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''GAME.B1 ! ! 'GAME.D1 ! ! 'GAME.A1 ! ! 'GAME.C1 ! ! 'GAME.B2F !!'GAME.A2M !!'GAME.C2T !!'GAME.D2[ !!'GAME.B3b !!'GAME.A3i !!'GAME.C3p !!'GAME.D3w !! There are many crazy ~inventions~. creations scientists engines people The top ~spins~ around in a circle. turns spills runs tips The ~price~ of the ring is very high. cost setting prize gift He was ~shocked~ when he sat on the needle. surprised amused hurt angered The blocks ~dangle~ over a person's head. hang move gather collide The string is ~fastened~ to an alarm clock. attached led loosened wound She was not in a good ~mood~. temper story place shape Only a ~lunatic~ would think like that! insane person genius angry person inventor Padded shoes ~cushion~ the landing. soften put off direct speed up The champion runner had many ~trophies~. prizes memories scars victories He loved ~fine~ jewelry. very good expensive unusual bright I got the ballplayer's ~autograph~. signature card number picture Collecting coins is a popular ~hobby~. pastime job study contest The folder has ~slots~ that hold the coins. openings nets strips pinchers The coin was in good ~condition~. shape display hands taste You shouldn't ~polish~ your coins. shine show spend carry The boy found an old ~tattered~ pair of jeans. ragged dirty new patched The club ~publishes~ a price list. prints uses copies gets Customs ~differ~ from tribe to tribe. vary pass are alike develop It is a part of every ~phase~ of tribal life. stage choice ritual change The boy helps his father ~sow~ the crops. plant guard weed harvest They stopped by a ~scenic~ lake. pretty deep lonely dirty The radar can ~track~ the airplane in the sky. follow shoot hurt direct There is no proof that the monster ~exists~. lives moves hides returns The water in Loch Ness is ~murky~. muddy cold still clear The accounts ~match~ in many ways. agree lie differ change There is a big ~debate~ about the monster. argument agreement book report An ~effort~ was made to find the monster. attempt group search plan She ~chopped~ the meat for the meat pie. cut into bits sliced up pounded roasted We are having peppers ~stuffed~ with cheese. filled cooked seasoned wrapped There was a recipe ~competition~. contest explanation donation comparison All of the judges ~sampled~ the cake. tasted studied disliked approved The plant was ~infested~ with maggots. filled cured sick grown The ~pulp~ of the plant was left in the sun. soft part stem hard part seeds Oysters look as ~repulsive~ as worms. sickening common edible strange The Millers are ~authorities~ on eating insects. experts convincing beginning rulers They ~extract~ the bees' stingers. remove repair return avoid We consider some things to be ~inedible~. unfit to eat healthy good to eat tasty Charlie's movies were ~humorous~. funny long sad serious He had to overcome many ~hardships~. troubles enemies rules journeys Troubles did not ~deter~ Charlie. stop please happen to help Charlie Chaplin was born in a ~slum~. poor area field street hospital Houdini was a ~muscular~ man. strong weak fat tall He read books in his ~spare~ time. extra vacation study class The crowd began to get ~restless~ and scared. nervous angry bored relaxed Houdini ~struggled~ with the chains. fought broke played sank Erich made the pea ~vanish~ into thin air. disappear move appear change He got a job with a ~local~ circus. nearby small traveling famous Some of the ~audience~ tied him up. spectators circus show club Houdini was famous for his ~strength~. power quickness health education Erich read about a ~fabulous~ magician. amazing fictional famous unknown No one has matched Houdini's amazing ~feats~. deeds strength shows ideas Houdini could ~escape~ chains and locks. get out of get into break apart unlock Ellis ~grasped~ the ball with his hand. grabbed threw dropped moved They ~blended~ the rules of the two sports. mixed confused added changed There were ~numerous~ fumbles during the game. many different few no He was ~injured~ while running the ball. hurt seen killed tackled Football was ~primarily~ a running game. mainly finally rarely never Football became a game of ~strategy~. planning strength skill excitement The ~hive~ was full of bees. nest tree honey house Killer bees are ~fierce~ insects. savage large ugly harmless Guarded hives ~insured~ that the bees stayed. guaranteed proved hinted disproved The bees ~terrorized~ whole towns. frightened killed took over invaded  !"