' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL] X  ` 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'з꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"ųųೳŪŪųųij  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?   1 '" *"( (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0"):$(%"%:$(%"%$$2%4%$$2%4%$(2()!)E(!8b $!H(+ "@H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`ɃlXLȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 VDP (ED Z $0x8x D- ܸDD# H8`?E Vk *f???0xE Hh D#-EEE8` D ܸx D - ܸx8`-0ݩ?ʥD EEE`   LDcpq` [` ~  LӜu`".Q`pNФbptťܥm2<(-Py0\|e<6e<g< JJJJj귍hI  aUL@ kU8  L  Q^R(jQ0l^l\  wUuW ԧ H h@ [_ /QSIRb_L`LLLL`ª`LQLYLeLXLeLee ўQH\(h0L& Ꝥ$`( R \ZLl8 ўR HH\`\Z[YS6`LxQɿu3'RͲʎRʎ]]]ɍuL͟ɍ}RLRɍg^H8 ^hZLɍR LͲɊRR% QLܤͲ Z@ -^ ş\[Z QY\[Z8`l6Lş_Ȍb_Ͳ] )Y h( ֭ͲLɍ [LLĦ__ ^ 9 LҦ3 9 a   0LjLY u< (_9 ˭ɠuɠK_9 ?LˆʎõĵL õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QL߼J̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n `@-eff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLISUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATA_OMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p@p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- ( 0 Ϡ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ  / / ED B / / ]ƴS0Jȴ ȴ)  紅D贅E B ƴ  / 0L Ν `HD٤DEEhiHLGh ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLǵBȵC`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(` i d ֠z# u`,48:772,192:"Sound effects @x2@c6will@ be used.":360:100A"N":ZA%Ĺ770,96:771,0:772,0:"Sound effects will @x2@c5NOT@x1@c7 be used.":360:10014:4:"Type: y or n":R:220,P:ZK%2350Z1283006ZK%27100@J100$^SE...":G:(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"`N:5:B31,6:B0,49,278,192,4:12:2:"@#@c7@4@0SOUND":G8:4:"Do you want sound effects whileworking these programs? (y,n) 12:10:ZL%1:I:14:4:E14:12:10:E4=A"Y":16:4:ZA%Ĺ770,173:771pic by number.":G n7:13:"1. Instructions for Using These Programs 2. Sound 3. Adjust Color 4. See Index of Lessons@c6":B0,61,278,192,4 xP:AZK%48:A1A4120 A1000,200,500,130"N:"@v1":E:4:9:"@0@$@C0@4ONE MOMENT, PLEAss@1@C7@Gb 713:5:"A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.":15:3:"P.O. Box 102, Wentworth N.H. 03282" <17:13:"(603) 764-5831":22:5:"Press @x2@c6RETURN@x1@c7 to continue.":300 dN:6:B0,0,278,60:Y13:16:"@#@4@C7pH":G:3:10:"@0@x2@c6Choose toases@c7 in Water"B &G:17:4:"Stanley Smith Elizabeth Kean (2:22:"Copyright (C) 1984 by Smith and Kean":8:Y180:"@x2@c6PRESS RETURN.":B3,177,276,189:P 2N:1:9:"@x2@0@c6Distributed by@x1":5:B1,20,276,80,12,6:7:Y37:"@4@C5@0COMPre"((24584)256(24585)):D$"BLOAD DISPLAY TABLE,A"((24580)256(24581))l D$"BLOAD BIN.STRING.EXP.794" N:"@G@P@1@C7@v4":GS:B0,0,278,191,4,2:B5,3,272,45 #Y9:5:"@4@C1CHEMISTRY":G:7:16:"@4@c5pH":G:13:X11:"@x2@c5@0Acids@c7 and @c6Ba i yLvh \hgQMEưikmjln[lX `ĠԤ{ ~21;27BwQr+|yg_htpq}WDhBjJ01~l8*9n*yL Pu5 UČJFGaI2 Dӝ[f'&;:(@ ّSb?:Jvs]J>?<;8HUTW N8Q4Z":600:ZA%3680-L20:"Moles = weight/molecular weight soequivalent weight = weight/moles NaOH@x2@c5Try: divide":700:3650-`EW(GM1000(.1(FVIV)).5)-j20:1:"Equivalent weight = "GM"/0.000"10(FVIV):22:19:" = "EW:290J.tN:BK"@2@0EQUIVALENT WEIGHT"^,.6:4:"@2@0Grams Acid = "GM:9:"Moles NaOH = 0.000"10(FVIV):G,813:1:"To calculate the equivalent weight ofthe acid should we multiply or dividethe weight of acid by the moles ofbase?-B18:12:500:A"":600:ZA%3570) 19:"The volume used in the titration isthe difference between the initial andfinal readings. Try: subtract":700:3540[* 10:1:E35,10:10:3:"Volume NaOH used: "FVIV" mL:Gh( 6:3:"Initial Buret Reading: ";:28(IV1):IV" mL";:3:"Final Buret Reading:";:27:FV" mL( 10:1:"Should the initial reading be addedor subtracted from the final readingto give the volume of NaOH requiredto neutralize the acid?G) ottom of the meniscusis at "AA" mL. Type: "AAL' EM1ĺ"The units are mL"[' 700:3440' 14:15:"Next, we will calculatethe equivalent weightof the acid.":280( N:BK9:B0,0,278,30:6:B0,0,278,30,5:G:X14:Y8:"@2@0Volume of NaOH Solution"RETURN tostart over.":300:3010z&f 18:16:E20,2:12:4:"What is the level of theliquid in the buret in mL?":R:EM0&p 9:500:400:A"":ZW%İ600:EM1:3460&z 450:600:ZA%FV((10S))10:3500.' 15:12:EM0ĺ"The bG:"@2@c5SLOW DOWN":G:"@0"N%> YYEĺ"@C5@#":B39,170,69,183:EP1:"@C7@%"X%H 3330%R YYEįG:18:16:E20,4:"You are not at theend-point yet.":300:18:14:E20,3:"@0":3330!&\ 8:14:E26,10:G:Y(YE2)ĺ"You went past theend-point.Press :YY1:EP04$ PT:ZK%ZK%32(ZK%95):ZK%133410P$ ZK%70TT(T2)(T0)o$ ZK%83TT.1(T2):3330$ X51:YY:(127):YY1:Y1203410$* EP3330%4 Y(YE5)YYEĺ"@C5@#":B39,170,69,183:D.3:7:B39,170,69,183:"@C7@%":T.7Ģ18:16:or first.":280:12:1:E25,20:"A couple drops ofphenolphthalein havebeen added.Press @x2@c5RETURN@ tostart the titration.":300:1:12:E25,10 $ 8:17:"@2@c6PRESS@F to go @x2@c5FASTER@S to go @x2@c5SLOWER@RETURN to stop":T.6:2900:"@0":B39,170,69,183:280`" 2:12:E30,10:"Are we ready to startthe titration now?":R:20:E24" 7:12:500:A"":600:12:12:ZA%3310" "We need to add anindicator first.@x2@c5Answer: no":700:3290# "Right, we need to addan indicat22):32706! 15:12:EM1ĺ"Use grams for the unit."p! EM0ĺ"Type a number between"MN(RN)" and "MX(RN)"."! 700:3210" 2:12:E30,10:"0"GM"0 grams of the acidhave been dissolved inwater and placed in thebeaker under the buret.@c6":800:G:"How many grams of theunknown acid do you wantto use? (Good values rangefrom "MN(RN)" to "MX(RN)" grams)":R EM0:10:12:500:400:A"":ZW%İ600:EM1:3230 ! 470:600:ZA%GM(100S)100:YE(GM100010(0.1EW(RN))A"":ZW%İ600:EM1:3160YN 450:600:ZA%IV((10S))10:3200X 15:12:EM0ĺ"The bottom of the meniscusis at "AA" mL. Type: "AAb EM1ĺ"The units are mL"v 700:3140q 280:RN(7(1)1):8:12:E30,6:20:E24:2s RETURN and try again.":300:30100 Y22ĺ"You need to drain out somemore. Press RETURN.":300:10:12:E25,3:YY1:2900:3090: 4:800:G:8:12:"What is the level, in mL,of the NaOH in the buret?":R:AA(Y22)100D EM0:12:12:500:400: 1.Press @x2@c5RETURN@ to start.":300x 2:12:E25,12:10:"Press RETURN to @x2@c5stop.":G:6:800:7:2900:Y18 "@0":X51:YY:(127):P.3:ZK%1283110 YY1:Y383090#& 4:2900:G:10:12:E25:Y35ĺ"You drained out too much.PresY7,54,Y7:X51:YY:(127)::B54,15,54,Y7:Y135137:50,Y58,Y::E60,0,88,27:E52,13,62,19:280) G:4:14:E25,12:20:12:E30:2:12:"The level of the NaOH isabove the 0 mark on theburet. Let's drain someout so that the level isbetween 0 andC::8:14:"Press @x2@c5RETURN@ tostart filling the buret.":G:300:8:14:E23,4 8:14:"@2Filling buretwith 0.100 MNaOH.":G 55,1575,2585,1065,0:Y25151:X2Y25:X1(140Y)1.5:X,YX1,Y::B54,15,54,136d "@0":Y130181:B54,I5::50,2050,140:58,2058,140:B60,77,62,80:B60,90,62,93 G:X49:Y133:"@#@2o":G:Y3013010:48,Y57,Y::Y3512510:51,Y53,Y::X5256:X,147X,153::X5355:X,153X,162:T C04:X41:Y2710C:C::C710:X416(C10):Y2710C:K7:B0,0,276,80:4:4:"@4@c5FILL BURET":G:14:4:"We will start the experiment byfilling a buret with a 0.100 Msolution of NaOH.":290= N:BK8:B0,185,110,192:6:B20,20,25,184:B0,80,19,90:B26,80,45,90:I8083:45,I50,I5::I8790:45,I50,.":300Y109:"4. Titrate until the solution just turns pink.":300:Y135:"5. Calculate the moles of NaOH used.":300:Y149:"6. Calculate equivalent weight by dividing weight by moles."D(2)1:300:100T 54,16354,183: N:BEDURE":B0,17,275,20:GY28:1:"1. Fill the buret with NaOH solution which has a concentration of 0.1 moles per liter.":290Y66:"2. Weigh a sample of the acid and dissolve it in water.":300:Y94:"3. Add a drop of phenolphaleinheequivalent weight is 1/2 of themolecular weight. Try: no.":700:126018:1:"Since 1 mole of NaOH will neutralize1/2 mole of H@d2SO@d4, the equivalentweight is 1/2 the molecular weight.":290:D(1)1:100P:100N:BK6:11:"@2@c5PROCs thattwo are needed. Try: 2.":700:121013:1:"Is the equivalent weight of H@d2SO@d4 thesame as its molecular weight?":R16:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1280J18:1:"Since 1 mole of NaOH will onlyneutralize 1/2 mole of H@d2SO@d4, t+ 2NaOH <<> 2H@d2O + Na@D2SO@D4":6:2:"How many moles of NaOH are requiredto react with 1 mole of H@d2SO@d4?10:12:500:A"":O"

