q  "24:4:"Press @X2@C6RETURN@ to continue.":ZK%0:ZS0:1 ,P:3:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2ġ:350 @ ^BK200,100,1000,1020,1080,1150,1250,1300,1450,100 hZA$ain Index":22:3:"Press @X2@C6ESC@ to return to this index."e I13:D(I)1ĢY2(I1):4:"*"k 300:AZK%48:A1A3150 A1000,2000,200 N:8:3:"@3@FReturning tothe Main Index...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" SS0āI75100":NO$"@X2@C5NO@":NN$NO$ dN:BK1:1:13:"@2@F@C6INDEX":G:4:5:"@2@FGram-Mole Problems@1@S":9:3:"@F@X2@C6Select topic by number.":G:6:1:U$ nY12:Y:6:"1. Gram - Mole Conversions@R@R2. Gram - Mole Problems@R"? x"3. Return to the M12I,A:; V$"" #Y$"" %N$"" (GM$"" 2OK$"@X2@C1OK@%-, :GRAM-MOLE PROBLEMS 5/11/83 11/83T: COPYRIGHT SMITH CHABAY KEAN 1983_36800i100 T1768:T2769:CL770:U$""D(5),P(10) 104,168,104,166,223,154,72,152,72,96  I09:A:9                      >$-6 r ?????????------- o--???????????-----------???O??????-----------??????????---------????????-------??????-----????---??-107ĺ" - Bad Subscript":5814H?Y224ĺ" - Undefined Function":5814R?5030? :X0:Y128:E2,8:Y100:E40,3:Y120:E40::Y104:X30:"Press CTRL-Q for a calculator."?100?  100? 0x10@+"J"@D":5030B>EX.099JJ2:EX10J"x10@+"J"@D":5030m>912:X10:Y(222):"Cannot evaluate";>Y69ĺ" - TOO LARGE":5814>Y16ĺ" - Syntax Error":5814>Y133ĺ"-Division by zero":5814>Y191ĺ" - Too complex":5814?YL142EX$(EX$,(EX$)1):L94:L$(94):5300: "**" TO "^"Q=L1L:EX$EX$L$j=PP1:P(ZA$)5500t=5070=|;:794:J1(((((EX))2.3)2)):EX((EX10J.5)):EXEX10J:"= ";=EX1000EX.099ĺEX:5030>EX1000JJ2:EX10J""H<L(L$):L62L94L69:"Use numbers and ()+*-/^ only.":5030V<P15300y<L405100: CHECK FOR "("<L141EX$EX$"*":5300: FIX )( TO )*(<L147L158EX$EX$"*":5300: NO IMPLIED MULT<L425300: "*"==7:LF11:TBY1+;TBTB22:TB180TBY122h;:YTB:X0:E39:YTB4:YY:X0:E39:YTBLF:YY:X0:E39:;R:X0:YTB:ZL%30:I:1:ZK%25900;ZA$""5040;TYTBLF:YTY;EX$"":C1:P1;L$(ZA$,P,C):L$"x"L$"*":5300<L$"="L$" 4050 :8G:CA1:CC1:5800: ########CALCULATOR###########:Y104:X4::E38::"Type a numerical expression and press RETURN. Press CTRL-B when finished. ":5:X1:Y101:X,Y1X3971,Y1X3971,Y2113X,Y2113X,Y1:3 ;Y1101ĺ"The formula shows 1 sulfur atom performula weight. Therefore 1 MOLE ofNa@D2SO@D4 contains 1 mole of sulfuratoms. Try: 1 mole"94ZK%46109>250:46309$7:14:500:ZK%17įR:7:14::E30::5000:R:4900:.360:A"":590:ZA%Ģ12:1 mole of sulfur atoms?":MX1.001:MN.999h810:14:500:360:N1įA"":ZA%46258 A""8600:ZA%Ģ20:4050814:1:N1ĺ"Please include the unit moles.9Nf chlorineatoms since the formula is CaCl@D2.Therefore you need 1/2 mole.Try: 1/2 mole"7N1ĺ"Please include the unit moles."7ZK%45107250:4530)8N:13:"@2@FNa@D2SO@D4@1@S":6:1:"How many moles of Na@D2SO@D4 would youneed to have 612:12:500S6MX0.501:MN0.499:360:N1įA"":ZA%45256ZA%0ZA$AA$:A"":O""6600:ZA%Ģ20:4050Z714:1:N0ĺ"One mole contains two moles os for 1 mole.2 moles = 2x18 = 36.0 grams. Try 36 g"C5XN1İ410Q5bN2İ400_5lZK%4410n5v250:44305N:14:"@2@FCaCl@D2@1@S":5:2:"How many moles of CaCl@D2 would youneed to supply 1 mole of Cl atoms?Atomic weights: Ca=40.1 Cl=35.5"s"4N1İ4104N2İ400,4ZK%4310;4250:433040N:16:"@2@FH@D2O@1@S":4:1:"What is the weight, in grams, of 2 molesof H@D2O? Atomic weights: H=1.0 O=16.0":4204:MX36.26:MN35.999:490055N9:1:N0ĺ"2x1.0 + 16.0 = 18.0 gramN1İ4103N2İ400$3ZK%421033250:42303N:16:"@2@FCH@D4@1@S":4:1:"What is the weight, in grams, of 1 moleof CH@D4? Atomic weights: C=12.0 H=1.0":4203MX16.02:MN16.0:490049:1:N0ĺ"12.0 + 4x1.0 = 16.0. Try: 16.0 gramN1İ41026N2İ400&2@ZK%411052J250:41302hN:14:"@2@FNaCl@1@S":4:1:"What is the gram-formula weight ofNaCl? Atomic weights: Na=23.0 Cl=35.5":4202rMX58.6:MN58.4:490029:1:N0ĺ"23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5. Try: 58.5 grams"3P(NT1)" right";:27:NP(NT1)" to go":290:40101N:16:"@2@FCO@D2@1@S":4:2:"What is the gram-molecular weight ofCO@D2? Atomic weights: C=12.0 O=16.0":4201MX44.02:MN43.9:49001"9:1:N0ĺ"12.0 + 2x16.0 = 44.0. Try: 44 grams" 2,z#?        Ϡ Ԥ Ϡ ӠӠ àԠ+ҠԠ7 Ӡ9ӠӠͭŠӠ/ ĠŠ!Ԥ! à#٠ŠŠԠήǮЮ ҠӠ8 58.5. Try: 58.5 grams"&0 N1İ41040 N2İ400B0 ZK%3020Q0 250:3040}0MP6:BK17:I1MP:P(I)I::NT0::NPMP0NT1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(4)1:1000RN(NP(1)1):NT0:N00P(RN)4100,4200,4300,4400,4500,4600311:MPN4:"@2@FNaCl@1@S":4:1:"What is the gram-formula weight ofNaCl? Atomic weights: Na=23.0 Cl=35.5":420/ 7:14:500:ZK%17įR:7:14:E30:5000:R:3020/ MX58.6:MN58.4:360:A"":590:ZA%İ290:D(3)1:1000 9:1:N0ĺ"23.0 + 35.5 =90:D(2)1:100U. N:BK15:6:4:"@2@FGRAM-FORMULA WEIGHT":G:5:B5,20,270,80,4:G. 14:3:"The weight, in grams, of 1 moleof an ionic compound is calledthe gram-formula weight. It isnumerically equal to the formulaweight.":290k/ N:BK16:1as 1 oxygenatom so you need 1 mole which is18 grams. Try: 18 grams."U-N2İ400c-N1İ410q-ZK%2250-250:2260-290.N:BK14:5:B5,40,265,100,4:G:8:3:"1 Mole H@D2O = 6x10@U2@U3 molecules H@D2O = 18 g H@D2O":20:13:" 18 GRAMS"7,300:13:1::E40,5:20:E38,5:,14:1:"How many grams of water, H@D2O, do youneed to have 6x10@U2@U3 oxygen atoms?":R,18:14:500:MX18.05:MN17.99:360:A"":590:ZA%2290G-20:1:N0ĺ"Each water molecule h5ĺ"You added too much water! You have"(60G18)10"x10@U2@U3 molecules of water. PressRETURN and try again.":300:2100,"Right! You weighed out 1 mole of waterwhich contains one Avogadro's numberof molecules. @X2@C5PRESS RETURN.":G:10:13:E1122,55G146,55G:G202160V*0:296,17:126,12126,54G:3:20:1::E40,3::"@P"*20:1:G17.7ĺ"You have only added "(60G18)10(19(G3))"x10@U2@U"2(G3)"molecules.Press RETURN to continue the addition.":300:18:E40,5:2145|+G18.,3:T0:G0:10:13:E4:15:".W)a20:1:"Press RETURN to @X2@C5stop@ adding water."