":600:ZA%1250+14:1:"The balance equation above showe molecular weight?":RI`16:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:1200j18:1:"Since HCl reacts with 1 mole of OH@u-ions, its equivalent weight and itsmolecular weight are the same.Try: yes":700:1120oN:BK5:B0,0,278,24:2:4:"H@D2SO@D4 of HCl are requiredto react with 1 mole of NaOH?"vB10:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1110L12:1:"The equation shows 1 HCl reacts with1 NaOH. Try: 1":700:1090V12:3:"Is the equivalent weight of HCl thesame as th@2EQUIVALENT WEIGHT":G:6:B0,16,278,20:G:8:1:"The equivalent weight of an acid isthe weight, in grams, of the acidneeded to react with 1 mole of OH@u-.":29038N:BK4:B0,0,278,24:2:5:"HCl + NaOH <<> H@d2O + NaCl":6:3:"How many molesed acid with a solutionof NaOH.From the titration data you willcalculate the equivalent weight ofthe acid";"By comparing the equivalent weightwith a list of equivalent weights forsome acids you will identify the acid.":290N:BK3:6:"770:b1:>G:SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770:KTW:W:n 38,16038,18470,18470,160:N:BK2:B0,0,278,30:6:B0,0,278,30,5:G:X20:Y8:"@2TITRATION EXPERIMENT":Gr6:1:"In this experiment you will titratean unidentifi0:S(N$):SMX(RN)SMN(RN)ZW%0:ZA%10BZL%1ZL%25eSS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100wZK%2ġ:350ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550ZK%17ġ:5000A"":ZA%ZL%1510&XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:1080,100,100,3000,3010,3510,3580,3620,3700g W$"":N$"":I1(ZA$):C$(ZA$,I,1):(C$)57W$W$C$ (C$)45(C$)58N$N$C$ :ZA$W$: ZW%1:ZA%0:AA(Y22)10.1(Y2):S(N$):(S(AA.11))(S(AA.11))ZW%0:ZA%1 *ZW%1:ZA%(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"^ G:12:20:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1 ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2350 7ZK%6710000 @1:* ^1:BK200,100,1000,1050,tion Experiment 4. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index q x24:3:"@x2@c6ESC@x1@c7 returns you to this index." }I13:D(I)1Ė3:Y9616I:"*" ~ P:AZK%48:A1A4130 A1000,2000,3000,200 N:4:10:"@4@C5ONE MOMENTPLEASE...":BK1:6:1:1:B35,3:G< iY5:13:"@0@2@c7@#TITRATION":G lB0,24,278,80:5:4:"@#@V7@0@4@C5EXPERIMENT":G:9:5:"Equivalent Weight of an Acid":13:2:"@x2@c6@0Choose topic by number.":G8 n15:4:"@:1@P. Introduction 2. Procedure 3. Titraht>" 2EW(1)60:EW(2)88:EW(3)122:EW(4)136:EW(5)157:EW(6)200:EW(7)212:MN(1).03:MN(2).03:MN(3).08:MN(4).08:MN(5).08:MN(6).1:MN(7).1:MX(1).05:MX(2).05:MX(3).1:MX(4).1:MX(5).1:MX(6).15:MX(7).17 dN:) :EXPERIMENT 12/836 (C)SMITH KEAN 1983A37000K100g D(6),EW(7),MN(7),MX(7)OK$"@x2@C1OK@":NN$"@x2@c5NO@"YN$"") (NE$"]8:"You will be given 3 solutions whosepH is unknown. You are to estimatetheir pH from the color produced byadding a drop of one of 7 indicators.You may need to use 3 or 4 indicatorsto bracket the pH.":290N?bN$"green":RL3:RH5:RS4:F=PH5:ID3:IC$"orange":RL2:RH4:RS3:q=PH8:ID5:IC$"green":RL4:RH6:RS5:=PH9.5:ID6:IC$"pink":RL4:RH7:RS6:=PH11:ID7:IC$"orange":RL6:RH7:RS7:=PH6.5:ID4:IC$"green":RL3:RH5:RS4:>XN:BSS4:7:1:"Your experiments do not justifythat conclusion.":600:6240<SS10:ZA%1:ZW%0:600:7:3:"@x2@c5RIGHT. SCORE = "S:G:9:4:"Press @x2@c6RETURN@ to continue.":300:6030<PH3:ID2:IC$"yellow":RL1:RH2:RS10:=PH7:ID4:ICion?":RD;B5:12:500:NTNT1:SA(ZA$):SA(PH1)SA(PH1)6250x;LSS4:7:1:"No, you are too ";:SAPHĺ"low.";VSAPHĺ"high.";`10:4:"Press @x2@c5RETURN@ to continue.":300:1:1:E35,10:6140;jSI(RS)1(SI(RL)1SI(RH)1)6290K":600:ZA%5050>416:"Phenolphthalein is @x2@00:ZA%5050Y2216:"Litmus is blue above a pH of about 8.Try @x2@c6blue":G:ZK%5160h2<700:51702PN:C(7(1)):8:"What color is phenolphthalein at apH of "1C"?"2Z12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%5050M3d16:"Ph?":112:14:500:A"":600:ZA%5050116:"Litmus is red below a pH of about 5.Try @x2@c5red":G:ZK%51101 700:51201N:C(4(1)):8:"What color is litmus paper at a pHof "8C"?" 2(12:14:500:A"":6I)I::NPMP:ZC%0C0ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(5)1:100W0RN(NP(1)1)v0P(RN)5100,5150,5200,5250022:2:MPNP(ZC%1)" right";:30:NP(ZC%1)" to go":290:50101N:C(4(1)):8:"What color is litmus paper at a pHof "1C"20:1:"The pH of orange juice is about 3.5":290/hN:BK20:6:"A pH meter is used to measure the pHof an aqueous solution.Litmus paper can only tell us if thesolution is acidic, about neutral, orbasic.":290:D(4)1:1000MP4:BK17:I1MP:P(pH electrode were put into orangejuice?n.,21:14:500:22:1:"Let's try it and see what we measure.":290.6E0,130,279,192:5:B21,82,82,124.@I731:E162,80,210,98:25:11:"@2@c5"I".0":G:P.3::E162,80,210,98:25:11:"@0@2@C53.5":G2/J54,6054,5656,5460,5282,5287,5495,57108,65-21,7221,12684,12684,7283,7283,12520,12520,72:21,8285,82:3:10:"@3pH Meter":G(."19:5:"Here is our digital pH meter.":290:24:E30:19:E30:Y130:"What reading would you expect if the,135:290:E0,122,270,180W,18:1:"Let's connect the electrode to a pHmeter.":300,N:BK19:4055:B110,60,260,110:E140,76,230,100:X155:Y42:"@#@v7@c4pH Meter":G:25:11:"@2@c57.0":G,53,6053,5655,5360,5182,5187,5395,56108,641- combination pH electrode.":290c+N:BK18:4:"Here is a combination pH electrode.":4055:4060+Y106:X49:"@0@2o":G:B51,72,55,109:6:B50,61,56,71:G:,1:18:"The glass bulb on the end is the partwhich is sensitive to pH.":5:60,122120ass electrodebecause it is made of a type ofglass which makes it sensitive tothe pH of the solution" +"The glass electrode and a secondreference electrode are connectedto a sensitive meter. Often the twoelectrodes are made in one probecalled a14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(3)1:100)19:"The table shows that it is yellowbelow a pH of 6. Try: yellow":ZK%3810)700:3820h*N:BK17:4:"@c5@4pH Meters":G:7:1:"pH may be measured with a specialelectrode called a glromyellow to blue over the pH range of3 to 4.6":290:3800(19:"The table shows that is is yellow ifthe pH is below 3 and blue above 4.6Try: blue.":ZK%3740(700:3750(13:E35,12:"What color is bromthymol blue at a pHof 5?":R7)16: r-o 3 - 4.1 yBromthymol Blue y 6 - 7.6 bPhenolphthalein c 8.3 - 10 r":5:0,82278,82:G'13:1:"What color is bromphenol blue at a pHof 7?<(16:14:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ18:"Right, bromphenol blue changes f we will look at a summaryof the color changes for somecommon indicators.":290&~N:BK16:"Indicator Acidic pH Basic color range color":5:1,25278,25:Gs'"Bromphenol Blue y 3 - 4.6 bMethyl Orange 7. Try: no":ZK%3590%%700:3600%B13:1:E35,11:"The color changes may be summarizedlike this:Indicator Acidic pH Basic color range colorphenolphthalein c 8.3-10 r":300Q&tN:BK15:4:8:"NextE35,12:"Can phenolphthalein be used todistinguish between a pH of 2 and 7?":R$16:14:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ18:"Right, it would be colorless in bothsolutions.":290:3650%18:"The chart shows that it is colorlessat both a pH of 2 and @C4@#@010";:X240:"12":G# 8:X172:"@0@C5@v7@#"(30)" "(30)" "(30):8:X180:(30)" "(30)" "(30):8:X188:(6)" "(6)" "(6)# G:18:1:"Phenolphthalein changes from color-less to pink over the pH region ofabout 8.3 to 10":290Q$ 13:1:s about 12? (Type C or R)Q" 16:14:500:A"":600:ZA%3550" 18:"We found that the addition of NaOHturned the solution red.@x2@c5Try: R":G:ZK%3500" 700:3510# X210:Y48:"red":29:8:E11,3:5:B8,3:9:X200:"@x2@V5 C or R)?!p 16:14:500:A"":600:ZA%3480!z 18:"It is colorless in neutral solutionType: c":ZK%3440! 700:3450! X100:Y48:"colorless":290:R:13:1:E35,6:24:E30" 13:"What color is phenolphthalein whenthe pH iA"":600:ZA%3420p H 20:"We found that in dilute HCl it wascolorless. Try: c":ZK%3390 R 700:3400 \ X13:Y48:"colorless":290:R:13:1:E35,6:24:E30!f 13:"And what color is phenolphthaleinin neutral solution? (Typerious acidities.":290_ N:BK14:"@c5@3Phenolphthalein":G:8:1:B33,3:9:2:"@v7@#@C4pH"* 9:PH2:X4024040:XX:PH;:PHPH2:4 G:13:3:"What color is phenolphthalein at apH of about 2, colorless or pink?(Type C or R)% > 18:14:500:alein is @x2@c5pink@ inmoderately @x2@c6basic@ solutions.":290:3350 20:"The solution turned pink.@x2@c5Try: yes":G:ZK%3290 700:3300 N:BK13:8:"Let's summarize what we have foundabout the color of phenolphthaleinsolutions of vaein in Base"D 5:"@$":B97,72,133,100:G:10:1:"Pink Solution" 22:Y84:E15:"in aqueous NaOH":15:1:"Did adding NaOH change the colorof the phenolphthalein solution?":24:E30:GH 18:14:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ20:"Right, phenolphthdding some aqueousNaOH to water which contains a dropof phenolphthalein.":7:B97,72,133,100:96,6096,101134,101134,60 G:10:22:"Phenolphthaleinin water":290  3:E35,4:"@$":X110:Y562:XX:YY:(26)::XX:Y62:E1:3:6:"PhenolphthalA"":600:ZA%Ģ21:"Right, phenolphthalein is colorlessin aqueous acid.":290:3250v 20:"There is no color change upon addingHCl to phenolphthalein in neutralwater. @x2@c5Try: no":G:ZK%3180{ 700:3190{ N:BK12:3:"Now let's try ainin water":290rX 3:E35,4:"@$":X110:Y562:XX:YY:(26)::XX:Y62:E1:3:6:"Phenolphthalein in Acid"b 22:Y84:E15:"in aqueous HCl":15:1:"Did adding HCl change the colorof the phenolphthalein solution?":24:E30:G[l 18:14:500:0:"Right, phenolphthalein is colorlessin neutral solution.":290N N:BK11:3:"Now let's add a drop of a solution ofHCl to the water which contains somephenolphthalein.":B97,72,133,100:6:96,6096,101134,101134,60S G:10:22:"PhenolphthaleE35,4:"Does adding phenolphthalein changethe color of neutral water?":24:E30} 18:14:500:A"":600:ZA%3100 21:"There is no color change upon addingphenolphthalein to neutral water.@x2@c5Try: no":G:ZK%3080 700:3090B 2ains purewater.":16:"Let's add a drop of the indicatorcalled phenolphthalein.":B97,72,133,100:6:96,6096,101134,101134,60:290 3:E35,4:"@$":X110:Y562:XX:YY:(26)::XX:Y62:E1Q 3:2:"Phenolphthalein in neutral water":G:15:1: 8:1:"Compounds which change color as thepH of a solution is changed are calledpH indicators.Indicators are usually organic acidsor bases whose color is different inthe acidic and basic form.":290 N:BK10:3:"Here is a beaker which contper will the colorchange?R10:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(2)1:10014:"Neutral solutions do not change thecolor of litmus paper. Answer: no.":ZK%2210700:2220 N:BK9:3:1:"@4@0I@C1N@C2D@C5I@C6C@C1A@C2T@C3O@C5R@C6S":G10:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:2200z14:"Base turns litmus blue. If the paperis already blue then the color willnot change. Try: no.":ZK%2160700:2170N:BK8:4:"If a drop of NEUTRAL solution is puton @x2@c5RED@ litmus pa:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:2150H14:"Litmus turns blue in base so the redpaper will turn blue. Answer: yes.":ZK%2110R700:2120fN:BK7:4:"If a drop of basic solution is puton @x2@c6BLUE@ litmus paper will the colorchange?-p12:6:"@X2@C5RED";:G:28:"@X2@C6BLUE":G16:2:"Litmus paper turns @x2@c5RED@ in @x2@c5acid@and @x2@c6BLUE@ in @x2@c6base.":2904N:BK6:4:"If a drop of basic solution is puton @x2@c5RED@ litmus paper will the colorchange?&>10:12 called'litmus paper'.To find out if a solution is acidic orbasic, a drop is placed on a piece oflitmus paper.":290N:BK5:11:"@4@C5LIT@C6MUS":G:5:"@0":6:1:B18,5:6:6:21:B20,5+ Y45:4:"@4@C4@#ACID":G:Y45:24:"@4@C4@#BASE":G:ntative":G:16:"We will also explore the use of a pHmeter to measure the exact pH.":290:D(1)1:100N:BK4:2:"@0@4@C5LITMUS @C6LITMUS":Gy9:"Litmus is a plant material which hastwo colored forms. Paper which isimpregnated with litmus iscidic or basic.R"However, often it is necessary toknow the exact pH.":290N:BK3:2:"@2@c5Qualitative":G:5:"In this program we will use litmuspaper and indicators to find out ifa solution is strongly acidic or basic."g$13:"@2@C5Qua510025:768,I:769,30:770:/T:ZK%7105hN:BK2:5:B31,4:2:12:"@2@0Is it acid?":G7:1:"Chemists often need to know if anaqueous solution is neutral, acidicor basic.Sometimes only qualitative informationis needed, i.e.: a)ZA%1:ZW%0 % ZL%1ZL%25H SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100Z ZK%2ġ:350 ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550 ZK%17ġ:5000 A"":ZA%ZL%1510 & XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770: b1:SS0āI7@G@C7 to continue.":G:12 ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100A 6ZK%2350S 7ZK%6710000Y @ ^1:BK200,100,1000,100,2000,2050,2100,2150,100,3000,3050,3150,3250,3350,3360,3700,100,4000,4050,4100,100,100 ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):S(AA.05AA)S(AA.05AA000,200J N:2:8:"@4@C5ONE MOMENTPLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x14. pH Meters5. Review Problems6. Indicator Game7. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index x24:3:"@x2@c6ESC@x1@c7 returns you to this index." }I16:D(I)1Ė2:Y7612I:"*" ~ P:AZK%48:A1A7130 A1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6re,course,right>"U dN:BK1:6:1:1:B35,3:Gx i2:10:"@X2@c4@#SUB-INDEX":G l5:1:"@0@4@C5MEASURING pH":G:10:7:"Choose topic by number."] n12:4:"@:1@P. Introduction2. Litmus Paper3. Indicators7 : MEASURE 2/842 (C)SMITH KEAN 1983=37000G100l D(6),P(10),C$(2,8),I$(7),SI(10)OK$"@x2@C1OK@x1@c7":NN$"@x2@c5NO@x1@c7"YN$""6 (NE$"R 12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%ī30506?\ 15:1:"In the titration of the weak acid,acetic acid, you found the pH at theend-poins the solutionneutral, basic or acidic? @x2@c6Type:@ n, b, or a y= 12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%ī3050= 14:1:"The end-point in the titration of astrong acid is neutral. @x2@c5Try: n":700:3310i>H N:3:"At the end-point of the is a strong acid whichis completely ionized under theseconditions.":3050< 18:1:"HCl is a strong acid and is fullyionized under these conditions.@x2@c4Try: b":700:3210C= N:3:"At the end-point of the titrationof a @x2@0@c5strong@ acid, i it exists mainlyin the unionized form. @x2@c5Try: a":700:3120; N:4:2:"In 0.1 M aqueous solution of HCl,which form predominates:":8:3:"a. Unionized HClb. Hydrogen ion and chloride ionL< 12:12:500:A"b":600:ZA%Ģ15:1:"Right, HClticacid, which form predominates:":10:3:"a. Unionized acetic acidb. Hydrogen ion and acetate ion:0 15:12:500:A"A":600:ZA%Ģ18:2:"Right, acetic acid is a weak acid.":3050A;: 18:1:"Acetic acid is a weak acid so underthese conditionsI::NPMP:ZC%0@9 ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(3)1:100T9 RN(NP(1))1s9 P(RN)3100,3200,3300,34009 22:1:MPNP(ZC%1)"@x2@c5 RIGHT@";:26:NP(ZC%1)"@x2@c5 to go":G:290:3010g: N:1325:6:2:"In 0.1 M aqueous solution of ace, the end-point is the midpointin the curve which, in this example,is at a pH of 8 for acetic acid.":2908 19:E33,6:"These curves show that the pH at theend-point depends on the strength ofthe acid.":290:D(2)1:1009 MP4:BK17:I1MP:P(I)Ж17:"HC@D2H@D3O@D2":9:30:"@0@x2@C5HCl":21:1:E33:290:24:E307 19:"Is the pH at the end-point of thetitration of acetic acid the same asfor the titration of HCl?":R7 23:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:2590l8 19:E33,5:"@x2@c5No@2400VB:X,YX1,Y1:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E3:PH(10PH)10:"@G"PH"@0":6 K10(14):A49:V5070:X17:YM:(127):MM1:PH.4342(K(.0002(VA))):Y1968(PH1):X1802.4V:X,YX1,Y1:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E4:PH(10PH)10:"@G"PH"@0":D7 G:7:tion of acetic acid with NaOH."i5 MB.01:MA.01:VA.05:VB0:K.000018:AMAVA:X80:Y100:M4:X,Y:"@0"5 VB0VAVA50:X17:YM:(127):MM1:VVAVB:BMBVB:H(BKV)((BKV)(BKV)4KV(AB))5 PH.4342(H(2V))H6 Y1968(PH1):X180n for HCl?424:1:500:A"":ZA%İ600:24:1:E33:"@x2@c1RIGHT!@ Press Return to continue":300:2290419:1:E33,6:" Let's try it and see. Be sure tonotice the initial pH.":290519:1:E34,6:21:2:"Titrathe buret, clean thebeaker and titrate a sample of aceticacid.3"@0":Y7141:X17:YY:(127)::X63:Y126:E4:"@G3.3":I7480:17,I23,I::290 419:1:E34,6:"At the start of the titration ofacetic acid, will the pH be higheror lower tha:"@C7@g"PH"@0":2pK10(14):VA170:X17:Y3V:(127):PH.4342(K(.0002(VA))):Y1968(PH1):X1802.4V:5:X,YX1,Y1:X1,Y1X11,Y11:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E4:PH(10PH)10:"@C7@G"PH"@0":2zK:290@3G:19:1:E34,6:"Let's refill ch the pH change as NaOH solutionis added to the HCl solution.":A49:ML0:X81:Y872f"@0@%":V0A:X17:Y3V:(127):PH.4342(.0002(AV).0000001):Y1968(PH1):X1802.4V:5:X,YX1,Y1:X1,Y1X11,Y11:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E4:PH(10PH)10Y103:XI3(ML9):ML:MLML2::X36:Y32:"pH"0RX130:Y117:"mL NaOH solution":2:15:"We will plot the pH onthe Y axis and thenumber of mL of NaOHsolution added on theX axis.Press RETURN to start.":300:2:15:E25,10T1\24:1:E32:21:"Wat151,9555,118:8:8:"And, here is our pH meter.":Y126:X63:"2.0":300:8:8:E30/>6:80,080,96260,96260,9779,9779,0:I0968:74,I78,I::I8026012:I,96I,101::G/0HPH12:I89616:X656(PH9):YI3:PH:PHPH2::ML0:I7826024:6:12:"The NaOH solutionis in the buret.We will start withHCl in the beaker.":290:6:12:E20,8.*X29:Y121:"O":7:B30,95,34,121:6:B46,119,100,140:7:E56,124,90,135:31,9431,9237,8843,8849,9152,9556,118T/432,9432,9238,8944,8948,98,13038,100:B9,115,37,129:G- Y78:X15:"@2o":G:6:18,9218,100:22,9222,100:1:19,10119,10721,10721,101:6:16,016,82:24,024,82-7:"@0":I10805:16,I24,I::Y7431:X17:YY:(127):e. G:I0122:X06(I10):Y7I5:I:: HCl changes as a base like NaOHis added.Let's compare the way the pH of asolution of HCl changes as NaOH isadded to that of the acetic acid.,16:"We will display the results as a plotof pH vs. mL of added base.":290-N:BK16:8,1008,1303dronium ionand acetate ion are related by thisequilibrium expression. +17:10:"@2K =@1":Y122:18:"(H@D3O@u+)(C@D2H@D3O@D2@u-) (HC@D2H@D3O@D2)":5:118,134233,134:300:D(1)1:100+N:BK15:4,"The pH of a solution of an acid suchas3O@u+ + C@D2H@D3O@d2@u-*10:3:"Acetic acid is a @x2@c5WEAK ACID@since not all of the acetic acidmolecules are dissociated to fromhydronium and acetate ions.":290H+10:2:E38,8:8:"The concentration of undissociatedacetic acid molecules, hy0:"K":18:1:"@x2@c5K@ is the equilibrium constant for theionization of acetic acid and has avalue of 1.8x10@u-@u5 moles/liter.")5:B0,80,278,125,12,6:300*N:BK14:6:B0,0,278,20:Y4:14:"@2REVIEW":G:5:3:"HC@D2H@D3O@D2 + H@D2O `~ H@D(H@d3O@u+)(C@d2H@D3O@u-)":Y105:"k@dR (HC@D2H@D3O@d2)":X77:Y98:"=":45,10165,101:97,101205,101(18:1:"The proportionality constants, k@dFand k@Dr are usually replaced by asingle constant, K.":300)18:E33,4:Y90:7:E3,4:Y98:1may write":6:3:"k@dF(HC@d2H@d3O@d2) = k@dR(H@d3O@U+)(C@d2H@D3O@d2@u-)"'|12:4:"Rate ofionization":12:23:"Rate ofassociation":X115:Y95:"=":5:35,8060,54:168,80153,54:G:290:E0,53,270,112m(9:"Rearranging gives":Y90:8:"k@DF ince the concentrations are notchanging, they must be the same.@x2@c5Try: yes":700:1590&J"Right, at equilibrium the ionizationrate equals the rate of association.":290I'rN:BK13:"Since the rate of ionization equalsthe rate of association we %"X5:11:"@@2@0Reverse Reaction@ association":13:10:"rate = k@DR(H@D3O@U+)(C@D2H@D3O@D3@u-)":5:B0,26,278,115,3:G%,16:1:"At equilibrium, is the rate of thesetwo reactions the same?%619:12:500:A"":600:21:1:ZA%1610[&@"Swillionize so rate is proportional to theconcentration of acetic acid.":290$N:BK12:B0,0,278,25:2:3:"HC@d2H@d3O@d2 + H@d2O `~ H@d3O@u+ + C@D2H@D3O@d2@U-"$X5:6:"@@2@0Forward Reaction@ ionization":8:10:"rate = k@DF(HC@D2H@D3O@D3){#14:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1530#18:"The more acetic acid molecules youhave the greater the probabilitythat one of them will ionize. @x2@c5Try: yes":700:1510N$16:"Right, raising the concentration willincrease the chance that one onalityconstant, kA"5:20,12249,105:86,105140,122:G:290T"N:BK11:1325"6:3:"If you double the concentration ofacetic acid in water do you thinkthat the @x2@c5rate@ at which it formshydrogen ions and acetate ions willalso double?*O@u+ reacts withan acetate ion to form acetic acid isproportional to the concentration ofhydrogen ion and acetate ion.""This can be expressed like this:":8:"v = k(H@d3O@u+)(C@d2H@D3O@d2@u-)":17:1:"Rate or@x2@c5v@elocity":17:15:"Proportiate concentration to go down.Try: decrease":700:1420 14:"Right, adding H@d3O@U+ increases thechance that an acetate ion will reactwith a hydrogen ion. This reduces theconcentration of acetate ion.":290z!N:BK10:3:"The rate at which H@D3?12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%14507 14:"Adding HCl increases H@d3O@U+ whichincreases the chance that H@U+ willreact with an acetate. This causesthe acettion of H@d3O@u+must increase.":700:1370zn15:3:"Right, adding HCl increases thehydrogen ion concentration.":290xN:BK9:13256:1:"What effect will adding HCl to a watersolution of acetic acid have on theconcentration of acetate ionme HCl to asolution of acetic acid in water,would H@d3O@u+ increase or decrease?"Z12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1390+d15:"Since HCl dissociates to H@d3O@u+ andCl@u- ions, the concentraand hydrogen ions andacetate ions recombine rapidly toreform acetic acid.<"The double headed arrow `~ is usedto indicate that the reaction goesboth directions and has come toequilibrium.":290FN:BK8:1325SP6:3:"If we were to add son ions andacetate ions.":2906(N:BK7:1325:1330-B6,4,272,21:2:3:"HC@d2H@d3O@d2 + H@d2O `~ H@d3O@u+ + C@D2H@D3O@d2@U-":5:B0,0,278,25,6,4:G:L26:1:"Actually, acetic acid molecules arealways forming hydrogen ions andacetate ions, A"":600:ZA%1300 18:"Each acetic acid molecule makes oneH@d3O@U+ and one acetate ion so they mustbe equal. Try: equal":700:128018:"Right ionization of acetic acid makesequal numbers of hydrogeAcetic acid is called a weak acidsince in aqueous solution most ofit exists in the unionized form.":290N:BK6:1264:9:1:"When acetic acid is dissolved in waterhow does the concentration of H@d3O@u+compare to C@d2H@D3O@d2@u-?=15:12:500:@u-ions, acetic acid is called a @x2@c5WEAKACID.":300PN:BK5:1264:12662:3:"HC@d2H@d3O@d2 + H@d2O `~ H@d3O@u+ + C@D2H@D3O@d2@U-":G:4:"AceticAcid":4:31:"AcetateIon":6:B0,0,278,50,2:G:j10:5:"@4@c5WEAK ACID":G:16:4:"cent exist asacetic acid molecules.":290:125022:"@x2@c5No@, if they had all formed H@d3O@u+the pH would be the same as HCl.":700:1190814:1:E35,10:15:"Since only a few acetic acid moleculeshave dissocated to H@d3O@u+ and C@D2H@D3O@D2it has thehigher H@D3O@u+. Type: a"4700:1140290:14:E35,10:"Have all the acetic acid moleculesin this solution ionized to formH@d3O@u+ and C@d2H@D3O@d2@u- ions?":24:E30:R019:14:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ21:"Right, about 96 per higher concentration ofH@d3O@u+? ";:12:"a. 10@u-@u2 M HClb. 10@u-@u2 M HC@d2H@D3O@d2":R:24:4:E30t20:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1180~22:ZC%1ĺ"The pH meters show that HCl is moreacidic."%ZC%1ĺ"HCl has the lower pH so X225:Y48:"@2@C53.4":G:158,45158,80198,80198,45:B159,55,197,79`X174:Y66:"O":B175,41,178,65:B174,30,179,40:176,29177,26178,23179,20183,17186,15199,15206,18210,21214,29:23:12:"10@U-@U2 M HC@D2H@D3O@D2"kj14:1:"Which has then dissolved in wateris called a @x2@c5STRONG ACID.":300Q14:1:E35,9:15:1:"Next let's measure the pH of a 10@u-@u2 Maqueous solution of acetic acid whichhas the formula HC@D2H@D3O@D2.":300FV14:E35,6:B208,30,278,80,12,14:X235:Y32:"pH":u+ ions. Try: yes":700:1080L290:14:1:E35,9:15:1:" HCl + H@d2O <<<> H@d3O@u+ + Cl@U-When HCl is dissolved in water itis converted to H@d3O@u+ and Cl@u- ions.":3009N14:1:E35,9:16:"An acid which totally dissociatesinto ions whe8:"1O@U-@U2 M HCl":15:1:"The pH of a 10@u-@u2 M solution of HClis 2. Have all of the HCl moleculesdissociated into H@D3O@u+ and Cl@u- ions?"820:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1100B22:"To give a pH of 2 all the HCl musthave formed H@D3O@= 2Try: 2":700:1010N:BK4:B0,30,70,80,12,14:X30:Y32:"pH":X18:Y48:"@2@C52.0":G:80,4580,80120,80120,45:B81,55,119,79$X98:Y66:"O":B99,41,102,65:B98,30,104,40:63,2966,2170,1876,1590,1593,1797,2098,2399,25100,29.12: the pH of a 10@u-@u2 M solution of HCl in water?":MX2.05:MN1.98}10:4:500:A"

":ZW%İ450600:13:ZA%Ė6:"Let's check this value bymeasuring it with a pH meter.":290:1050"pH = -log(H@U+) = -log(10@U-@u2) XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770:;b1:kG:SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770:xTW:W:N:BK2:4:8:"Let's predict the pH of an HClsolution and then check ourvalue with a pH meter.":290CN:BK3:6:4:"What is.05AA)S(AA.05AA)ZA%1:ZW%0' W ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):SMXSMNZA%1:ZW%0] o ZL%1ZL%25 SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100 ZK%2ġ:350 ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550 ZK%17ġ:5000 A"":ZA%ZL%1510 &2@ "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1Y ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100h 6ZK%2350z 7ZK%6710000 @1: ^1:BK200,100,1000,1005,1050,1260,1270,1320,1350,1400,1460,1490,1550,1650,100,2000,100! ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):S(AA8:A1A4130( A1000,2000,3000,200q N:6:B:3:9:"@4@C5ONE MOMENTPLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300:1@P. Compare HCl and HC@d2H@d3O@D2 2. pH Curves for HCl and HC@D2H@D3O@D2 3. Review Problems 4. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index x22:4:"@x2@c6ESC@x1@c7 returns you to this index." }I13:D(I)1įX12:Y8016I:"*" ~ P:AZK%4isn't,can't,doesn't,nope>"H 2IN$""~ dN:BK1:6:1:1:B0,0,278,20:B0,21,278,191,4:G i2:11:"@X2@c4@#SUB-INDEX":G l5:5:"@0@4@C5WEAK ACIDS":G:11:X18:"@x2@c6@0Choose topic by number":G n13:4:"@77 WEAK 2/84, (C)SMITH KEAN 1984737000A100P D(3),P(4)~OK$"@x2@C1OK@x1@c7":NN$"@x2@c5NO@x1@c7"YN$"" (NE$"":O"":600:ZA%ī3050:* 18:1:"Please include the units, M in youranswer.":700:3340:4 600:18:1:P;> ZC%1ĺB0,0,278,14:X80:Y4:"TITRATION DATA":4:2:"Concentration NaOH: "M"0 moles/liter";:9:" Volume NaOH: "V".0 mL Volume HCl: "2V".0 mL":5:B0,60,278,65:G:ANM29 10:1:"What is the concentration of the HClsolution in moles/liter? : 14:11A%30508 16:1:"Since the volume of base requiredto neutralize the acid was @x2@c5LARGER@than the volume of the acid, the acidmust be more concentrated.@x2@c5Try: A":700:32208 N:V.1(10(1)1):VV10:M(4(1)2):MM10:V1V:V22V9 ry: B":700:3120F7 N:V.1(10(1)1):VV10:M(4(1)2):MM107 4:"If it takes "2V" mL of "M" molar NaOH totitrate "V" mL of acid, which is themore concentrated the acid or thebase? (Type A or B)8 12:12:500:A"":600:Zcentrated the acid or thebase? (Type A or B)`60 12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%30507: 16:1:"Since the volume of base requiredto neutralize the acid was @x2@c5LESS@than the volume of the acid, the basemust be more concentrated.@x2@c5T:5:"Press @x2@c6RETURN@ to continue.":24:2:MPNP(ZC%1)" right";:32:NP(ZC%1)" to go":300:30105 N:V.1(10(1)1):VV10:M(4(1)2):MM10.6& 4:"If it takes "V" mL of "M" molar NaOH totitrate "2V" mL of acid, which is themore coniter":19:31:"x":150,147205,147:223,147275,147h4 22:19:"= .080 moles/liter":290:D(2)1:1004 MP4:BK12:I1MP:P(I)I::NPMP:ZC%04 ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(3)1:1004 RN(NP(1)1)4 P(RN)3100,3200,3300,3400j5 22x,multiply>":600:ZA%2450v3 14:1:"Concentration is moles/volume so youshould divide.":700:24303 15:4:"Concentration =":14:23:"Moles Volume":150,115200,11544 19:19:"=":18:23:"8.0x10@u-@u4 1000 mL 10 mL 1 l:Y6:X22:"MOLES = CONCENTRATION x VOLUMEz2j 5:3:"Moles HCl = Moles NaOH = 8.0x10@u-@u4Volume HCl titrated = 10.0 mL2t 9:1:"To calculate concentration should wemultiply or divide the moles by thevolume?)3~ 12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%2390]1L 14:1:"At the end-point all of the HCl hasbeen neutralized by the NaOH. Sinceone NaOH will neutralize one x 10@U-@u4 moles":300/. N:BK9:5:B0,26,278,76,4,8:G:7:5:"Moles = Concentration x Volume":15:9:"Volume may have to beconverted to liters.":290208 N:BK10:4:"At the end-point of our titration,how does the number of moles of NaOHadded com300. 17:E33:"Let's multiply by a conversionfactor to change mL to liters.":13:X188:"x ":Y90:X200:"1 liter1000 mL":200,99248,99. 5:82,102115,110:208,90248,100:6:168,95178,105:234,102248,110/$ 300:17:1:E33,4:"NaOH = 8.0 :"Volume = 8.0 mL":176,57226,57-14:1:"To get moles we need to multiplythe concentration times the volume.":290:13:E33,5. "Moles = 0.1 x 8.0 mL":Y90:13:"molesliter":82,99118,99:17:1:"@x2@c5Ooops@...we have mL and liters!":10:"Next, let's calculate theconcentration of the HClsolution.":290,N:BK8:"Let's calculate the number of molesin 8 mL of NaOH which has a con-centration of 0.100 moles per liter."-8:3:"Concentration = 0.100":7:27:"molesliter":10:11 concentrated theacid (HCl) or the base (NaOH)Type A for acid B for base.":R+14:8:500:A"":600:ZA%ī2270+16:8:"It took only 8 mL of NaOH toneutralize 10 mL of HCl so thebase is more concentrated.":700:2250G,16: ml. Try: 8 mL":700:2210*4:8:E35,10:5:27,1035,10:27,5035,50:31,1131,49:27,1531,1135,15:27,4531,4935,45:G:24:1:E35O+3:8:"This is the volume of 0.100 MNaOH solution which is requiredto neutralize 10 mL of HCl.Which is more"How many mL of NaOH solutionwere required to neutralizethe HCl?":R:24:1:E35)10:8:500:A"