{)f296,17:126,12126,54:"@$@:")p16:10:TT1:T10ĺT)uZS.005.003G:PZS:ZK%132200)zK:ZK%132200)T102160*T0:GG1:13(G10):10:G:24:X2115:Y233:5:450:300:0:450:3:3:4::E8(R16:1:E40,6::14:"Now let's weigh out 6.0x10@U2@U3 moleculesof water which has a molecular weightof 18.")\20:1:"Press RETURN to start pouring waterinto the beaker."::24:E40::300:20:E40ance we can useto weigh some water molecules.":290:16:5:E35,4'H4:"Let's put a beaker on the balanceand adjust the tare so the readingis 0.0 grams with an empty beaker.":X121:Y29:1:X,YX,Y25X26,Y25X26,Y:32(M3:4:"Beaker":X166:Y1& 16:1:"Right. Next we will weigh some watermolecules.":290&4N:BK13:X90:Y60:2:X,YX90,YX90,Y30X,Y30X,Y:XX902:X5,YX5,Y5:X5,YX5,Y5:X30,Y10X20,Y5X20,Y5X30,Y10:3B'>13:10:" 0.0 GRAMS":16:5:"Here is a bal:1:N0ĺ"The molecular weight is the sum of theatomic weights which is 2x1 + 16 = 18.0Therefore the gram-molecular weightis 18.0 grams. Try: 18.0 grams"%N1ĺ"Include the unit, grams in your answer."%N2İ400% ZK%2020%250:2040Bt isnumerically equal to the molecularweight.":290$N:BK12:2:12:"@C6@4@FH@D2O":G:8:1:"What is the GRAM-MOLECULAR WEIGHT ofwater? (Atomic weights: H=1.0 O=16.0)"$13:14:500:MX18.02:MN17.99:360:A"":590:ZA%2080%16x12.0 = 24 g.Try: 24.0 g".#N2İ400:1720<#ZK%1680K#250:1690#N:BK11:6:3:"@2@FGRAM-MOLECULAR WEIGHT":G:5:B5,20,270,80,4:G5$13:3:"The weight, in grams, of 1 moleof a molecular compound is calledthe gram-molecular weight. I24.02:MN24.0:360:A"":590:ZA%İ290:D(1)1:100"18:1:N1ĺ"Your number is right, but please includethe units of grams in your answer."#N0ĺ"TWO moles is two Avogadro's numberof atoms so you have 2 gram-atomicweights of carbon or 2s!^N0ĺ"One mole is one Avogadro's number ofatoms so you have 1 gram-atomic weightof carbon. Try 12.0 grams"!hN2İ400:1650!rZK%1610!|250:1620!13:1:"What is the weight, in grams, of TWOmoles of carbon?":R9"16:14:500:MXnting very smallobjects like atoms and molecules.":290 @N:BK10:3:"The atomic weight of carbon is 12.0 amu.What is the weight, in grams, of onemole of carbon?" J10:14:500:MX12.02:MN12.0:360:A"":590:ZA%1670!T16:1:N1İ410 meansDOZEN meansMOLE means":14:18:" 2 objects12 objects6.02x10@U2@U3 objects":290N:BK9:6:"PAIR and DOZEN are useful for countingobjects like stockings and donuts."8 12:"A MOLE is such a large number that itis useful only for coung."X15:"For example, 6.02 x 10@U2@U3 atomsof helium is one mole of helium.":290N:BK8:12:"@4@F@c5MOLE":G:6:4:"A mole is a counting unit. Ittells how many objects there are."]11:1:"Here are some counting units:":14:4:"PAIR ht, but please includethe units of grams."?KN2İ400:1370PN0ĺ"6.02 x 10@U2@U3 atoms of copper weigh63.5 grams. Type: 63.5 G"ZZK%1340d250:1350xN:BK7:2:12:"@4@F@c5MOLE":G:10:4:"A mole is one Avogadro's numberof anythi"@2@F6.O2 x 10@U2@U3@1@S":2902N:BK6:4:"The atomic weight of copper is 63.5.What is the weight, in grams, of6.02 x 10@U2@U3 atoms of copper?"<13:12:500:MX64:MN63:360:A"":590:ZA%İ290:1400+F16:1:N1ĺ"Your number is rigU2@U3 atoms of helium weigh 4grams.":17:"6.O2x10@U2@U3 is called Avogadro's number.":290(N:BK5:3:4:"@2@FAVOGADRO'S NUMBER@1@S":5:1:U$-9:3:"Avogadro's number is the number ofatoms in one gram-atomic weight ofan element.@S":16:10:N2İ400:1286YN0ĺ"It is the atomic weight expressedin grams. Try: 4 grams"gZK%1270v 250:1280N:4:"Because an atom doesn't weigh verymuch, it takes a lot of helium atomsto add up to 4 grams of helium."\11:"6.02 x 10@ 16.0 g"ZK%1210%250:1220|290:14:1:E40,3:24:E40:14:4:"What is the gram-atomic weight ofhelium?":R16:14:500:MX4.05:MN3.95:360:A"":590:ZA%İ290:130020:1:N1ĺ"Please include the units. Type: 4 grams."16.05:MN15.98:360:A"":590:ZA%1260j18:1:N1ĺ"Please include the units. Write 16 grams"~N2İ400:1240N0ĺ"The gram-atomic weight is just thenumber of grams which equals the atomicweight. In this case it is 16.0 grams.Try:IGHT":G:5:B10,20,240,80,4:G14:2:"The number of grams of an elementwhich is numerically equal to theatomic weight is called the gram-atomic weight.":290N:BK4:800:14:4:"What is the gram-atomic weight ofoxygen?.16:14:500:MX carbon.Try: 12 g"!~ZK%11200250:1130N:6:"It is easier to weigh a collection ofatoms than to count them. So, whencomparing amounts of substances,chemists often compare the numberof grams.":290N:BK3:6:4:"@2@FGRAM-ATOMIC WErams of carbon would you need?":Rj`19:15:500:MX12.02:MN12.0:360:A"":590:ZA%İ290:1170j21:1:N1ĺ"Please include the unit, grams.":1150oN2İ400:1150t"4 grams of helium contain the samenumber of atoms as 12 grams of19:2:"Right, the mass of a carbon atom isabout 12 times that of a hydrogenatom.":290:13:1::E40,3:17:E34:19:E36,4:24:E40:"V12:1:"Suppose you had 4 grams of helium.If you wanted the same number ofcarbon atoms as helium atoms, howmany gch weighs more an atom of hydrogenor an atom of carbon?"