":600:ZA%İ290:2230*14:8:"The bottom of the meniscusis at 8:290:4:8:E30,12:24:1:E35:B20,108,20,114("@0":V3339:X17:Y3V:"@c7@%"(127)"@c5@#":2160:P.1:7:2160:P.2::"@c5@#":2160:G:B20,108,20,114S)6:8:"We are now at the end-pointsince the indicator colorpersists.":290:4:8:E35,6:G:2170'pB9,115,37,129:'z4:8:"As we get near the end-pointthe indicator tends to changecolor briefly because the acidand base are not mixed well.Let's slow down the rate ofaddition and watch for thecolor to persist./(B20,108,20,114.":290:24:E35&H6:8:E30,12:"Next we will add NaOH slowlyfrom the buret until theindicator changes color.Press @x2@c6RETURN@ to start.":300:W&RB20,108,20,114&\"@0":V032:X17:Y3V:(127):P.1::G'f"@c5@#":2160:P1:7:2160:R:24:1:E35s%*10:8:500:A"

":600:ZA%2110%412:8:"Try: 0 mL":700:2090&>12:8:"Right, in this case the initialreading is 0 mL. It isn'tnecessary that it be exactlyzero$ 16:8:"It is colorless in acid.Try: colorless":700:2050$2:8:E30,12:6:"The phenolphthalein will turn@x2@c5pink@ when we are at theend-point of the titration.":300:6:8:E30,4:% "What is the level, in mL,of the NaOH in the buret?":#2:8:"Let's add a couple drops ofphenolphthalein to the acidin the beaker. Is phenolphthalein colorlessor pink in HCl?":24:1:E35#11:8:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:2070? HCl"6:8:"We will put 10.0 mL of HCl of@x2@c5unknown@ concentrationin this beaker.@c5":40,110112,80:290:4:40,110112,80:G:6:8:E28,4"1030:4:8:"The NaOH solution of @x2@c1known@concentration is in this buret.":300:4:8:E30,4f abase or acid whose concentration isknown.":290:D(1)1:100!N:BK6:8:4:"Let's determine the molarityof an HCl solution by titrationwith a 0.100 M solution of NaOH.":290"N:BK7:8,1008,13038,13038,100:B9,115,37,129:18:1:"10.0 mLf each must be equal.@x2@c5Try: equal":700:1660 B0,100,278,150:14:X5:"@2 At the End-PointMoles Acid = Moles Base":290@!N:BK5:8:"A titration allows you to determinethe concentration of an unknown acidor base by measuring the volume of acid being titratedcompare with the number of molesof base added from the buret?|9:10:500:A"":600:ZA%16802 14:1:"Since the acid has just beenneutralized by the base, the numberof moles owhere the acid and base have beenneutralized is called the end-point.":290T12:E40,6:"Either a pH meter or an indicator maybe used to tell when the end-pointhas been reached.":300TrN:BK4:2:"At the end-point how does the numberof moles ocan be used. Try: yes.":700:1520@19:1:E34,4:"The difference between the amount ofbase required to give a pH of 7 and9 can be neglected.":300MJN:BK3:3:5:"@4@C5END-POINT":G:B10,1,265,60,4,4:12:2:"In an acid-base titration the point1:E34,4:20:"The indicator Phenolphthalein turnspink above a pH of about 9.":300:24:E3519:E40,4:"Can the color of phenolphthaleinbe used to tell when you are at theendpoint?";:R500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:1600#24:"Yes, it 9.85A10.1ZW%0:ZA%11600:ZA%İ290:14905:B182,48,199,48:B201,49,201,95:G:23:"The graph shows it took 10 mL. Try 10":700:146019:1:E34,4:20:"Near the endpoint small amounts ofbase cause the pH to change a lot.":300^19::1450<23:"Here, the mid-point is at pH 7.":700:141019:E34,6:19:"How many mL of NaOH solution wererequired to neutralize the HCl?":RX86:Y167:500:A"

":ZW%A(ZA$):Ahe @x2@c5end-point.":Y44:X86:"@0END-POINT":207,48225,48:212,44207,48212,52:290x19:1:E34,6:"What is the pH at the end-point?":G:R21:12:500:A"

":ZW%A(ZA$):A7.5A6.5ZW%0:ZA%1600:ZA%İ290GE":160,52190,52:185,49190,52185,56:G:3005:14:E13,5:1:19:E40,5:"The pH changes the fastest at thepoint where the acid has been exactlyneutralized by the base.":300Wn19:1:E34,6:"The mid-point of this titration curveis called t20:1:E40,5:"The pH changes slowly in these tworegions.":2903:14:E12,4:0:131,40131,80:127,76131,80135,76:170,20220,10:G020:1:E40,3:"Notice that the pH changes rapidlybetween about 9 and 11 ml.":5:5:14:"@2@0RAPID pHCHANDoes the pH change rapidly at thestart of the titration? ";a500:A"":600:ZA%118024:"The plot shows it doesn't. Try: no.":700:1160290:3:14:"@x2@0@c5Slow pHchange":131,40131,80:127,76131,80135,76:170,20220,10:GC)10:"@G"PH"@0":jK10(14):VA170:X17:Y3V:(127):PH.4342(K(.0002(VA))):Y1968(PH1):X1802.4V:X,YX1,Y1:X1,Y1X11,Y11:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E4:PH(10PH)10:"@g"PH"@0":t0:20,10720,114:G:K:290=~20:1:E35,5:""Watch the pH change as NaOH solutionis added to the HCl solution.":A49:ML0:X81:Y87`"@0@%@c7":V0A:X17:Y3V:(127):PH.4342(.0002(AV).0000001):Y1968(PH1):X1802.4V:X,YX1,Y1:X1,Y1X11,Y11:XX1:YY1:X63:Y126:E4:PH(10PH9):ML:MLML2::X36:Y32:"pH"LX130:Y117:"mL NaOH solution":2:15:"We will plot the pH onthe Y axis and thenumber of mL of NaOHsolution added on theX axis.Press RETURN to start.":300:2:15:E25,10Q20,10720,130XV24:1:E32:20:8:8:"And, here is our pH meter.":Y126:X63:"2.0":300:8:8:E3086:80,080,96260,96260,9779,9779,0:G:I0968:74,I78,I::I8026012:I,96I,101: BPH12:I89616:X656(PH9):YI3:PH:PHPH2::ML0:I7826024:Y103:XI3(MLz"#    ϠԤϠ  Ǡ9Ƞ7 Š7ήǮЮˠ9 Š9Ԡ+Ԥ!! ٠Š!٠Š!Ҡ Ӡ.à# Ҡ"0):Y7I5:I::V6:12:"The NaOH solutionis in this buret.":300:6:12:E20,3$X29:Y121:"O":1:B30,95,34,121:6:B46,119,100,140:7:E56,124,90,135:31,9431,9237,8843,8849,9152,9556,118E.32,9432,9238,8944,8948,9151,9555,118:o":G:6:18,9218,100:22,9222,100:1:19,10119,10721,10721,101:6:16,016,82:24,024,827:I10805:16,I24,I::Y81131:B17,Y,23,Y:"@0@#":Y761:X17:YY:(127)::"@%":Y531:X17:YY:(127):G:I0122:X06(I1he results as a plotof pH vs. mL of added base.":290N:BK17:8,1008,13038,13038,100:B9,115,37,129:8:8:"We will put a solutionof HCl in this beaker.@c5":40,110112,80:290:4:40,110112,80:G:8:8:E25,41030:1055_Y78:X15:"@20: b1:<G:SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770:ITW:W:XN:BK2:46"The pH of a solution of an acid suchas HCl changes as a base like NaOHis added.Let's monitor the pH of a solutionof HCl as NaOH is added.We will display tS(AA.05AA)S(AA.05AA)ZA%1:ZW%0. @ ZL%1ZL%25c SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100u ZK%2ġ:350 ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550 ZK%17ġ:5000 A"":ZA%ZL%1510 &XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:771@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300` "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1y ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2350 7ZK%6710000 @1: ^1:BK200,100,1000,1610,1650,100,2000,2010,2280,2350,2360,100( ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):K:ZK%130 127. AZK%48:A1A4127H A1000,2000,3000,200 N:6:B:3:9:"@4@C5ONE MOMENTPLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@xxperiment 3. Review Problems 4. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index x24:4:"@x2@c6ESC@x1@c7 returns you to this index." }I13:D(I)1Ė2:Y8816I:"*" ~ G:5:4:"@#@0@4@c5TITRATIONS":K:ZK%130 G:5:4:"@#@0@4@c7TITRATIONS":ope>"1 2NG$""P dN:BK1:6:1:1:B35,3:Gv i2:11:"@v6@X2@c4@#SUB-INDEX":G l5:4:"@0@4@C5TITRATIONS":G:11:2:"@x2@c6@0Choose topic by number.":GG n14:4:"@:1@P. Acid-Base Titrations 2. Titration Et5 : TITRATE 2/84"37000,100; D(3),P(4)iOK$"@x2@C1OK@x1@c7":NN$"@x2@c5NO@x1@c7"YN$"" (NE$"":600:ZA%4050e412:8:"pH + pOH = 14pH = 14 - pOHpH = 14 - "C"@x2@c5Try: "14C:700:436040N:C(12(1)2):6:"@2If [OH@u-] = 10-"C" @1what is the @x2@c5pH@x1@c7?"410000458004"@c5":12:1:B31:GP524:1:E35:13t is the pOH?":V$AN$(14C)H38:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050312:8:"pH + pOH = 14pOH = 14 - pHpOH = 14 - "C"@x2@c5Try: "14C:700:43103N:C(12(1)1):4:5:"If pOH = "C" what is the pH?":V$AN$(14C)48:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050215:"If the concentration of hydroxide ionis @x2@c5less@x1@c7 than 10@u@-@u7 moles per literthe solution is acidic. @x2@c5Type: a":700:42603N:C(12(1)1):4:5:"If pH = "C" whac5less@x1@c7 than 10@u@-@u7 moles per literthe solution is basic. @x2@c6Type: b":700:42102N:C(4(1)8):2:"If an aqueous solution has@2@ [@c6OH@U-@c7] = 10@U-"C" @1 moles/liter is it acidic, basic, or neutral? @x2@c6(Type: a, b or n) "8):2:"If an aqueous solution has@2@ [@c5H@U+@c7] = 10-"C" @1 moles/liter is it acidic, basic, or neutral? @x2@c6(Type: a, b or n) ":G0r12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050]1|15:"If the concentration of hydrogen ionis @x2@ or neutral? @x2@c6(Type: a, b or n) ":Gb/@12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050/J15:"If the concentration of hydroxide ionis greater than 10@u@-@u7 moles per literthe solution is basic. @x2@c6Type: b":700:41600hN:C(3(1)"If the concentration of hydrogen ionis greater than 10@u@-@u7 moles per literthe solution is acidic. @x2@c5Type: a":700:4110*/6N:C(4(1)1):2:"If an aqueous solution has @2@ [@c6OH@U-@c7] = 10@U-@U"C"@1 moles/liter is it acidic, basic,@x2@c5 TO GO":290:4010-N:C(4(1)1):2:"If an aqueous solution has@2@ [@c5H@U+@c7] = 10@U-@U"C"@1 moles/liter is it acidic, basic, or neutral? @x2@c6(Type: a, b or n) ":G-12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050.15:(ZC%1)" @x2@c5to go":G:290:3020P,MP7:BK22:I1MP:P(I)I::NPMP:ZC%0,ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(4)1:100,RN(NP(1)1),P(RN)4100,4150,4200,4250,4300,4300,4350-22:2:MPNP(ZC%1)" @x2@c5RIGHT";:G:25:NP(ZC%1)"S$"Urine":PH6:0+v S$"Tomato Juice":PH4.1:G+ S$"Milk":PH6.6:_+ S$"Blood":PH7.4:~+ S$"Orange Juice":PH3.5:+ S$"Sea Water":PH8.5:$, 15:1:"@x2@c1RIGHT@, the approximate pH is "PH:22:1:MPNP(ZC%1)" @x2@c5right";:G:25:NPtoo low.":G* 700:30709* S$"Lemon Juice":PH2.3:S*& S$"Vinegar":PH2.9:r*0 S$"Black Coffee":PH4.9:*: S$"Clorox":PH9:*D S$"Ammonia":PH11.5:*N S$"Oven Cleaner":PH13:*X S$"Soft Drinks":PH3:*b S$"Stomach Acid":PH1:+l the approximate pH of":6:18(S$):"@2@c5"S$:G:ZC%0s) 10:14:500:A(ZA$):A(PH.6)A(PH.6)ZA%1:ZW%0) 600:ZA%3500) 14:ZC%1ĺ"@x2@c5The pH is "PH".":3090) B(ZA$):BPHĺ"@x2@c5You are too high.":G * BPHĺ"@x2@c6You are pH of typicalhousehold items.":290L( MP14:I1MP:P(I)I::NPMP:ZC%0k( ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1( NP0D(3)1:100( RN(NP(1))1( P(RN)3100,3110,3120,3130,3140,3150,3160,3170,3180,3190,3200,3210,3220,32308) N:BK21:3:"What isE35,9E' X123:Y50:E1:I1132:X420(I1)4(I4):Y50:14I:' 14:1:"@2@C5ACID@c7 NEUTRAL @c6BASE":300:2260' P:100%( N:BK20:6:"Many common substances are acidicor basic.Let's see how good you are at@x2@c5guessing@ theOH goes here on the scale?":5:70,85200,50:G:R:V$AN$(3)g& 15:12:500:A"":600:ZA%2550& 18:"14-11=3 so try 3":700:2510' 18:"Right, let's have the computer fillin the rest of the values for us.":290:4:70,85200,50:G:12:1: is 7 what is the pOH?":24:E35:5:70,85120,50:G:V$AN$(7)i% 15:12:500:A"":600:ZA%2510% 18:"pH + pOH = 14, so the pOH is 7.Type: 7":700:2490<& 9:1:"@2pOH":G:X123:Y50:"7":290:W:4:70,85120,50:12:1:E35,6:G:"What p pH andpOH on the same scale.":290r$ N:BK19:"@2pH@c5":X5:Y40:X,YX260,Y:IXX26520:I,Y6I,Y6::G$ I1132:XX20(I1)24(I9):YY14:I:>% 12:1:"Here is a pH scale. Let's add thevalues for pOH.":290:12:E35,3:"If the pH", @x2@c5what is the pH?":G:V$AN$(14C)W#B 11:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2400#L 15:10:"pH + pOH = 14pH + "C" = 14pH = 14 - "C"@x2@c5Try: "14C:700:2370#` RTRT(ZC%1):290:RT22360#j D(2)1:100$$ N:BK18:8:7:"Let's compare."11:14:500:A"":600:ZA%2300"15:10:"pH + pOH = 14"C" + pOH = 14pOH = 14 - "C"@x2@c5Try: "14C:700:2270"RTRT(ZC%1):290:RT32260" RT0)#8 N:BK17:C(13(1))1:6:"If the @x2@c6pOH@ of an aqueous solutionis "CBK15:5:"@c5@0@4pH + pOH = 14":G:13:2:"This relationship is true in acidand base as well as in pure water.":290:RT0!2450"N:BK16:C(13(1))1:6:"If the @x2@c5pH@ of an aqueous solutionis "C", @x2@c6what is the pOH?":G:V$AN$(14C)@u- is 10@u-7 M so the pOH is 7.@x2@c5Type: 7":700:2160z 15:1:"What is the @x2@c5sum@ of the pH andthe pOH?":R 18:14:500:A"

":600:ZA%İ290:2250 20:"7 + 7 = 14. Try: 14":700:2210|!N:n ion concentration ofpure water is 10@u-@u7 M so the pH is 7.@x2@c5Type: 7":700:2110f10:"What is the @x2@c5pOH@ of pure water?":Rp12:14:500:A"

":600:ZA%2200: z19:"In pure water the concentration ofOHs- log of":14:20:"OH is the specieswhose concentrationis being described":5,10114,72:68,69127,101:2904N:BK14:4:"What is the @x2@c5pH@ of pure water?">6:14:500:A"

":600:ZA%2150YH10:"The hydroge6,121M19:14:500:A"

":600:ZA%İ290:205021:"pOH is just like pH. If OH@u- is 10@u-@u7then the pOH is 7. @x2@c5Try: 7":700:2020N:BK13:6:3:"@0@3@c5p@c7OH =@C5-log(@c7OH@u-@c5)":Gp 14:1:"p mean:BK12:Y2:8:"@4@C5pH pOH":G:"@v6":6:1:E35:G8:"If [H@u+] = 10@u-@u7 M the pH is 7. We can define a corresponding unitfor [OH@u-]. pOH = -log(OH@u-)If [OH@u-] = 10@u-@u7 what is the pOH?@c6":B58,100,191,125,4:G:B62,104,18solution with a pH of 7 is neutral."mC7ĺ"A solution with a pH @x2@c5less@ than7 is @x2@c5acidic.":GC7ĺ"A solution with a pH @x2@c5greater@than 7 is @x2@c6basic.":G700:1440RTRT(ZC%1):290:RT41400D(1)1:1005N:BK11:C(13(1))1:6:"If the pH = "C" is the solution acid,basic or neutral? (Type: A, B, or N)C7V$""C7V$""C7V$""10:14:500:A"":600:ZA%1500$14:C7ĺ"A 14:500:400:600:ZA%1320k11:ZC%1ĺ"The pH is the negative log of thehydrogen ion concentration." ZC%1ĺ"-log("AC"x10-"AE" ) = "AA700:1270(12:14:"@2@c1RIGHT":G:RTRT(ZC%1):24:1:E35:290:RT3RT0:140021250exNK10:AC(8(1))1:AE(13(1))1:AAC10AE:A.43429(A):A(100A):AAA100:CC12:"If the hydrogen ion concentration is"AC"x10-"AE" moles per liter, what is thepH?":24:2:"Press @x2@c6CTRL-Q@ for a calculator."8:14:E208:0@u-@u5) = 4.7":290N:BK9:4:"Let's practice calculating pH.NOTE: If your calculator has alog key you may want to use it tocalculate pH.You can also use the computer tofind logarithms when working thefollowing problems.":290:RT0WN:B:8:1:"If [H@u+] = 2x10@u-@u5 is the pH between4 and 5?@c1":B0,37,275,40:G{12:12:500:A"":600:ZA%123014:"2x10@u-@u5 is between 10@u-5 and 10@u-4so the pH must be between 4 and 5.Try: yes.":700:121016:"@2pH = -log(2x1r?":V$AN$(C):9:14:500:A"":600:ZA%1190o12:"-log(10-"C" ) is "C". Try: "C:700:116016:8:"@4@c1pH = "C:G:RTRT(ZC%1):290:RT31150ON:BK8:2:5:"If [H@u+] = 10@u-@u5 then pH = 5if [H@u+] = 10@u-4 then pH = 4."tells what ion'sconcentration isbeing described.H stands for H@u+ne39,9084,48:126,48171,90:290:RT0 ~N:BK7:C(13(1))1:3:"What is the @x2@c5pH@ of an aqueoussolution if the concentration ofhydrogen ion is @x2@c510-"C"@ moles/lite"@4@0pH = @c5-log(@c7H@u+@C5)":290[20:1:"The negative of the logarithm is usedbecause it gives a positive number.":300`N:BK6:3:14:"@4@C5pH":GDb13:1:"The @x2@c5p@ meansthe negativelog has beentaken.":13:21:"The letter here"Right, a pH of 5 corresponds to[H@u+] = 10@u-@u5 moles per liter.":290LN:BK5:2:"@0@3DEFINITION of@c5 pH":G:"@v6":5:1:E35:G$V7:"pH is defined as the @x2@c5negative@of the @x2@c5logarithm@ of thehydrogen ion concentration.":14:1:K4:4:"If the concentration of hydrogen ionis @x2@c510@u-@u5@ moles per liter, what isthe pH?$10:14:500:A"":600:ZA%1090.14:"If H@u+ = 10@u-@u7 the pH=7. So ifH@u+ = 10@u-@u5 the pH is 5. Try: 5":700:1060JB14:epresent10@u-@u7 moles per liter.":290N:BK3:4:"Instead of saying the concentrationof hydrogen ion is 10@u-@u7 moles perliter let's just say the pH is 7.12:1:"@2[H@u+] = @c510@u-@u7@c7 moles/liter":G:18:8:"@4@C5pH = 7":290bN:B0&;XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770:Db1:qSS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770:G:TW:W:(N:BK2:6:"The concentration of hydrogen ion,H@u+, in pure water is 10@u-@u7 moles perliter.We need an easy way to r50,2260,2360,2450,100,3000,100`ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):S(AA.05AA)S(AA.05AA)ZA%1:ZW%0fxZL%1ZL%25SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100ZK%2ġ:350ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550ZK%17ġ:5000A"":ZA%ZL%151ETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300g "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1 ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%2ġ:350 7ZK%6710000 @^1:BK200,100,1000,1020,1050,1100,1120,1150,1200,1240,1250,100,2000,2050,2100,222:Y8412I:"*" ~3 P:AZK%48:A1A5130R A1000,2000,3000,4000,200 N:2:10:"@4@C5ONE MOMENT PLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER" G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300& G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6R"@4@c5pH":G:11:2:"@x2@c6@0Choose topic by number.":G n13:4:"@:1@P. pH2. pOH3. pH of Common Substances4. Review Problems5. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index x23:3:"@x2@c6ESC@x1@c7 returns you to this index." }I14:D(I)1Ė10.0>":AN$(11)"

" 2AN$(12)"

":AN$(13)"

":AN$(14)"

" dN:BK1:5:B0,0,278,70:G:B0,71,278,190,2 i2:10:"@v5@X2@c4@#SUB-INDEX":G: l5:15: two 2. 2.0>":AN$(3)"

":AN$(4)"

":AN$(5)"

"* -AN$(6)"

":AN$(7)"

":AN$(8)"

":AN$(9)"

":AN$(10)"

"h (AN$(1)"

":AN$(2)"