$17:14:ZF$"@H":500:A"":600:ZAA%1090.19:1:"The atomic weight of C is 12.0 amu whilehydrogen is only 1.0 amu. Try: C":ZK%10608250:1070B"20.2"G>Y43:X10:"3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10"H2:0,00,80:0,032,032,80:0,4066,4066,800,80R278,8086,8086,40278,40:278,80278,0246,0246,80:I8627832:I,40I,80::G:N:BK2:800:1050913:2:"WhiX10:"@2@F@PH":X251:Y14:"He@1@S":X7:Y32:"1.0":Y32:X253:"4.0@S"*Y53:X4:"@2@F@PLi Be B C N O":Y53:X228:"F Ne@1@S"4Y71:X4:"6.9";:X39:"9.0";:X89:"10.8";:X121:"12.0";:X153:"14.0";:X185:"16.0";:X217:"19.0";:X249:%27ġ:100ZK%17ı+ZK%2ġ:350SZK%1ZC%ZC%1:SS1:NO$"@P":530mA"":ZA%1ZL%1505ZK%0:NTNT1:NN1ZA%0:ZW%1XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL::bH N:X14:Y3:"1":Y3:X261:"2@S":Y14:r a calculator.":uX1,Y1X2,Y2:A1((Y2Y1)(X2X1)):A21.571A1:A8:B4:X2X1X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1):470X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1)X2,Y2X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)1X2,Y2:ZL%1ZL%15 SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK(A$):AMXAMNZA%1:ZW%0:N1(SF3):<|ZA%0:ZW%1:w"You have to many numbers after the decimalpoint.":"Your number is right, but please includethe units of grams in your answer.":2:1,99276,99:3:Y104:X30:"Press CTRL-Q fo00,1320,1330,1400,1420,1500,100,2000,2010,2100,100,3000,100I hZA$""ı jAA$ZA$:A$"":C$"":N0:SF0:DM0:I1(ZA$):B$(ZA$,I,1):(B$)45(B$)58A$A$B$:C$C$" ":SFSF(DM1) m(B$)57(B$)46C$C$B$ n(B$)46DM1*r:ZA$C$:A3);(4);"RUN ROUTER"8 I7510025:T1,I:T2,30:CL:I T:ZK%260\ ZK%27ġ:100n ZK%2ġ:350t  "24:4:"Press @X2@C6RETURN@ to continue.":ZK%0:ZS0:1 ,3:P:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2ġ:350 @; ^BK200,100,1000,1180,12lems@R@R5. Return to the Main Index":22:3:"Press @X2@C6ESC@ to return to this index." I14:D(I)1ĢY2(I1):3:"*" 300:AZK%48:A1A5150 A1000,2000,3000,4000,200 N:10:3:"@3@FReturning tothe Main Index...":G:(1"@2@FINDEX@1@S":4:4:"Moles and Gram-Molecular Weights":8:3:"@F@0@X2@C6Select topic by number.":G:NO$NN$:6:1:U$ nY10:Y:5:"1. Moles and Gram-Atomic Weights@R@R2. Gram-Molecular Weights@R@R3. Gram-Formula Weights@R"Z x"4. Review ProbN'T,DOESN'T>"_ #Y$"" %N$"" (GM$"" 2OK$"@X2@C1OK@":NO$"@X2@C5NO@":NN$NO$z dN:BK1:1:13:7 : MOLES 11/83 2/847 (C) SMITH KEAN 1983B36800L100 T1768:T2769:CL770:D(4)::U$"" 104,168,104,166,223,154,72,152,72,96I09:A:912I,A: V$"":O""#7600)77N1ZA$""įX1:Y78:"Use either just a number or a numberand the unit amu":ER177BK2:CA1:CC1:5800: ########CALCULATOR###########+8:Y104:X4:E38::"Type a numerical expression and prER3785d6Y78:X1:"2(Na) + 1(S)+ 4(O) = 2x23.1 + 32.1 +4x16.0 = 142.1 Try: 142.1":ZK%3760r6ZK%37606250:377069:12:ER0:500:ZK%17įR:5000:9:12::E26::R:40006(ZA$)0ZC%ZC%2:ZW%1:ZA%0:"":7360:N1įA"2(O) =40.1 + 2x35.5 + 4x1.0 + 2x16.0 = 147.1"<5ZK%3710K5250:37205N:1:12:"@2@FNa@D2SO@D4@1@S":5:2:"What is the formula weight of Na@D2SO@D4?(Atomic wts: Na= 23.0 S=32.1 O=16.0 )":30905MX142.2:MN141.9:4000:ZA%307064050:eZK%36604j250:36704tN:1:9:"@2@FCaCl@D2@U.2H@D2O@1@S":5:1:"What is the formula weight of this salt? ( Ca=40.1 Cl=35.5 H=1.0 O=16.0)":30904~MX147.5:MN146.8:4000:ZA%307044050:ER3735.5Y78:X1:"1(Ca) + 2(Cl) +4(H) + 50:36203BN:1:13:"@2@FFe@D2O@D3@1@S":5:3:"What is the formula weight of Fe@D2O@D3? (Atomic wts: Fe= 55.8 O=16.0 )":30903LMX169:MN159:4000:ZA%30703V4050:ER36853`Y78:X1:"2(Fe) + 3(O) = 2x55.8 + 3x16.0 = 159.6Try: 159.6" 4x2N:1:14:"@2@FLi@D2S@1@S":5:3:"What is the formula weight of Li@D2S? (Atomic wts: Li = 6.9 S = 32.1)":30902MX46:MN45.4:4000:ZA%30702$4050:ER36352.Y78:X1:"2(Li) + 1(S) = 2x6.9 + 32.1 = 45.9Try: 45.9"23ZK%3610382@D2@1@S":5:1:"What is the formula weight of Ba(OH)@D2?(Atomic wts: Ba=137.3 O=16.0 H=1.0)":30901 MX171.5:MN171:4000:ZA%30701 4050:ER35851 Y78:X1:"1(Ba) + 2(O) + 2(H) =137.3 + 2x16.0 + 2x1.0 = 171.3"1ZK%35601250:3570:"What is the molecular weight of PCl@D5?(Atomic wts: P = 31.0 Cl = 35.5)":3090t0 MX209:MN208:4000:ZA%30700 4050:ER35350 Y78:X1:"1(P) + 5(Cl) = 31.0 + 5x35.5 = 208.5Try: 208.5"0 ZK%35100 250:3520f1 N:1:12:"@2@FBa(OH)a@D3PO@D4?(Atomic wts: Na=23.0 P=31.0 O=16.0)":3090]/ MX164.1:MN163.8:4000:ZA%3070p/ 4050:ER3485/ Y78:X1:"3(Na) + 1(P) + 4(O) =3x23.1 + 31.0 + 4x16.0 = 164 Try: 164"/ ZK%3460/ 250:3470R0 N:1:14:"@2@FPCl@D5@1@S":5:3=1.0":3090/.R MX246.6:MN246:4000:ZA%3070B.\ 4050:ER3435.f Y78:X1:"1(Mg) + 1(S) + 11(O) + 7(H) =1x24.3 + 32. + 11x16.0 + 7x1.0 = 246.4".k ZK%3410.p 250:34207/z N:1:11:"@2@FNa@D3PO@D4@1@S":5:1:"What is the formula weight of N.8:4000:ZA%3070%-* 4050:ER3385c-4 Y78:X1:"2(Al) + 3(O) = 2x27.0 + 3x16.0 = 102TRY: 102"q-9 ZK%3360-> 250:3370 .H N:1:9:"@2@FMgSO@D4@U.7H@D2O@1@S":5:1:"What is the formula weight of this salt?Atomic Wts Mg=24.3 S= 32.1 O=16.0 H Y78:X1:"1(Cu) + 1(S)+9(O) + 10(H) = 1x63.5 +32.1 + 9x16.0 + 10x1.0 = 249.6"^, ZK%3310m, 250:3320, N:1:14:"@2@FAl@D2O@D3@1@S":5:3:"What is the formula weight of Al@D2O@D3? (Atomic Wts: Al=27.0 O= 16.0)":3090- MX102.02:MN1014.0 +3x16.0 = 85.0 Try: 85.0".+ ZK%3260=+ 250:3270+ N:1:9:"@2@FCuSO@D4@U.5H@D2O@1@S":5:1:"What is the formula weight of this salt?(At Wts: Cu=63.5 S=32.1 O=16.0 H=1.0)":3090+ MX250:MN249:4000:ZA%3070+ 4050:ER3335P,3210* 250:3220* N:1:12:"@2@FNaNO@D3@1@S":Y28:X1:"What is the formula weight of NaNO@D3?(Atomic Wts: Na = 23.0 N = 14.0 O =16.0)":3090* MX85.01:MN84.9:4000:ZA%3070* 4050:ER3285 + Y78:X1:"1(Na) + 1(N) + 3(O) = 1x23.0 + 150:3165{) N:1:14:"@2@FCaCl@D2@1@S":5:4:"What is the formula weight CaCl@D2?(Atomic Wts: Ca=40.1 Cl=35.5)":3090) MX111.1:MN110.9:4000:ZA%3070) 4050:ER3235) Y78:X1:"1(Ca) + 2(Cl) = 1x40.1 + 2x35.5 = 111.1TRY: 111.1"* ZK%:14:"@2@FP@D2O@D5@1@S":5:1:"What is the molecular weight of thiscompound? (Atomic Wts: P=31.0 O=16.0)":3090(X MX142.01:MN141.96:4000:ZA%3070(] 4050:ER3175(b Y78:X1:"2(P) + 5(0) = 2x31.0 + 5x16.0 =142TRY: 142"(g ZK%3160)l 2@FNH@D3@1@S":5:3:"What is the molecular weight of thiscompound? (Atomic Wts: N=14.0 H=1.0)":3090'& MX17.01:MN16.98:4000:ZA%3070'+ 4050:ER3125'0 11:1:"1(N) + 3(H) = 1x14.0 + 3x1.0 = 17.TRY: 17"'5 ZK%3110': 250:3115t(N N:10,3750& RTRT(ZC%1):Y89:X8:RT" right":Y89:X210:8RT" to go":SF3Ģ14:1:E40,4:"Ok, but you have too many numbers afterthe decimal point."