":600:ZA%4390?20:1:"[H@u+][OH@u-] = 10-14 . Since [H@u+] = 10-"C" OH@u- must be 14 - "C". Try: "14C:700:4360?&18:3:"@2(10-"C" )(10-"14C" ) = 10-14 ":G:4050A0:4310>C(12(1))1:2:1:"If the concentration of H@u+ equals10-"C" moles per liter, what is theconcentration of OH@u-?":V$AN$(14C)?8:6:"[OH@u-] = 10@u-@x2@c5@ux@ moles/liter":12:1:"@x2@0@c6What number goes here?":G:5:90,85117r in wateris the solution acidic, basic,or neutral?@x2@c6(Type: A, B or N)":G=12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050>15:1:"The concentration of hydrogen ionis 0@u-@u7 moles per liter in a@x2@c1neutral@ solution. Try: n.":G:700:A"":600:ZA%4050<15:1:"Equal concentrations of H@u+ andOH@u- means the solution doesn'thave an excess of either so it is@x2@c1neutral.":G:700:4260Q=3:3:"If the concentration of @x2@c5H@u+@ is10@u-@u7 moles per litereater@ than 10@u-@u7 molesper liter. Therefore the solutionis @x2@c6basic.":G:700:4210;3:3:"If the concentration of H@u+ equalsthe concentration of OH@u- is thesolution acidic, basic, or neutral?@x2@c6(Type: A, B or N)":G%<12:14:50 concentration of @x2@c6OH@u-@ is10@u-@u"C" moles per liter in wateris the solution acidic, basic,or neutral?@x2@c6(Type: A, B or N)":G:r12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050^;|15:1:"The concentration of hydroxide ionis @x2@c5gpe: A, B or N)":GJ9@12:14:500:A"":600:ZA%40509J15:1:"The concentration of hydrogen ionis @x2@c5less@ than 10@u-@u7 molesper liter. Therefore the solutionis @x2@c5basic.":G:700:4160:hC(4(1))2:3:3:"If the @x2@c5greater@ than 10@u-@u7 molesper liter. Therefore the solutionis @x2@c5acidic.":G:700:411096C(4(1))8:3:3:"If the concentration of @x2@c5H@u+@ is10-"C" moles per liter in wateris the solution acidic, basic,or neutral?@x2@c6(Ty:"If the concentration of @x2@c5H@u+@ is10@u-@u"C" moles per liter in wateris the solution acidic, basic,or neutral?@x2@c6(Type: A, B or N)":G712:14:500:A"":600:ZA%4050g815:1:"The concentration of hydrogen ionisMP36ZC%1P(RN)P(NP):NPNP1:NP0D(4)1:100G6RN(NP(1))16N:BK27:P(RN)4100,4100,4150,4150,4200,4200,4250,4300,4350,43506G:22:1:MPNP(ZC%1)"@x2@c5 RIGHT";:G:25:NP(ZC%1)"@x2@c5 TO GO":G:290:40107C(4(1))2:3:312:"[H@u+][OH@u-] = "KW$5Z8:1:"@x2@c2Substitute@ [H@u+][3.5x10@u-@u6] = "KW$:300:13:"@x2@c2Solve for [H@u+]@ [H@u+] = "KW$"/(3.5x10@u-@u6) [H@u+] = 2.8x10@u-@u9 M":300:D(3)1:1006MP10:I1MP:P(I)I::ZC%0:NP@u-@u1@u4":3004<17:1:"@x2@c5Then@ solve for [OH@u-] ":10:"[OH@u-] = "KW$"/10@u-@u4 [OH@u-] = 10@u-@u1@u0 moles/liter":3005PN:BK26:"Let's see how to work this problem. If [OH@u-] = 3.5x10@u-@u6 M what is [H@u+]?":2:0,30275,30:290:6:[H@u+] = 10@u-@u4 moles per literlet's calculate the hydroxideion concentration, [OH@u-].":"@v6":7:1:E35:290429:1:"@x2@c5First@ substitute the concentrationof H@u+ in the equation:":10:"[ H@u+ ][OH@u-] = 10@u-@u1@u4[10@u-@u4][OH@u-] = 10nd is given the symbolK@dw.":290N2 N:BK23:10:4:"@4@c1K@Dw = "KW$:2902N:BK24:4:1:"@c6@3[H@u+][OH@u-]="KW$:G:11:3:"Since [H@u+][OH@u-] = "KW$" we cancalculate [OH@u-] for any given[H@u+] and vice versa.":290s3N:BK25:2:3:"If N):X179:Y84:E2:EX:X208:Y88:N$(M):X261:Y84:E2:14EX(M0):X192:Y88:"x":37101N:BK22:"We found that at 25.0#:":1:B10,25,265,90,6,4:G:7:6:"@2[@c5H@u+@c7][@c6OH@u-@c7] = "KW$:G"214:3:KW$" is the ionization constantfor water a19:E12,2:15:" = @:1.0@Px"KW$)0376090YB1837100YB14įXXA:YYA:H$:YAYA3:XXA:YYA:H$:XXB:YYB:B$:YBYB3:XXB:YYB:B$014:19:E12,2:15:" = @:1.0@Px"KW$0NN1:M5N:N1N4:EXEX1:M10N0M0Y1X126:Y88:"@$"N$(RETURN to go on":N0:EX7:M0;/~300:ZK%65ZK%973740S/ZK%66ZK%983750k/ZK%13ZK%0:3800u/3710/YA133710/XXA:YYA:H$:YAYA3:XXA:YYA:H$:XXB:YYB:B$:YBYB3:XXB:YYB:B$/NN1:M5N:N5N0:M0:EXEX1014:":5:90,12268,12268,1390,13:Gu.4:19:"The concentration ofH@u+ and OH@u- and theirproduct are shownhere:.$12:19:"@:1.0@px10@u-@u7 x @:1.0@Px10@u-@u7 = @:1.0@Px10@u-@u1@u4/.18:19:"@x2@c5Press@":22:"A to add acidB to add basex2@c5?":G- 14:14:500:17:1:"Let's have the computer calculate itfor us as you vary the concentrationof acid and base.":290".N:BK21:3155:Y3:14:"Calculation of [H@u+][OH@u-]":N$(0)"@:1.0":N$(1)"@:1.6":N$(2)"2.5":N$(3)"4.0":N$(4)"6.3he concentrations ofH@u+ and OH@u- as [H@u+] and [OH@u-].":290, N:BK20:2:"Since [H@u+] and [OH@u-] are changingin opposite directions, do you thinkthat the product of the two willchange as acid or base is added? - 10:8:"@2[H@u+][OH@u-] = @+ "The addition of @x2@c6base@ causes theconcentration of @x2@c6OH@u-@0 to go up@and the concentration of H@u+ to godown.":290@, N:BK19:6:"Let's find a mathematical relationshipbetween the concentration of H@u+ andOH@u-.We will write t118:3200p*H 8:19:E16,8:"Notice that [OH@u-]increased exactlythe same amountthat [H@u+] decreased.":270+z N:BK18:4:"We found that as you add @x2@c5acid@, theconcentration of @x2@c5H@u+ @0increases@by the same factor as OH@u- decreases.ncreasein [H@U+]?>) 13:20:500:A"":600:ZA%3350) 16:20:"H@u+ went up by 10@u2and OH@u- went downby 10@u2. Try: yes":700:3310 * 270:1:20:E18,4:8:13:E24,6:2:20:"Now make [H@u+]=10@u-@u9moles/liter.":24:13:E24:RT2:AYA:H$:XXB:YYB:B$:YBYB3:XXB:YYB:B$4( 3210E( (YAA)3300o( (YAA)Ģ20:20:"You need more acid.( (YAA)Ģ20:20:"You need more base.( 700:3210( RT23400) 8:20:E16,6:8:13:"Was the decrease in [OH@u-]the same as the ifor @x2@c6BASE@RETURN when done":GB' 300:ZK%65ZK%973240Z' ZK%66ZK%983250r' ZK%13ZK%0:3260|' 3210' YA8įXXA:YYA:H$:YAYA3:XXA:YYA:H$:XXB:YYB:B$:YBYB3:XXB:YYB:B$' 3210*( YB8įXXA:YYA:H$:YAYA3:XXA:Ytrationof H@u+ and OH@u- in water.In pure water [H@U+] and[OH@u-] are both 10@u-@u7 M.":270&v 2:15:E24,8:24:12:E24:1:20:"@x2@c5Add@ acid or baseuntil [H@U+]=10@U-@U5moles / liter.":A58:RT1%' 20:8:"@x2PRESS:@x1A for @x2@c5ACID@B "@v7@c4@#":I3132:X36:Y1415(I2):"10@u-"I" "::Y2:X37:"molesliter":38,1165,11:G%b H$"@H@U+@2@c5@":B$"@@2@c6"(31)"@ OH@u-":XA1:XB77:YA88:YB88:XXA:YYA:H$:XXB:YYB:B$:_&l 2:15:"Here is a scale whichshows the conceno raising H@U+ causes OH@U- to godown.":290$ N:BK16:8:"Let's set up a scale so we can seehow H@u+ and OH@u- change as acid andbase are added to water.":290$N N:BK17:3155:3180$S B31,0,75,190:G:4:I119115:30,I34,I:70,I74,I:a%Xlower,lowers,lowered,decrease,decreased,less,decreases>":600:ZA%3090# 17:"Since H@U+ combines with OH@U- to formwater, raising H@U+ causes OH@U- to godown. @x2@c5Try@: lowers":700:3060-$ 18:"Right, H@U+ combines with OH@U- to formwater s:6:1:"When an acid is added to water theconcentration of H@u+ increases.What happens to the concentration of@x2@c6OH@u-@ when @x2@c5acid@ is added to water?G# 15:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(2)1:100 t 14:"In a basic solution [OH@u-] is greaterthan 10@u-7 M. Try: no":700:2410]! N:BK15:6:"When ses theconcentration of @x2@c6OH@u-@ in wateris a base.":290. N:BK13:4:3:"@3@C6BASIC SOLUTION":G:12:4:"If the concentration of OH@u- is@x2@c5greater@ than 10@u-@u7 molesper liter the solution is saidto be @x2@c6basic.":290S ` N:BK14200WZK%98ZK%66(\ZK%662130WfXX:YY:R$:YY4(Y10):YY:XX:R$:213015:12:E22,8:"Adding NaOH increasesthe concentration of OH@u-.":280@N:BK12:6:B4,10,275,70,12,4:4:13:"@4@C6BASE":G:14:4:"A substance which increa,32:G>15:12:"The concentration of OH@U-in this beaker of wateris 10@u-@u7 moles/liter.Let's add the base @x2@c6@0NaOH.":280H14:12:E25,8:24:10:E24:15:15:"@x2@c5PRESS:":G:18:"B to add NaOHRETURN to go onR300:ZK%13Y102tion of OH@u- inpure water by pressing@x2@c5A@ (up) or @x2@c5B@(down).Then press @x2@c5RETURN":G X57:Y119:XX:YY:R$"@@2"(31)"@1 OH@U-":R$:RT2:11004N:BK11:1055:X57:Y95:XX:YY:R$:B133,45,185,87:G:6:132,32132,88186,88186NaOH, isdissolved in water it ionizes toform Na@u+ and OH@u-."17:"Let's see what happens to theconcentration of OH@u- when NaOHis added to pure water.":290fN:BK10:1055:16:6:"Move the arrow, "(31)" , sothat it points to theconcentracsolution?K8:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(1)1:10014:"In an acid solution [H@u-] is greaterthan 10@u-@u7 M. Try: no":700:1410@N:BK9:2:13:"@4@C6NaOH":G:6:11:"Sodium Hydroxide":11:4:"When sodium hydroxide, :4:1:"@3@c5Acidic Solution":G:11:4:"If the concentration of H@u+ is@x2@c5greater@ than 10@u-@u7 molesper liter the solution is saidto be @x2@c5acidic.":290 xN:BK8:4:"Could the concentration of H@u+ be10@u-@u9 moles per liter in an acidilower concentrationthan 10@u-@u7 M. Adding HClincreases [H@u+]. Try: no.":700:1320FN:BK6:5:B1,10,276,80,14,8:5:11:"@4@C5ACIDS":G:13:4:"A substance which increases theconcentration of @x2@c5H@u+@ in wateris an acid.":290PN:BK7E24,8:"Adding HCl increasesthe concentration of H@u+.":280:24:10:E24:15:12:E24,3:14:"By adding HCl to pure watercan you make [H@u+] = 10@u-@u8M? (18:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ280:1350X220:10:"10@u-@u8 is a Let's add the acid @x2@c5HCl.":28014:12:E24,10:24:10:E24:15:13:"@x2@c5PRESS:":G:16:"A to add HClRETURN to go on300:ZK%13Y101300ZK%97ZK%65ZK%651230XX:YY:R$:YY4(Y10):YY:XX:R$:123015:12:ht, in pure water[H@u+] = [OH@u-] = 10@u-@u7 M.":280HRT1200,2100N:BK5:1055:X57:Y95:XX:YY:R$:B133,44,185,87:G:6:132,32132,88186,88186,32:G$15:12:"The concentration of H@U+in this beaker of wateris 10@u-@u7 moles/liter.:YY:R$:XX:YYDY:YY:R$:G:11008tY97Y931160y16:16:Y96ĺ"You are to @x2@c5low.@Press A to increasethe H@u+ concentration"{Y94ĺ"You are too @x2@c5high.@Press B to lowerthe H@u+ concentration.~700:1100617:16:"Rig by pressing@x2@c5A@ (up) or @x2@c5B@(down).Then press @x2@c5RETURN":GBX57:Y119:XX:YY:R$"@@2"(31)"@1 H@U+":R$:RT1L300:ZK%65ZK%97DY2(Y10):1130VZK%66ZK%98DY2(Y180):1130[ZK%13ZK%0:1140`1100$jXX416(I2):"10@u-"I" "::Y6:X3:"moles/l":G:.10:8:"Here is a scale on which wecan show the concentrationof H@u+.":280:8:10:E28,4:24:E24K816:6:"Move the arrow, "(31)" , sothat it points to theconcentration of H@u+ inpure wateroncentration of H@U+.":TW:W:103014:"Adding HCl also causes [OH@u-] todecrease because some of the addedH@u+ combines with OH@u- to make water.":290N:BK4:1055:10702B7,24:G:4:I119116:40,I52,I::"@v7@c4@#":I3112:X2:Y1nd OH@u-.Does adding HCl increase or decreasethe concentration of H@u+?":2:B0,22,278,24:G9:12:500:A"":600:ZA%1040#12:"HCl ionizes to form H@U+ which willincrease the cdrochloric acid, HCl, isdissolved in water it ionizes toform H@u+ and Cl@u-.17:"Let's see what happens to theconcentration of H@u+ when HCl isadded to pure water.":290_N:BK3:"Pure water contains small, but equal,concentrations of H@u+ a1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":5507A"":ZA%ZL%1510=&qXM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770:zb1:SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770:TW:W:NN:BK2:14:"@4@C5HCl":G:6:10:"Hydrochloric acid":11:4:"When hyK%2ġ:350 7ZK%6710000# @ ^1:BK200,100,1000,1020,1050,1200,1350,1360,100,2000,2050,2100,2300,2350,100,3000,3100,3150,3450,3470,3490,3600,3800,3850,3860,3870,100 ZL%1ZL%25 SS0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100 ZK%2ġ:350ZK%PLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"d G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@ to go on.":G:1:K:300 G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@ to go on.":G:1:K:300 "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@ to continue.":G:1 ,G:P:ZK%27ġ:100 6Z K@Dw 4. Review Problems 5. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index x24:3:"@x2@c6ESC@ returns you to this index.":I14:D(I)1Ģ122(I1):2:"* ~ P:AZK%48:A1A5130 A1000,2000,3000,4000,200# N:4:10:"@4@C5ONE MOMENT >":AN$(13)"":AN$(14)"" dN:BK1:5:2:"@0@2Strong @c5Acids@c7 and @c6Bases":G:9:3:"@0@x2@c6Choose topic by number.":1:1:G:B34,3:G i2:11:"@x2SUB-INDEX":GD n12:4:"1. Strong Acids 2. Strong Bases 3." (AN$(1)"":AN$(2)"":AN$(3)"":AN$(4)"":AN$(5)"":AN$(6)"":AN$(7)"":AN$(8)"":AN$(9)"":AN$(10)"":AN$(11)""6 2AN$(12)"100\ N$(5),D(4),P(10),AN$(14)OK$"@x2@C1OK@":NN$"@x2@c5NO@":KW$"10@u-@u1@u4"YN$"" #NE$"                 ram we will look atthe effect of adding acids and baseson the concentration of hydrogen andhydroxide ions.":290:200@u+ + OH@u-":G:7:1:"In pure water, the concentration ofH@u+ is 0.0000001 moles per liter. Weusually write this as 10@U-@u7 moles perliter.":290'D16:4:"@0@2[@c5H@u+@c7] = [@c5OH@u-@c7] = @c510@u-@u7 M":300x(lN:BK18:6:"In the next progsame,identical,equivalent,equals>":600:ZA%İ290:1850&&19:"The equation shows 1 H@U+ and 1 OH@u-formed from a water molecule. Sothe concentrations must be equal.@x2@c5Try@x1@c7: equal":ZK%1820&0700:1830':N:BK17:4:5:"@2H@D2O `~ H water is in equilibrium withhydrogen and hydroxide ions.":290u%N:BK16:3:5:"@2H@D2O `~ H@u+ + OH@u-":G%1:8:"How does the concentration of H@u+compare with the concentration ofOH@U- in pure water?7&14:14:500:A"":600:ZA%17505!14:"Each hydrogen can form a hydrogG:0:167,25182,25:G:111,25126,25:T:ZK%1680q17:Y4:"@2+":G:30:2:"@2-":G:I1200:K:ZK%01680:ZK%01600E11700G:12:1:E35,4:"Note: Water exists @x2@c5MAINLY@in the non-ionized (neutral) form!":E1:1600 NZK%1680k:1660}m290:13:1:E35,4:12:"The transfer of a proton betweenwater molecules can be written likethis:r18:"@2@0H@d2O + H@d2O `~ H@d3O@u+ + OH@u-":R1:E0|X0Y16:X154X:"@$@2H":XX2:T:ZK%1680X2516652n just bounce back andforth. Try: yes":ZK%1580A;700:1590V@T:X0:ZK%1700TX121X:Y16:"@$@2 H":G:XX2:T:ZK%1680^X251620c17:Y4:"@2+":G:30:2:"@2-":G:0:111,25126,25:7h167,25182,25:R01645 jI1400:K:21:1:"Right, and the other ion is OH@u-.":290u24:1:E35:13:E35,6:0:103,96103,40:99,45103,40107,45:G"14:1:"Can H@u+ be transferred back to OH@u-?":R:21:E35,16:14:500:A"":600:K:ZA%R0:16002620:"Sure, it cacharge on this ion?":5:103,96103,40:99,45103,40107,45:G{18:14:500:A"":600:ZA%155021:"If H@u+ moved then the charge mustbe positive. Type:+":ZK%1530 700:1540017:Y4:"@2+":G:30:2:"@2-":G:other.":5:84,96147,36:143,36147,36147,39:G:300e0:84,96147,36:143,36147,36147,39:G:X025:Y16:X154X:"@$@2H"::G:0:167,25182,25:G:111,25126,25>24:1:E35:14:E35,3:"If H@u+ were transferred, what is thesign of the :76,4096,26T3:23:"@2H O":G:6:31:"@2H":G:167,25182,25:196,32207,40I0404:111I,25::14:1:"Let's focus our attention on justtwo water molecules.":290:14:E35,36"Suppose this hydrogen were to movefrom one oxygen to the 57,11257,78:53,8357,7861,83:3:RX19:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:146022:"Each hydrogen can hydrogen bond toanother water. Try: yes":ZK%1430700:1440 N:BK9:10:"@2H":G:3:15:"@2O":G:5:10:"@2H":G:76,995,22H-O":G:29:12:"@2H":G:179,84192,93"@0":X0182:X982X:Y53X:"."::G:18:1:"Right, two hydrogen bonds to oxygenare shown here.":290&18:E35,3:24:E35:16:"Could this hydrogen form a hydrogenbond to another water molecule?":5::1255:16:1:"Do you think an oxygen atom can formmore than one hydrogen bond?"~P19:14:500:A"":600:ZA%1400Z21:"Two hydrogen bonds can be formed atoxygen. Try: yes":ZK%1360d700:1370(x16:1:E35,3:19:E35:21:10:"@2F$"@H":500:A"":600:ZA%134021:"You can see from the picture that thehydrogen bond is longer. Type: H.":ZK%1300(700:1310<21:"The hydrogen bond is also weaker thanthe covalent H-O bond in water.":290RFN:BK8hydrogen bondbetween water molecules with a dottedline.":12:8:"@x2@c5hydrogenbond" 5:119,86119,51:115,55119,51123,55:290:18:1:E35,4:16:"Which is longer the hydrogen bond orthe covalent H-O bond? (Type: H or C)":24:E35119:14:Z7:1255:1280c8:6:"@2H":Y58:"H":G:7:13:"@2O":G:62,4980,55:80,5862,6262,6680,5821:4:"@2H H":G:2:25:"@2O":G:153,29165,23:180,23195,29"@0":X0182:X992X:Y48X:"."::G:X18:1:"We can represent the @D4H@D2OH@D2S"M8:18:"161834":8:28:" -161@X2@C5+100@ -60":161:"The high boiling point of water is dueto an attraction between hydrogens inone molecule and oxygen in another.We call this attraction a hydrogenbond.":290N:BKithabout the same molecular weight.":290:1200n~14:"Water boils at 100# centigrade.Try: 100":ZK%1130}700:1150N:BK6:1:B0,10,275,100,6,2:G:4:3:"Compound Molecular Boiling weight point,#C":8:4:"CHree sign #.)j12:12:500:A"":O"one hundred":ZW%A(ZA$):A100.1A99.9ZA%1:ZW%00t600:ZA%Ģ16:"Let's compare the boiling pointof water to other compounds wnds on its molecular weightand attraction between molecules.Let's compare the boiling pointsof some compounds to see what wecan learn about water.":290 `N:BK5:5:"What is the boiling point of purewater in degrees celsius? (Press { for the degom the side, a watermolecule looks flat.":14:6:"@2HH":G:7:20:"@2O":GV105,48130,55:130,57105,64105,70130,57:18:4:"Note: a wedge is often used forbonds which project outward.":290XN:BK4:4:"The boiling point of a compounddepes. (Press { for #)E .20:14:500:A(ZA$):A110A100ZA%1:ZW%0 8600:ZA%Ģ22:"Right, the H-O-H angle is about 105#.":12:16:"@x2@c5105#":290:1100 B22:"It is about 105#: Type: 105":ZK%1070 G700:1090NLN:BK3:14:4:"Viewed frHere is a water molecule.":10:9:"@4H H":G:18:4:"@4O":G $90,64112,48:168,64143,48:16:1:"Covalent bonds connect the hydrogenatoms to the oxygen.":290:16:E35,3:24:E30 ,16:1:"Estimate the size of the H-O-H bondangle in degree1:2:"Here is a beaker which contains about10@u2@u3 water molecules." B105,70,157,119:G:6:104,64104,120158,120158,64160,64160,121102,121102,64:7 18:1:"Let's imagine that we can see anindividual water molecule.":290B N:BK2:"0:I:NO$NN$:ZK%27ġ:100. ZK%2ġ:350V ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550n A"":ZA%ZL%1510t & XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770: b1: SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770: T:ZK%710 G N:BKR"C "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1Y ,P:ZK%27ġ:200k 6ZK%2ġ:350} 7ZK%6610000 @ ^1:BK200,1000,1050,1100,1112,1120,1200,1250,1350,1460,1700,1760,1775,1780,1790,1800,1813,1850 ZL%1ZL%25 SSy  WATER 2/84/ (C)SMITH KEAN 1983:37000D200rOK$"@x2@C1OK@x1@c7":NN$"@x2@c5NO@x1@c7"YN$""d1000 N:4:10:"@4@C5ONE MOMENT PLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTE            xJ J (轹x VvG8塅H&J HG8 i轹xGG%@IBGA w &%GE@&'i') ȥ8H`ooP|` gȱ |%|` `3|i``8ypnzn`yznpny`, z,̠BX gyxͭ` `zi`|pn`ͭ` `8A8ҥˆ ypn0 𳦍BJzpnH nhpnE` g  fNO xgH  ? h n TzIz`pnH nhpn` tgiD vgD$CCH sn h nCD`zpnpn` ;pnC zC rn wL TynHxnH ?hxnhynAe`y {`F`F8`Fwn`z0a m z0 'mH)JJJiJhh΄FF`EzOwnHHEEz ɀpnH Rpn ~hpn  EhE E hwnEzzz` R  ~ RzEz٬zzьwn0ГɀFНEz LA} ~L|ĝE񝡁wnwn nwnE枦ELf|ĝ͹ ,ɢ ~ }`NO`0"a0 b0z4z/z0*z,)avnz nzLn ~ { } 3~z, g;   g gL8} ~ΥFL4} |Eş | {Ez z  H ;h` :~IRwns*sx<0` G 0xni@AjI*G@ Uz@G v~nLt*Ai)j)xnA%I  jj xϥ@) Aj*@8@0G x x8ʩBзʩxn:r0H *sh**` "sH >shjj``ꂝ`H) sh)tbtc bi ss  sLs sʥ0`tt`llb p00p  0000 d0nfEf fHLtJ00JfJJ)MIH rhH ʆ0  rȦh ʆ0 Hȱ rL/r``JJ H sh`etHtHt shH sh sh H sh s륊 ynG ~nLDt@ vLt*xnq6q%ImyniHLqH qhJJJJ@x q0H) qhJJJJ q0& & &  q@ & p& &  q & 8&퐠 МxHJJJJHi@ qhh)xyn`,C1xn*yn% rx w x wdLpȱA` A 0J)?AyneAA wALv 0 ew wL>p ew wL>pȱHdVȱJG  0 xqnG ȄGLpJH%I  xh`G@ Uz wpneGLv0I yxn  xLv{n81ynxnݨ0R؅Loɀ`snUȌpnKwnFȌwn;Ȍqn5Ȍrn/Ȍvn zLv zLv)%ooȌxnyn yLvȌ|nЎЊȌ}n颜Ȍ~nȌnբȌnùٺ  %).-439=>) z w`Ln.A& $< >,.?: ; ` 8```m`m``e@` H!) Lv)snsnwn  'm mpne z z isnXsn`!@#80 5m& nLkLl 3mLk[A `a{)`=x!=a m\ȱ T 0"ȱ0$H m"ȱ  -)ȱx mȱ 0 ȱxȱo?$ox=) oȥ|no`)5m& n `` HAheh8& &i``枩x 5m n m mI0) I  5mLk n n 3mLl m=Lk 5mLk m n x 5m&Lk 3mL9l mE n mLl n mLl 5m'Х&C ShQhPh` 'PhLkRhPhRhShQh RgEoD5mD0>H)?(ŝ 0杩 |nHDhoDh )D kLkDf8ȩXoDЙƝCȑoPh`& n nQ&YLk n :3 ,"%0 "& @"Lcj'0"  0 0&'LiLiB!&0)? )&&A0  JJ&'0%% 0杹&& 'y"BmЖA ]n8@@"Щ0CCȥȄ@ n nȐLvh!0зH k@hDf@LSiLh nLkLkC& En@ ]n&'&ȱȱJI&@'0  mimnkiklȥȑhhh hLg`5m EnIBAC&n@ nL iLi<>ŝ ढ़Lbȹ msLuhixp&n ȹ >жclIwɀ8LfͩZ gȑȑ`湥3g4g4`H gh` RgEo` g o8EopEȥoȥp`Z gHȱȱh` gȱ`څijkl+уȥуiLgi愠`H HHHm8knl nnn𘪠`))  'm mɀ8`E`Z먱ɀ !ɎL6fɏɆɇɐɘ əɜɝЕ` "g g ᤠ : ,  "g`Le "g g8逅 z($, f % +e둃Lza +e%Le "gg:c bd 멀 "g% ) bJ "g% "g ,8 "g f g)Ȋ) I챃` g gLzeLԩ "g : f68 ȱ ȱn f, f,A z z0 weA80e@8ʆLdLe f,  fHh,b fʆ, f,ʆHe h8H hʅHHei hh8 Lc f 6gέQh 6gQhSh Ph gLza g z gii g g >g gש 6gZT g0 >)˥F 6gLza g g g̩x 6g g gLzapnHpn "g:7pn dLd{nH{n ;yh{nLc ;yhpnLzah "g, A "g b1 "gH h$$ b "gL5b "g >` g"Eȱȱ fELa:08``[A0{a0 tgE+y  6gLe f fEEEiE ThHHh 6ghi yLc f ep }ɀ "g mw }ʢ@8ʆ zeA8pnH "g mbpnLd "g ms yLza y : "g`ȱɯ "gL``PhQhSh gShPh0 "g:T" f "gLb"< f "g'"#H mv<h`!;x211083COPYRIGHT 1982 COMPUTER TEACHING CORPU`譳``LX`ƹƸ } "gB m8a{D `轂`lac`ac`ga```````a``cea#e`$ade` ` `Bl `Le eL!c GH  Ch }Lc e }LXc           .":700:2530ses the pH":700:2530":700:25300K4 700:254000:ZA%İ290:D(1)1:1004 22:"Adding more NaOH will increase [OH@u-]which increases the pH":ZK%25304 700:2540@the pH":ZK%25304 700:25400,4:"If we were to add more NaOH would thepH increase or decrease?":R:24:E303 21:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:D(2)1:100 4 23:"Adding NaOH will increase the pHis neutral.@x2@c5Type: yes.":700:2450q2 18:E34,4:"If we add more NaOH will we get moreNaCl?":R:24:E302 20:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:25202 22:"All the HCl has been converted to NaCl@x2@c5Try: no."2 700:2490P3 18:E34H = 3. Try: 3":700:2400k1~ 290:18:1:E34,4:" Let's add one more mL of NaOH.":300:I15:2300:1 G:18:1:E35,3:"Is the solution neutral now?":R:24:E301 20:14:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:2480(2 22:"[H@u+] = [OH@u-] so it 0L 16,10716,114:I144:2300::E16,107,17,1140V G:1:18:E35,4:"The concentration of HCl has gonefrom 0.01 M to 0.001 M. What is thepH now?":R0` 21:14:500:A"

":600:ZA%24301j 24:"H@u+ = 10@u-@u3 so the pdn't. Try: no.":700:2334/$ 17:30:E8:18:1:E34,6:"Let's slowly add some NaOH to the HCland watch the concentration of theions change.":300/. 18:E40,4:"Watch the concentrations of the ionschange as NaOH is added from theburet.":24:E3512x10@u-@u4moles per liter.":300}. 18:E34,7:"Did [OH@u-] change as much as [Na@u+]when a drop of NaOH was added? ":R. 21:12:500:A"":600:ZA%įY171:"OH@u- reacted with H@U+ to make water.":290:2340/ 23:"The graphs shows it di7):YY1:AA1:SS1:PH.4342(.0002A.0000001):E130,10,140,10(PH1)o- 6:"@#":B160,10(13PH),170,109- LS.4342(.0002S):7:B195,10(LS1),205,109:!. G:19:1:E34,3:"Notice that the concentration of Na@U+has now increased from 0 to 6:34:"Cl@U-":1:B230,9,240,109:2290f,23:"In pure HCl (H@u+) = (Cl@u-). Try: equal":700:2260,Y134:1:E33,5:Y6:A50:B0:S0:19:G:"Let's add a drop of NaOH from theburet and see what happens.":290:2300:2330I-X13:YY:"@0@%@C7"(12no Na@U+ in the HCl untilsome NaOH is added. Try: 0":700:2220+16:29:"Na@u+":Y134:1:E34,5:18:"How does the concentration of Cl@U-compare with H@u+ in the HCl?":R',21:12:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ1ion in the HCl is10@u-@u1@u2 moles per liter.":16:24:"OH@u-":6:B160,109,170,109:300*24:E33:18:1:E34,4:"What is the concentration of Na@U+ inthe HCl solution? ";*500:A"