& 300:3030& 2:1,99276,99:3:Y104:X35:"Press CTRL-Q for a calculator.":g' N:1:16:"@2":290:MP5:RT0:ST06% I1MP:P(I)I::ZC%0:NPMPU% ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1t% RT3ST0ST1:MP5:3020% RT8D(3)1:100% RN(NP(1))1% ST0ĴP(RN)3100,3150,3200,3500,3600& ST1ĴP(RN)3250,3300,3350,3400,3450,3550,3650,3701@S":7:2:"In this section you will be given theformulas of 8 compounds for whichyou are to calculate the molecularor formula weight."$ 3:" % 14:"A calculator is provided in the programor you may use your own.PRight, so we must add another 32.0to the formula weight.":290#14:1:E40,3:19:E40,3:13:23:"147.1":170,92225,92:16:1:"The total, 147.1, is the formula weightof CaCl@D2@U.2H@D2O.":300:D(2)1:100$ N:BK8:1:5:"@2@FPractice Problems@re inCaCl@D2@U.2H@D2O?":R["16:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2210"18:1:"The 2 H@D2O indicates two H@D2O moleculeswhich gives 2 oxygen atoms. Try: 2.":ZK%2180"250:2190@#11:7:"@:2 O = 2x16.0 = 32.0":19:1:"@hich has2 hydrogens. This gives a total of 4.Type: 4":ZK%2130P!f250:2140!p9:7:"@:4 H = 4x 1.0 = 4.0":18:1:"@PRight, so lets add 4x1.0 to the total.":290:12:1::E38:14:E38:18:E38:24:E40:"z14:1:"How many oxygen atoms are the35.5we need to add 2x35.5":7:7:"@:2 Cl = 2x35.5 = 71.0":290 H12:1::E40:14:E40:18:E40,3:24:E40::12:1:"How many H atoms are in the formula?":R R14:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2160A!\18:1:"There are 2 waters each of wE40,8:J12:1:"How many Cl atoms are in this formula?"::24:E40:R: 14:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2110*16:1:"There are two of them. Type: 2":ZK%20804250:2090@ >18:1:"Since the atomic weight of Cl is NE,SINGLE>":600:ZA%2060Z14:1:"The formula shows one calcium. Type: 1":ZK%2030i250:2040 5:7:"@:1 Ca = 1x40.1 = 40.1":14:1:"@PRight, since the atomic weight of Cais 40.1 we will include 40.1 in theformula weight.":290:10:1::aCl@D2@U.2H@D2O@1@S":5:1,22270,22270,231,23:38:1:"Lets determine the formula weight ofthis dihydrate of calcium chloride.":290:1:8::E40,4:24:E40:10:"How many Ca atoms are in this formula?":R12:14:500:A"":O"":ZA%İ600:D(1)1:290:100NMN1ZA$""Ģ20:1:"Type a number or a number andthe unit amu.":121520:1:"It is the sum of the atomic weight ofnitrogen plus 3 times the atomic weightof hydroge:25:"@2@F@C544.0":G:300N:8:"Next you should use the steps justoutlined to calculate the molecularweight of a compound.":290N:BK5:800:12:14:"@2@FNH@D3@1@S":16:2:"What is the molecular weight of NH@D3?"G18:14:500:MX17.04:"@:@2@F@01 C@1@S":7:"@2@F2 O@1@S":300:17:1:"@P2. Multiply the number of atoms by the atomic weight from the periodic table":5:8:"@:@0@2@F= 1x12.0 = 12.0":7:"@2@F= 2x16.0 = 32.0":G:300:21:1:"3. Sum the weights.":180,67260,67:10 molecular weight is: 12.0 + 16.0 + 16.0 = 44.0":300N:BK3:"Here is how to find the molecular weightof the compound CO@D2.":290:5:0,24275,24:G1:13:"1. From the formula, determine the number of each type of atom."1:5::20:E40:24:E40::15:22:"+ 16.0 = 28.0"t18:1:"The molecular weight of CO is the sumof the atomic weight of carbon andoxygen or 12 + 16 = 28.0":290:X0:Y88::E40,12::~12:18:"@2@FCO@D2@1@S":16:3:"Carbon dioxide has two oxygensso itsL20:14:500:MX16:MN15.999:360:ZA%įA"":O"":ZA%İ600:1130\P600RN1ZA$""Ģ22:1:"Type just a number or a numberand the unit amu":1115V24:1:"TRY: 16"[ZK%1100`250:1106,j290:0:450:3::18:1:E404:1:ZC%1ĺ"The atomic weight is shown in the table."O$ZC%1ĺ"TRY: 12.0"].ZK%1040l8250:1045B290:0:450:5::18:1:E40:20:E40:24:E40:GG15:17:"12.0":18:1:"What is the atomic weight of oxygen?":X1210:X2179:450:3:RSt is the atomic weight of carbon?":X1112:Y1128:X2161:Y2105:5:450:320:14:500:MX12.012:MN12.0:360:ZA%įA"":O"":ZA%İ600:1090600N1ZA$""Ģ22:1:"Type just a number or a number andthe unit amu":107072can find the molecular weight for thecompound.":290N:BK3:800:15:1:"Lets calculate the molecular weight ofcarbon monoxide which has the formulaCO.":290:15:E40,4:24:E40:13:1:"Molecular weight of:I12:21:"@2@FCO@1@S":18:1:"Wha3:"@2@FMOLECULAR WEIGHTS@1@S":9:2:"The chemical formula for a moleculeshows how many atoms of each kindare present."5:1:""615:2:"From the formula of the molecule andthe atomic weights of the atoms you;:X217:"19.0";:X249:"20.2"_>Y43:X10:"3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10"H2:0,00,80:0,032,032,80:0,4066,4066,800,80R278,8086,8086,40278,40:278,80278,0246,0246,80:I8627832:I,40I,80::3:{N:BK2:5::Y3:"1":Y3:X261:"2":Y14:X10:"@2@FH":X251:Y14:"He@1@S":X7:Y32:"1.0":Y32:X253:"4.0"*Y53:X5:"@2@FLi Be B C N O":Y53:X228:"F Ne@1@S"4Y71:X4:"6.9";:X39:"9.0";:X89:"10.8";:X121:"12.0";:X153:"14.0";:X185:"16.0"ZK%17ıZK%2ġ:350AZK%1ZC%ZC%1:SS1:NO$"":530[A"":ZA%1ZL%1505gZK%0:XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL::bN0ZW%1:ZA%0M:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL:b N:X14:eX1,Y1X2,Y2:A1((Y2Y1)(X2X1)):A21.571A1:A8:B4:X2X1X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1):470X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1)X2,Y2X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)1X2,Y2:ZL%1ZL%15SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100 