":600:ZA%2250@+22:"There is :I1810520:YI:X80:"10":YI4:X94:"-"C:CC2::G:1:8:"log (C)")5:B130,10,140,109:G:16:20:"H@u+":19:1:"This bar shows the logarithm of theconcentration of hydrogen ion in theHCl solution.":300Z*19:E34,4:"The OH@u- concentrat4:7:E30,6:10:"Let's fill the buret withNaOH solution.":Y81131:B13,Y,19,Y:(p"@0@#":X13:Y7:(127):X13:Y6:(127):G:Y47:X24:"NaOH":300:4:10:E25,4(z120,0120,110260,110:121,0121,111260,111:Y011010:116,Y120,Y:I)C32o":G:6:14,9214,100:18,9218,100:1:15,10115,10717,10717,101:6:12,012,82:20,020,82'\7:I10705:12,I20,I::G:4:7:"We will use this buret to holdthe NaOH. A buret is a graduatedglass tube with a stopcock atthe bottom.":300U(fanfollow the reaction.":1:3:B30,3:15:B30,3:290&>N:BK16:0,1000,13030,13030,100:B1,115,29,129:8:8:"We will put a solutionof HCl in this beaker.":16:6:"HCl@C5":35,104112,80:290&H4:35,104112,80:G:8:8:E20,3`'RY78:X11:"@olution basic. Try: basic.":700:1660%14:"Correct, there was no more acid leftto neutralize the added base.":290:D(1)1:1005&4N:BK15:8:"Let's slowly add a solution of NaOHto a solution of HCl and have thecomputer make a bar graph so we cneutral solution would the mixturebe acid, basic or neutral?"$|10:12:500:A"< X,A,N, NOT ,ISN'T,ACID,ACIDIC,NEUTRAL > < S,B,BASE,BASIC,ALKALINE > ":600:ZA%1680'%14:"All of the acid has been neutralizedso adding more base will make thes ion.":290:1610i#@20:"The reaction only involves the H@U+ andthe OH@U- ions. Try: no.":700:1590#J10:E40,12:"The @x2@c5NET@ reaction is just:":13:6:"@2H@U+ + OH@U- `~ H@D2O":G:300>$rN:BK14:4:"If we were to add more NaOH to ourith a base the products are usuallywater and a salt.":290",24:E35:12:E40,6:"In this neutralization, did the Na@U+react with anything?#616:12:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ19:"Right, neutralization did not effecteither the Na@U+ or the Cl@u-ed a neutralization.@c6":B0,40,278,142,4:290!N:BK13:1:4:"NEUTRALIZATION of HCl with NaOH@c1":B0,15,278,20:G:6:1:"@0@2HCl + NaOH `~ H@D2O + NaCl;""G:12:1:"Here is the equation for the reactionof HCl with NaOH. When an acid reactswolution?":R> 21:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:1550 22:"Neutral water still has small amountsof H@U+ and OH@u-. @x2@c5Try: yes.":700:1510.!N:BK12:8:2:"@3@c5NEUTRALIZATION":G:14:4:"The reaction of an acid with abase is callid, basic orneutral?b20:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:150022:"The acid and base neutralized eachother. The solution is neutral.":700:1480 18:E40,7:"Are there any H@U+ or OH@u- ions in thisneutral s the NaOH solution whichhave the same concentration.":290N:BK11:V20:1350:2:1:"Equal volumes of the HCl solution andthe NaOH solution have been mixed.Before mixing, the solutions had thesame concentration.18:"Is the mixed solution ac thisbeaker so it is still acid. Try: yes.":700:141017:E40,5:"The OH@U- of the base reacts with theH@U+ of the acid to make water.  H@U+ + OH@u- `~ H@D2O":300;N:BK10:10:"Now let's mix equal volumes of the HClsolution and:xN:BK9:V5:1350:5:21:E8,3:5:1:"A small amount of the NaOH solutionhas been poured into the HCl solution.":17:"Is the mixed solution still acidic?"19:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:1430821:"There is more acid than base in0190,60210,25158,3:5:Y60401:5(Y16)2,Y(440Y)2,Y::139,40139,94:7ZI0V:7:140,40190I2,60I210I2,251.25I158.9I,3.15I:111,95I159,95I\4:140,40190I2,60I210I2,251.25I158.9I,3.15I::139,40139,95I:GNa@u+ OH@u-":G:2902N:BK8:10:"Next let's see what happens if wepour some of the NaOH solution intothe HCl solution. The two solutionshave the @x2@c5same@ concentration.":290:1400F110,70110,120160,120160,70:B111,95,159,119RP140,4d phenolphthalein to it?"U 20:12:500:A"":600:ZA%132022:"Phenolphthalein is red in alkalinesolution. @x2@c5Try: red":G:700:1290("@#":5:B91,50,149,99:X95:Y54:"@v7@#@c4Na@u+ OH@u-Na@u+ OH@u-Na@u+ OH@u- colorless":700:1240N:BK7:"Here is a beaker which contains someNaOH.":90,4090,100150,100150,40:B91,50,149,99:X95:Y54:"@v7@#@c4Na@u+ OH@u-Na@u+ OH@u-Na@u+ OH@u-Na@u+ OH@u-":G16:1:"What color would the NaOH solutionbe if we ad2:"What color would the HCl solutionbe if we added a drop of phenol-phthalein to it?"20:14:500:A"":O"":600:ZA%İ290:126022:"Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid.Try:c4H@u+ Cl@u-H@u+ Cl@u-H@u+ Cl@u-H@u+ Cl@u-":G:18:12:500:A"":600:ZA%Ģ20:"Right, but in acid the concentrationof OH@u- is low.":290:123020:"Both H@u+ and OH@u- are present.@x2@c5Try: yes.":700:1210YN:BK6:1205:15:ation of OH@U- is larger than H@U+.":300N:BK5:2:"Here is a beaker which containsa solution of HCl in water.":15:"Are there any hydroxide ions inan acid solution?":1205:1210390,4090,100150,100150,40:B91,50,149,99:X101:Y54:"@v7@#@ has the higherconcentration (press 1 or 2) (1) H@u+ or (2) OH@u-j21:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:1150t23:"In base [OH@u-] is the larger. Try: 2.":700:1130)~16:E40,7:18:"In @x2@c6BASIC@ solution the concen-tr4:12:"@4@C6BASE":G:6:2:"When the base, NaOH, is dissolvedin water it forms sodium ions andhydroxide ions."V13:1:"@2NaOH <<<<> Na@U+ + OH@u-":G:11:12:"@2H@D2O":G:16:2:"SOLID":290:16:E10:24:E30N`16:"In this solution whichH@u- in this HClsolution?"820:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:16:E40,8:17:"In acid solution [H@u+] is larger than[OH@U-].":300:1100B22:"In acid the concentration of H@u+ islarger than OH@u-. @x2@c5Try: no"G700:1080rLN:BKCl, is dissolved in waterit ionizes to form hydrogen ions andchloride ions."$13:2:"@2HCl <<<<> H@u+ + Cl@u-":G:11:10:"@2H@D2O":G:16:3:"GAS":290:24:E30:16:E20.17:1:"Does the concentration of H@U+ equalthe concentration of OH@u-?":24:E35m 17:12:500:A"":600:ZA%İ290:105020:"The equation shows one H@U+ formed foreach OH@U-. @x2@c5Try: equal":700:1035NN:BK3:10:"@4@C5ACIDS":G:6:1:"If the acid, Harrows point in both directionsbecause H@d2O dissociates into H@u+ andOH@u- @x2@c5AND@ H@u+ combines with OH@u- tomake H@d2O.":5:56,10491,80:3000:56,10491,80:7:G:13:E40,9:"In pure water how does the concen-tration of H@u+ compare to O2:4:2:"We have found that water is inequilibrium with hydrogen ionsand hydroxide ions.":9:"@2H@D2O `~ H@u+ + OH@u-":G14:4:"H@u+ is often written as H@D3O@u+to show some of the solvationof the hydrogen ion.":29013:E30,6:"The :ZK%27ġ:100! ZK%2ġ:350I ZK%1SS1:ZC%ZC%1:NO$"@P":550] ZK%17ġ:5000u A"":ZA%ZL%1510{ & XM:ZK%0:ZA%āI55455:768,I:769,20:770: b1: SS0āI7510025:768,I:769,30:770: G:TW:W:N:BKP:ZK%27ġ:100 6ZK%23501 7ZK%6710000: @1: ^1:BK200,100,1000,1050,1100,1200,1230,1260,1330,1400,1450,1460,1550,1560,100,2100 ZW%1:ZA%0:S(ZA$):S(AA.05AA)S(AA.05AA)ZA%1:ZW%0  ZL%1ZL%25 SS0:I:NO$NN$MENTPLEASE...":(13);(4);"RUN ROUTER"o G:13:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 G:10:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to go on.":G:1:K:300 "G:5:24:"Press @x2@0@C6RETURN@x1@G@C7 to continue.":G:1 ,G:actions 2. Neutralization Experiment 3. Return to the @x2@c5Main@ Index t }I13:D(I)1Ė2:Y7216I:"*" ~:23:4:"@x2@c6ESC@ returns you to this index." 300:AZK%48:A1A3130 A1000,2100,200( N:6:B:3:9:"@4@C5ONE MOot,isn't,can't,doesn't,nope>"I 2NG$""h dN:BK1:6:1:1:B35,3:G i2:12:"@0@X2@c4@#SUB-INDEX":G l5:7:"@2@C5NEUTRALIZATION":G:10:2:"@x2@c6@0Choose topic by number.":GO n12:4:"@:1@P. Acid-Base Re, REACTIONS 2/844 (C)SMITH KEAN 1984?37000I100S D(3)OK$"@x2@C1OK@x1@c7":NN$"@x2@c5NO@x1@c7"YN$"" (NE$"""8?>>> ?DDDD! ! !!!!ou have typed on the screen.":360BN:2:15:"@c5@4@0@K@1":G8:3:"@PYou can edit your response bypressing the key marked ";(29)".Pressing ";(29);" once erases yourresponse.If you press ";(29);" again your answer";"will return l "(1)" will appear on thescreen when you are to respondto a question."`14:"After you type your response, press RETURN to have your answer judged.":360:2000~N:2:16:"@c5@4@0@J@1":BK2:G"3:10:"@PThe key marked @J will erase whaty1:"Press RETURN when you have finishedreading and are ready to go on."15:"After you have typed an answer to aquestion, press RETURN to have yourresponse evaluated by the computer.":360JLN:16:2:"@4@0@c5"(1)"@1":BK6:G:8:1:"This symboHB1,Y1,55,Y2:5:B75,Y1,130,Y2:1:B150,Y1,205,Y2:6:B225,Y1,278,Y2G:18:2:" WHITE RED GREEN BLUE":360:100N:9:"@c5@4@0RETURN@1":BK1:G:7:1:"@PPressing the key marked RETURN getsthe computer's attention."H11:BK100,1100,1150,1200,1250,1000ahG:23:5:"@1Press @x2@c5RETURN@x1@c7 to go on.":300:N:3:"@3@C5ADJUST COLOR":G:5:1:"If you are using a display which hascolor, adjust it so these blocks arewhite, red, green and blue.":Y180:Y2130MxIpiJ _PSPut2(921 +6,0ᣧᒳђ &-蹜> :|擰Һ֥Ѫο̮۰Թ̢̡ɟɺتٷ֤حѾθђ -*bpBwK# 3{[b%.<3wGoTΉؘ͘ώïˌdž疹..-E@ZaQkP΍%dS%a1s=l* 4 &)ֺѳѾƨʦĬϥʩͶãƾ悀չݧԴůͨϓScT{zvltؗ0 !鮛w7 94ձ㓑霿ܾٵƬī߻ʿႣ¦ܾТƲ۷Ðֵ꛺޾Ϊڶ倣ά˼(G7S&Spfrs榯"(76>4; >.d_pB]ߖ(/+E]:uL|LxCنғқќ;:MV0 'W;vtU&O)f ym=H̸ެ׿ӼѽЫ󜿙Հќ1U"W5Fgf$=2;6*52pJ{()gWbWdTcR(+ 9 :@rK18yKpF2\0V%_~yZpkpQypq L ;%&-[$0 ;$ 򤇇Dm_gAbbA^wFsUvvUi@qBdGGdpDq`A7ԹΣ٬ۿѱ־Ԡ  >^e@Y|<(i+t}g (J=P஋R`TiWt'T6D4Z2s7RҲٿƩĦɯڰ޿ǬȄñϣ¬Ͻ?>*'"ӭ)$*k8N#M Fa jdqRoZaZĮܭغ06 6̼Πϫힿ9 ?>X!R!Cbhy|rpkH Qp deF&G5A%PqouT4Z0A7B([[-C.A` x#P>ts!_1Gf5[;[(Lo}kxp a W$H+H,Bc~],Ӥ̥斷Ūͩão]hY^ayך?u=E)]zu{X*L)C/Ut}ejbA)@2E!O**D%tA)_3vpc l/X1G5~ +@.Vw cbbѹڷں׽۾QUHmðĪߺk_h[Z^((&ぷńDEDAyGvOфɱҼ?U:}^3Y+[5\^5[(Mn cxYq3d7|ZyH- nlCe$+1-l$k ?}.}2#b)n 8wuk:B2FexY=S|=Fu2Pfz1p"@"FiHs}LxO~}26K|#k +Q?EdozY5K.Hi.Y!^6[=t$i ~zn5\>I+ }jiH Ol~9K/\:^O`Az30Uf_He$Dp7ApE6(!6 0 2V]=Ijn"Fݵ٪̾ɧʸЧΔݹ094F7S'U?PHiHrƩɭоȻ̪ؗ愫ӻ䖱LkXbJvUv̴جCFФ̧隸ʰܹ׸RyIgDgg eD"S D*Yz}\+BXZ*H=Y?P boN4Z0sbC4Zu`e f?J&a@2F,^)A)FkHW/(Ǧӵa y^+Q Jk ~].T&U;R FkD5D T&j.y-x7a K+Z>ea1W8H>T'oxxcLmVHyHNM[)+!䣒њ#5e`QgVo HN!Ef f=Q7D,H3Q=K!L/h}iH:7:"FUNCTION"E 9:3:"RETURN"(31)""(29)"ESCCTRL ACTRL B"( "@P":9:12:"Get computer's attentionEraseEdit responseEscape to indexAnswerBack"- 2:I6114312:10,I260,I::32 360:100s 'A'.":17:"@x2@c5CTRL-A@x1@c7 gives you the @x2@c5a@x1@c7nswer.":360i N:2:9:"@c5@4@0ESCAPE":G 4:10:"You can 'ESCAPE' to the mainindex of a lesson by pressingthe key marked ESC.":360 N:2:8:"@c5@4@0SUMMARY@1":G:7:5:"KEY":20ttersinsert beforeinsert aftershould be lower caseshould be upper casemove word leftinsert wordC2:I3014012:20,I252,I::3H360:1150 N:2:13:"@c5@4@0HELP":GH 3:10:"To see the answer to a questionhold down 'CTRL' and pres"M 2:20,11095,75:90,125120,75:164,140164,75:230,110200,75:3:3604N:5:"Summary of Markup Symbols@C6":1:3:B40:G:5:4:"=X"(5)(4)""(19)""(20)""(24)""(23)""(22)""(16)e>5:13:"wrong letterno letter hereinverted le chlrides":8:12:"@:"ZA$>A"sodium chloride":9:11:ZM$15:4:"Press @X2@C5RETURN@ for anexplanation of these symbols.":300:15:1:E40,415:1:"@Pwrong letter":17:8:"inverted order":19:18:"missing letter":15:26:"extra letterngerror in your answer the computerwill try to help you locate thespecific problem by putting somesymbols under your answer.":360N:"If you typed sadimu chlrides insteadof sodium chloride this is how youranswer will be marked."ZA$"sadimuone word at a time.":3609N:2:12:"@c5@4@0BACK":G2:10:"To go back a display in a lessonhold down 'CTRL' and press 'B'.":17:"@x2@c5CTRL-B@x1@c7 allows you to go @x2@c5b@x1@c7ack.":360:2500N:6:"If you have made a typing or spelli