190,100,2000,100 hZA$""ı jA$"":C$"":N0:SF0:DM0:I1(ZA$):B$(ZA$,I,1):(B$)45(B$)58A$A$B$:C$C$" ":SFSF(DM1) m(B$)57(B$)46C$C$B$ n(B$)46DM1 r:ZA$C$:A(A$):AMXAMNZA%1:ZW%0:N1:|ZA%0:ZW%14);"RUN ROUTER"9 SS0āI7510025:T1,I:T2,30:CL:J T:ZK%260] ZK%27ġ:100o ZK%2ġ:350u  "G:24:4:"Press @X2@C6RETURN@ to continue.":ZK%0:ZS0:1 ,P:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2ġ:350 @ ^BK200,100,1000,1020,1^ xY6:"4. Return to the Main Index":22:3:"Press @X2@C6ESC@ to return to this index." I15:D(I)1ĢY2(I1):6:"*" 300:AZK%48:A1A4150 A1000,2000,3000,200 N:8:3:"@3@FReturning tothe Main Index...":(13);("@2@FINDEX@1@S":4:6:"Molecular and Formula Weights":8:3:"@X2@F@0@C6Select topic by number.":G:NO$NN$ i6:1:"" nY11:Y:8:"1. Molecular Weights":Y2:"2. Formula Weights":Y4:"3. Practice Problems"T,DON'T,DOESN'T>"c #Y$"" %N$"" (GM$"" 2OK$"@X2@C1OK@":NO$"@X2@C6NO@":NN$NO$m dN:BK1:1:14:C5 MOLECULAR WT 5/10/83F COPYRIGHT SMITH CHABAY KEAN 1983Q36800[100u T1768:T2769:CL770:ES$(10),AW$(10),P(14) 104,168,104,166,223,154,72,152,72,96 I09:A:912I,A: V$"":O"":O"":ZA%İ600:22500MF1AP(RN)Ģ19/rM~/uB(AW$(P(RN))):A(B.01B)A(B0.01B)Ģ19:1:"You typed the atomic weight insteadof the atomic number.":2175/xN1ZA$""Ģ19:1:"There are no units on atomic number so just type a number.":2175/z20:10:"@X2@C5TRY: "P(RN):G 0RN)P(NP):NPNP1'.*NP2D(2)1:100m.4RN(NP(1))1:TP(2(1))1:R::14:1:E40:16:E40:24:E40:.>TP2150,2200.fB$"What is the atomic number of "ES$(P(RN))"?":14:1:B$.p16:14:500:MXP(RN):MNMX:360:ZA%įA"":ZA%İ600:2190)"oxygen":ES$(9)"fluorine":ES$(10)"neon"- AW$(1)"1.0":AW$(2)"4.0":AW$(3)"6.9":AW$(4)"9.0":AW$(5)"10.8":AW$(6)"12.0":AW$(7)"14.0":AW$(8)"16.0":AW$(9)"19.0":AW$(10)"20.2"-:15:1:E40,5:24:E40::I110:P(I)I::ZC%2:NP10. ZC%1P(15:2:"Here are the first 10 elements in theperiodic table. Let's practice findingatomic numbers and atomic weights.":290+-ES$(1)"hydrogen":ES$(2)"helium":ES$(3)"lithium":ES$(4)"beryllium":ES$(5)"boron":ES$(6)"carbon":ES$(7)"nitrogen":ES$(8X185:"16.0";:X217:"19.0";:X249:"20.2"k+Y43:X10:"3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10"+2:0,00,80:0,032,032,80:0,4066,4066,800,80+278,8086,8086,40278,40:278,80278,0246,0246,80:I8627832:I,40I,80::G:,Y3:X261:"2@S":Y14:X10:"@2@F@PH":X251:Y14:"He@1@S":X7:Y32:"1.0":Y32:X253:"4.0@S"*Y53:X5:"@2@P@FLi Be B C N":Y53:X195:"O":Y53:X230:"F Ne@1@S@P"*+Y71:X4:"6.9";:X39:"9.0";:X89:"10.8";:X121:"12.0";:X153:"14.0";::4:"Symbol":Y69:X182:"Atomic Number":Y109:"Atomic Weight(carbon-12 scale)")N5:X180:Y192:X2112:Y292:450:X1176:Y172:X2143:Y272:450:Y1112:Y2112:X2150:450:3:290:D(1)1:100)10000)N:BK15:2005:2040^*N:X14:Y3:"1":iveatomic weights of the atoms basedon the carbon-12 standard.":290(:N:BK14:2:"For example, the periodic chart liststhe following information for theelement iron.":16:10:" 26@2@FFe@1@S55.8"T)D2:98,64160,64160,12498,12498,64:3:121:S11:AH:11:S21:"1.008K'13:4:"C":13:S1:AC:13:S2:"12.011"x'&15:4:"O":15:S1:AO:15:S2:"16.00"'02:0,40278,40:Y74:I03:0,Y16I278,Y16I::64,4064,122:162,40162,122:3F(518:2:"The periodic chart lists the relatnechemists actually use.":290&N:BK13:"Comparison of YOUR ATOMIC WEIGHT SCALEwith the one actually used by chemists.":7:2:"Element YOUR ATOMIC @U1@U2C Atomic WEIGHT Weight Scale"& S114:S226'11:4:"H":1ghts are independentof the scale we use. Try: no.":ZK%1700M%250:1710V%290%N:BK12:8:"The atomic weight scale which chemistsuse is based on the weight of an atomof carbon-12 as 12.000 amu."&14:"Let's compare your scale with the o3$12:1:"The scale is based on the atomic weightof hydrogen as "AH". Will the relativevalues of the atomic weights changeif we use "2AH" for the atomic weight ofhydrogen?"$19:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1750>%22:1:"The relative weiYOUR ATOMIC WEIGHT SCALE is "AC".":290#N:1:5:"Summary of YOUR Atomic Weights":3:5:"Element YOUR ATOMIC WEIGHT":5:8:"H@R@RC@R@RO":5:22:" "AH"@R@R"AC"@R@R"AO"$5:25,11249,11249,7525,7525,11:2:I02:28,2616I246,2616I::, but pleaseinclude the units. Type: "AC" grams""^N0ĺCD" Grams of CO@D2 contain "2AO" gramsof oxygen so the carbon must be"CD" - "2AO" grams. Try : "AC" grams.""hZK%1610"m250:1620'#r20:1:"Right, so the atomic weight of carbonon n to form the "CD" grams of CO@D2Try: "2AO" grams."C!"ZK%1550R!,250:1555!@14:4:"How many grams of carbon are inthe "CD" grams of CO@D2?":R!J18:14:500:MXAC:MNMX:360:A"":650:ZA%16502"T20:1:N1ĺ"Your number is rightny grams of oxygen arein the "CD" grams of CO@D2?"r 11:12:500:MX2AO:MNMX:360:A"":650:ZA%1600 19:1:N1ĺ"Your number is right, but pleaseinclude the units. Type: "2AO" grams"5!N0ĺ2AO" Grams of oxygen reacted withcarbo1 <<<<<<> @2CO@D2@S@1":1:15:"Burn":3:" @F@2C@1@S":CDAC2AO7:3:"If carbon is burned with "2AO" gramsof oxygen we will get "CD" grams ofcarbon dioxide.":2903 5:9:2AO" grams":5:21:CD" grams"::7:1:E40,4:24:E40::7:4:"How maelements on YOURATOMIC WEIGHT SCALE.":10:4:"Element YOUR ATOMIC WEIGHT"{5:17,62231,62231,12017,12017,62:G12:8:"H@R@RO":12:23:AH:14:22:AO:18:1:"Let's add one more element to yourscale.":290BN:BK11:2:9:"@2@FO@D2@2AH" YMUand "2AH" grams. The same relationshipexists between the relative weightof oxygen and "AO" grams of oxygen."ZC%2N0ĺ"It is "AO" YMU."ZK%1430250:144020:1:"That is correct.":290NN:BK10:4:"You now have two , but let's includeYMU to remind us that this is Your MassUnit. Type: "AO" YMU":ZC%1N0ĺ"Notice the ratio of the weights ofhydrogen and oxygen in water."yZC%2N0Ģ18:"2 hydrogen atoms weigh 2x"AH" YMU.Notice the relationship between "X1158:X2143:45010:1:"On YOUR ATOMIC WEIGHT scale the atomicweight of hydrogen is "AH". What is theatomic weight of oxygen on YOUR scale?"16:12:ZF$"@H":500:MXAO:MNAO:360:A"YMU":650:ZA%1490S19:1:N1ĺ"Your number is right" gramsof hydrogen gives "16AH" grams.Type: "16AH" grams."LZZK%1340[d250:1345n20:1:"That is correct.":290xN:BK9:14:"@2@FH@D2O@1@S":6:8:""2AH" gramshydrogen@S":6:22:""AO" gramsoxygen"X198:Y137:X2107:Y220:450::ZA%1390fA19:1:N1ĺ"Your number is right, but pleaseinclude the units. Type: "16AH" grams"FZC%1N0ĺ"The weight of the water equals theweight of the hydrogen plus the weightof the oxygen.">PZC%1N0ĺAW" grams of water minus "2AH20:AW" grams"p8:1:"If you burn "2AH" grams of hydrogen gas,H@D2, you get "AW" grams of water, H@D2O."(12:1:"How many grams of oxygen are in the"AW" grams of water which is formed?" <16:15:500:MX16AH:MN16AH:360:A"":650wateris formed."v12:"Let's weigh the hydrogen, burn it,and then weigh the water which isproduced.":290:13009:"@2@FH@D2 H@D2O@S@1":2:15:"@F<<<<<>@S":1:15:"burn O@D2":N:BK8:AW2AH16AH:1190:4:7:2AH" grams":4:toms of hydrogen for eachatom of oxygen."14:"Let's see if we can figure out an atomicweight for oxygen based on your valueof "AH" YMU for hydrogen.":290N:BK7:1190:6:3:"If hydrogen gas, H@D2, is burned inthe presence of oxygen, O@D2, ned the value of "AH"to the relative mass of a hydrogen."t"Let's write YMU after the weightsof atoms to remind us that this isYour Mass Unit scale.":290*~N:BK6:13:2:"@3@FH@D2O@1@S":8:1:"The formula for water is H@D2O. Waterhas two aet's round your number off to "AH:290:15::E40:24:E40:L15:1:"Let's compare the mass of some atomsto the mass of a hydrogen atom. Wewill assume a hydrogen atom has amass of "AH".":290:AO16AH:AC12AH<jN:BK5:BL$:6:3:"You have assig like to use?(To keep things simple, pick a numberfrom 1 to 10.)"f5:1,30265,30265,311,31:3$12:14:500:MX10:MN1:360:600:ZA%1090.14:1:"Just type a number from 1 to 10":ZK%10608250:1070:BAH(A.5):(AHA)Ģ15:1:"Lionship between themass of some of the elements.":13:"Then we will compare your atomicweight table with the one chemistsactually use.":290CN:BK4:2:"Hydrogen is the lightest element solet's start by assigning it a mass.What number would youoms are compared to anarbitrary standard.""It doesn't really matter which atomis chosen or what weight we assignto it in constructing a table ofrelative atomic weights.":290N:BK3:6:2:"Let's try setting up a scale whichshows the relat"This number is so small that it isawkward to write. For convenience,chemists use a relative weight scalefor atomsIn this relative weight scale, allatoms have a weight of 1 or more.":290,N:3:6:"On the relative scale, the weightsof all at:CL::b#N0ZW%1:ZA%0XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL:^N:BK2:4:3:"The mass of an individual atom isvery small. For example, the mostcommon type of hydrogen atom hasa mass of 1.67x10@U-@U2@U4 grams."@X2,Y2X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)1X2,Y2:RZL%1ZL%15uSS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100ZK%2ġ:350ZK%1ZC%3:NO$"@P":SS1:530A"":ZA%1ZL%1505ZK%0:XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L58A$A$B$:C$C$" "6 m(B$)57(B$)46C$C$B$j r:ZA$C$:A(A$):AMXAMNZA%1:ZW%0:N1:| |ZA%0:ZW%1: X1,Y1X2,Y2:A1((Y2Y1)(X2X1)):A21.571A1:A8:B4:X2X1X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1):470 X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1)"Press @X2@C6RETURN@ to continue.":ZK%0:ZS0:1H ,P:ZK%27ġ:100Z 6ZK%2ġ:350` @ ^BK200,100,1000,1030,1050,1130,1150,1170,1300,1400,1500,1520,1760,1800,100 hN0:ZA$""ı jA$"":C$"":N0:I1(ZA$):B$(ZA$,I,1):(B$)45(B$):"*" * 300:AZK%48:A1A3150? A1000,2000,200 N:8:2:"@F@3Returning tothe Main Index...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" SS0āI7510025:T1,I:T2,30:CL: T:ZK%260 ZK%27ġ:100 ZK%2ġ:350 2 "G:24:4:9:3:"@F@X2@C6Select topic by number.":G:6:1:BL$:NO$NN$ nY12:Y:5:"1. Atomic Weights":Y2:"2. Practice - Atomic Weights":Y4:"3. Return to the MAIN INDEX":22:1:" Press ESC to return to this index " I12:D(I)1ĢY2(I1):3CAN'T,DON'T,DOESN'T>"g Y$"" N$"" GM$""= dN:BK1:2:14:"INDEX":4:7:"@2@FAtomic Weights@1@S":) ATOMIC WT 3/23/83 2/84A (C) 1983 BY SMITH & CHABAYL36800V100o T1768:T2769:CL770OK$"@X2@C1OK@":NO$"@X2@C5NO@":NN$NO$:BL$""ES$(10),AW$(10),P(10) V$"??????7------->??????7------->??????w------>?????w----->????w---- ???-------------------%----------------------?????250:5570k>290:5020X,1,2,4>":600:ZA%Ģ9:23:"3":5590?21:1:"The subscrite 3 indicates 3 O atoms.Try: 3.":ZThe subscript 2 after Al means thereare 2 of them.":ZK%5520M=250:5530^=A$"O":5060=500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ9:23:"3":5590=21:1:"The subscrite 3 indicates 3 O atoms.Try: 3.":ZK%5560=250:5570>290::"6":5290J":600:ZA%Ģ7:23:"2":5550>=21:1:",5,6,7,8,0>":600:ZA%Ģ11:23:"9":5430;"21:1:"Each nitrate has 3 oxygens so youhave 2x3 plus the 3 in H@D2O for atotal of 9.":ZK%5400;,250:5410;6A$"H":5060 <@500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ13:23 Cu means thereis 1 of them.":ZK%53207:250:5330H:A$"N":5060y:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ9:23:"2":5390:21:1:"Two nitrate groups each of which has1 N gives 2.":ZK%5360:250:5370:A$"O":50603;500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ7:23:"1":5350(:21:1:"No subscript after5250h8Z21:1:"There are 2 waters each of which has2 hydrogens. This gives a total of 4.":ZK%5200w8d250:52108A$"O":50608500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ13:23:"2":5290#921:1:"There are 2 waters each of which has1 oxygen. This giv. Type: 1.":ZK%5120%7250:513077A$"Cl":5060h7(500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ9:23:"2":51907221:1:"The subscript 2 says there are 2of them. Type: 2":ZK%51607<250:51707FA$"H":50608P500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ11:23:"4":65:9:"Atom Number":7:10:u6N:F$"CaCl@D2@U.2H@D2O":9:"@2@F"F$:G:5090:"Ca@R@RCl@R@RH@R@RO"615:A$"Ca":5060619:14:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ7:23:"1":51507 21:1:"No subscript after Ca means thereis 1 of them0015E3P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(5)1:100I5RN(NP(1)1):E0c5P(RN)5100,5300,5500524:2:NP(ZC%1)" right";:30:MPNP(ZC%1)" to go":300:502053:15:E37,5:"How many "A$" atoms are in 1 formulaunit of "F$"?":R:19:12:,has 4 oxygens so the total is 9. Try: 9":ZK%4270B4250:42804N:BK19:7:2:"In the following problems you areto complete a table which shows thetotal number of each kind of atomin a chemical formula.":2905MP3:I1MP:P(I)I::NPMP:E1in one formula unit of CuSO@D4@U.5H@D2O?"313:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(4)1:1003416:1:"The formula has 5 water molecules.Each water molecule has 1 oxygen whichgives us 5. But the sulfate group also%İ290:42602|16:1:"The formula has 5 water molecules.Each water molecule has 2 hydrogens sothere is a total of 5x2 or 10: Try: 10":ZK%42102250:4220)3N:BK18:2:11:"@c6@2@FCuSO@D4@U.5H@D2O":G:8:3:"How many oxygen atoms are there@U.5H@D2O":G:16:4:"COPPER(II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE":2901hN:BK17:2:9:"@c6@2@FCuSO@D4@U.5H@D2O":G:8:3:"How many hydrogen atoms are therein one formula unit of CuSO@D4@U.5H@D2O?" 2r13:14:500:A"":600:ZAre are 5 water molecules foreach CuSO@D4 in the blue crystals.":2900TN:BK16:2:4:"To show that there are 5 watermolecules for each CuSO@D4 in theblue crystals we add @U.5H@D2O to theformula for copper(II) sulfate.@S"<1^10:4:"@c6@4@FCuSO@D4the crucible is changedby heating?":220:RW/,17:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4170/621:1:"Heating drives out water so thecrystals will weigh less. Try: yes":ZK%4140/@250:4150E0J19:1:"From the loss in weight we can calculatethat the3,33:2:2121,38:3:7133,72.16:1:"Heating the blue crystals causes themto turn back to the original pale greencolor by driving water out of thecrystals.",/"P2:3:2121,38:290:L7:210:13:"Do you think that the weight of thecrystals in :6:"Blue crystals formed whenthe water evaporated.":290-210:"Crystallization from water causedsome water molecules to become part ofthe crystals. Let's see what happensif we heat these blue crystals.":300.N:BK15:115,33119,39149,3915815I:D.1:f,2:Y79587:5116,Y::4118,81:G:L3:210:7:"The solution turned blue!":300,210:4:"Let's let the water evaporate andsee what is left in the beaker.":220:4:I5080:116,I160,I:D.08::4118,81;-2:3118,81:3:210O@D4 in somewater.":290+N:BK14:X115:Y40:X,YX,Y40X3,Y43X40,Y43X46,Y40X46,Y:4118,81:Y79587:5116,Y: ,16:8:"We will dissolve our CuSO@D4in this beaker of water.":290:I02:61547I,1815I:D.1::I02:61547I,1:12:16:"8 O":15:1:"One formula unit of this salt has 1 Ca,2 Cl and 8 O atoms.":300:D(3)1:100*N:BK13:2115,31:1:2115,32:3:8:3:"Here is a pile of copper sulfatecrystals which are a pale greencolor."+15:"Let's dissolve this CuS are in thisformula?":Re) 17:14:500:A"":600:ZA%3250) 19:1:"There are 4 in each ClO@D4@U- ion. The formula has 2 such ions so theanswer is 8.":ZK%3210) 250:3220f* 290:13:1:E40,3:17:E40:500:A"":600:ZA%3200(l 18:1:"There is one Cl in each ClO@D4@U- ion,but (....)@D2 indicates two suchions in the formula. Try: 2":ZK%3170(v 250:3180) 290:11:1:E40,3:15:E40:220:10:16:"2 Cl":13:1:"How many oxygen atoms6:1:"The formula shows 1 calcium sincethere is no subscript number.Type: 1":ZK%3130h'N 250:3140'X 290:9:1:E40,3:14:14:E30:220:8:16:"1 Ca":11:1:"How many chlorine atoms are there inone formula unit of Ca(ClO@D4)@D2?":R (b 15:14calcium ion.":X177:Y1148:X2175:Y2135:450:290:y&& N:BK12:1:8:" @2@FCa(ClO@D4)@D2@1@SCALCIUM PERCHLORATE"&0 9:4:"How many calcium atoms are therein one formula unit of Ca(ClO@D4)@D2?"&: 14:14:500:A"":600:ZA%3160Y'D 1nitrate ionsfor each calcium ion. Try: 2":ZK%3060D% 250:3070% 9:5:"@S@2@FNO@D3@U- Ca@U+@U+ NO@D3@U-@1@S":13:1:"We write the formula like this:":15:13:"@2@FCa(NO@D3)@D2@1@S"3& 20:1:"This two says there are 2 nitrateions for each ":290j$ N:BK11:"How many nitrate ions are there foreach calcium ion, Ca@U+@U+, in calciumnitrate?"$ 6:14:500:A"":600:ZA%30905% 10:1:"A calcium ion has a charge of +2 anda nitrate ion has a charge of -1.Therefore we need two ains1 nitrogen and 3 oxygens.":11:14:"@2@FNO@D3@U-@1@S":9:15:"@2@FNitrate Ion@1@S":290# N:BK10:14:"@2@FNaNO@D3@1@S":6:3:"Sodium nitrate, NaNO@D3, has equalnumbers of sodium ions and nitrateions."$ 14:10:"@S@2@FNa@U+ NO@D3@U-@1@Sbscript 1 isnever written)":14:19:"The subscript 2indicates 2 Cl@U-ions for each Ca@U+@U+":X184:Y199:X2116:Y272:450:X1200:X2168:450"L 290:D(2)1:100^# N:BK9:2:4:"@pSome ions contain more than 1 atom.For example, a nitrate ion contight, there must be two chloride ionsfor each calcium ion so that there isno net charge.@S":19:9:"@2@FCl@U- Ca@U+@U+ Cl@U-@1@S":290!8 N:BK8:2:"Here is the formula for calcium chloride":6:12:"@3@FCaCl@D2@1@S""B 14:1:"1 Ca@U+@U+ ion(suof calcium chloride haveequal numbers of Ca@U+@U+ and Cl@U- ions?"n  14:11:500:A"":600:ZA%2350  14:1:"There must be two Cl@U- ions foreach Ca@U+@U+ ion so that there isno net charge. Try: no.":ZK%2320 $ 250:2330!. 14:1:"Rstal, the formulagives the ratio of ions to one another.":300:19:1:E40,519:"The formula, NaCl, indicates that thereare the same number of Na@U+ and Cl@U-ions.":300C  N:BK7:5:"A calcium ion, Ca@U+@U+, has a charge of +2.Will a crystal n the picture; So try 6":ZK%22301250:224019:1:E40,7:"Right, and there are 6 Na@U+ around eachCl@U- and 6 Cl@U- ions around each Na@U+ ion.":290:18:E40,6:0:450:3M19:1:"Since the number of ions can vary withthe size of the cry25256:X,YX5,Y5::Y85:X5422256:X,YX5,Y5::319:1:E40,5:"How many Cl@U- ions surround this Na@U+ion?":X1168:Y1136:X2131:Y283:5:450:3:R:22021:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2260"23:1:"@S@PYou can count 6 i the Na@U+ ion.":2901:1:E40,3:19:E40,3:"Let's add a row of ions in front andone behind the layer shown on thescreen.@S":3008:5:"Cl@U-@S";:12:"Na@U+@S";:26:"Na@U+@S":12:6:"Na@U+";:20:"Na@U+@S";:27:"Cl@U-"9Y69:5:X279:14:500:A"-":600:ZA%2180zp21:1:"There are Cl@U- ions all the way aroundthe Na@U+ ion. Type: -":ZK%2150z250:21600:450:3:"@S":13:12:"Cl@U-@S":8:20:"Cl@U-":19:1::E40:"Right, there is a Cl@U- ion in frontand behindeof the screen.":2:X3520356:Y4410832:X,YX15,Y::VX1223656:Y2011932:X,YX,Y15:::3:300:19:1:E40,5:220\1:1:"What kind of ion, + or -, should weput in front of this Na@U+ ion?":X191:Y124:X2110:Y272:450:R"f14:2:"Cl@U-@S";:9:"Na@U+@S";:16:"Cl@U-";:23:"Na@U-@S";:30:"Cl@U-"S1:1:E38:18:"Here are 3 rows of alternating Na@U+and Cl@U- ions.":300:17::E40,4:>T19:1:"Let's put some lines between the ionsto show that they are all in the plan:1:"The sodium ion is surrounded by Cl@U-ions so you need to type - here.":ZK%2090f>250:2100H14:1:"Right, the Na@U+ ion is surrounded by Cl@U-ions.":290:13:1:E40,5:6:2:"Cl@U-@S";:9:"Na@U+@S";:23:"Na@U+@S";:30:"Cl@U-@S"JR1:1:E40,4:14:E40,3 14:"Here is a row of Na@U+ and Cl@U- ions.";:300:13:E40,2:220:1:1:"Which ion, + or -, goes here?":X1182:Y116:X2133:Y240:450:R*6:15:ZL%1:500:A"-":600:ZA%Ē0:450:3:6:14:E8:16:"Cl@U-":2120W414070]20:1:"You need a negatively charged ionnext to the Na@U+ ion. Type: -":ZK%2040l 250:20500:450:3:14:1:"A crystal of NaCl has alternatingpositive and negative ions.@S":290:10:2:"Na@U+@S";:9:"Cl@U-@S";:30:"Na@U+"1U- ions.@S":10:16:"Na@U+":290:1:1:E40,5:2202:"What ion, Na@U+ or Cl@U-, do you think goeshere? (Type + to get Na@U+ and - for Cl@U-)@S":X1126:Y140:X2168:Y267:450:R10:20:ZL%1:500:A"-":600:ZA%Ģ10:19:E10:23:"Cl@U-":210:"The ions in sodium chloride are thesodium ion, Na@U+, and the chlorideion, Cl@U-.":16:"Let's look at the arrangement ofions in a crystal of NaCl.":2903N:BK6:2:3:"Here is a single Na@U+ ion. Let'ssurround it with other Na@U+ andCl@Vt20:1:"The subscript 4 indicates that thereare 4 hydrogens. Type: 4":ZK%1130ey250:1140z~290:D(1)1:100N:BK5:2:2:"Salts, such as crystalline sodiumchloride, exist as arrays of ionswhich have negative and positivecharges."1120}L15:1:"There is no number after the carbonwhich means there is 1 carbon atomin the formula. Type: 1":ZK%1090V250:1100`15:3:"How many hydrogen atoms are in amolecule of methane?":Rj18:14:500:A"":600:ZA%1150"If no subscriptis written thereis only one atomof that kind.":X1173:X2150:450:2908N:BK4:15:"@2@FCH@D4@1@S":4:12:"@P@2@FMethane@S@1@S":8:3:"@PHow many carbon atoms are in onemolecule of methane?"B11:14:500:A"":600:ZA%N:BK3:2:3:"The smallest unit of water is amolecule which contains 2 atomsof hydrogen and one of oxygen.":8:14:"@S@2@FH@D2O@1@S"$15:1:"This subscript2 indicates thatthere are 2hydrogen atoms.":X1106:Y1108:X2122:Y280:450Y.15:20:0::XM:ZK%0:ZA%L20:I55455:T1,I:T2,L:CL::@bN:BK2:5:4:"Chemical formulas describe thecomposition of the basic unitof a compound.":11:"The formula tells the relativenumbers of each kind of atomin the compound.":290A(A1):470-X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2A(A1)nX2,Y2X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)X3B(A2),Y3B(A2)1X2,Y2:ZL%1ZL%20SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100ZK%2ġ:350ZK%1ZC%ZC%1:SS1:NO$"@P":530A"":ZA%1ZL%1505ZK%continue.":ZK%0:ZS0:1. ,P:ZK%27ġ:100@ 6ZK%2ġ:350I @1: ^BK200,100,1000,1050,100,2000,2020,2310,100,3000,3010,3050,100,4000,4050,4110,4180,4200,100 X1,Y1X2,Y2:A1((Y2Y1)(X2X1)):A21.571A1:A8:B4:X2X1X3X2A(A1):Y3Y2:"@F@3Returning tothe Main Index...":G:(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"Y G:16:1:E40,L:k 24:1:E40: SS0āI7510025:T1,I:T2,30:CL::EE1 T:ZK%260 ZK%27ġ:100 ZK%2ġ:350  "G:24:4:"Press @x2@c6RETURN@ to ic Ions@R@R4. Hydrates@R@R5. Review Problems@R@R6. Return to the Main Index":22:2:"Press @x2@c6ESC@ to return to this index." I15:D(I)1ĢY2(I1):4:"*" 300:AZK%48:A1A6150 A1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,200B N:8:3WO,THREE,FIVE>" dN:BK1:1:15:"INDEX":3:5:"@2@FChemical Formulas@1@S":7:3:"@x2@f@0@c6Select topic by number.":G:5:1:"":NO$NN$ nY9:Y:6:"1. Molecules@R@R2. Ionic Compounds@R@R3. 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