#~Proverbs~ are the same everywhere. sayings songs dances people It is a ~custom~ to shake hands. tradition duty problem good idea The room was ~silent~ during the speech. very quiet noisy empty serious The friends ~quarreled~ about money. argued laughed agreed decided China is a ~faraway~ country. distant big near unusual They express their ~wisdom~ in the sayings. knowledge anger history rules "What can't be cured, must be ~endured~." put up with thrown out given away laughed at He ~remained~ in class to talk to her. stayed left studied came She ~ignored~ his request for money. disregarded received thought about agreed to Heinrich ~draped~ Sophia with jewelry. covered surprised bribed calmed Heinrich was a ~wealthy~ man. rich nice poor healthy They would ~sift~ through the day's findings. sort pull walk work Heinrich was ~rambling~ around the area. roaming crawling running searching He ~spied~ some pottery on the ground. saw placed made cleaned The treasure ~gleamed~ in the sunlight. shone faded aged sat Their team was having a ~pitiful~ season. poor easy fair great Haven's team ~massacred~ Sylvia High. badly beat lost to barely beat tied The ~spectators~ lost track of the score. audience coaches officials players He ~invented~ the paper clip. created sold used found Dunlop had a ~clever~ idea. bright stupid unusual new A gear ~tripped~ the alarm. triggered readied stopped broke %&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=?@ABC Every year there are hundreds of new inventions. ~Only a few make money.~ The rest are soon forgotten. From a look at some of these inventions, it is easy to see why. Only a lunatic would think that they would ever sell. Here are a few of the crazier ideas. This passage tells us that most inventions do not catch on. all inventions do well. there aren't many new inventions each year. most inventions make a lot of money. A First there is the Thief-Proof Bicycle. This invention keeps bikes from being stolen. There are several sharp needles on the seat. ~When the owner is riding it the needles are kept down.~ When the owner leaves the bike, she pulls a lever under the seat. This points the needles straight into the air. A thief who jumps on the bike is in for a shock. How does the owner ride the thief-proof bike? She changes the seats on the bike. She removes the needles by pulling a lever under the seat. The needles are kept down while she is on it. She knows not to sit on the seat. C Then there is the Head-Banging Alarm Clock. This invention is for people who hate to get up. Sixty wooden blocks hang over a person's head. They are attached to a string. The string is fastened to an alarm clock. When the alarm goes off, the string is released. ~The blocks drop down and hit the sleeper on the head.~ The sleeper is sure to wake up. As you can guess, he may not be in a very good mood. The blocks wake the sleeper by making noise. causing the alarm to go off. hitting him on the head. scaring him. C The Flying Fire Escape is for fires in tall buildings. It allows a person to jump out of a high window. A parachute in a hat is tied under the chin. This lets a person float safely to the ground. The invention also comes with special shoes. They have soft thick soles. ~This will cushion the fall when the person lands on the ground.~ The special shoes slow down the fall. soften the landing. bounce the person to safety. guide the fall. B Finally there is the Self-Tipping Hat. This is an invention for the true gentleman. What if a man meets a lady when his hands are full? How will he tip his hat? This hat solves the problem. ~When a man bows, the hat goes into action.~ Gears and springs inside the hat make it tip upward. Then the hat spins around in a circle. Finally it settles back into place. The lady will love the man's manners, if she is not too startled by his unusual hat. * * * The hat is started by the sight of a lady. gears and springs. tipping the hat upward. bowing to the lady. D People have always collected things. Some kings collected war trophies. ~Some priests collected old books of Bible stories.~ Today people collect many different things. Some collect stamps or autographs. Others look for rare matchbooks or pins. One of the most popular hobbies is collecting coins. Over five million Americans take part in this pastime. Some priests used to collect coins. war trophies. books. stamps. C Starting a coin collection is easy. First you need to decide what kind of coins to collect. Most people start with penny collections. ~Next, you may want to buy a folder. Folders make collecting a lot easier.~ They are made out of cardboard, with slots that hold the coins. Above the slots are dates. You try to get coins with dates to match each slot. These folders can be bought in coin stores or hobby stores. When starting a coin collection, it is a good idea to buy a folder. you have to start with pennies. you will run into a lot of difficulties. you must buy a folder. A The condition of the coins is very important. ~Try to get coins that are in good shape. This makes them more valuable.~ Coins are rated by collectors. The best rating is "extremely fine." A lower rating is "good." A penny in "good" condition may be worth ten cents. The same penny in "extremely fine" condition would be worth forty cents. You should not handle or polish your coins. This will cause wear and reduce the value of the coins. Coins are rated based on their age. condition. shine. size. B You should always be on the lookout for coins. Go through your change every night. ~Old coins turn up in strange places.~ One taxi driver found a penny worth over one hundred dollars. If you have an attic, you should check up there. Look in boxes. Check the pockets of old clothes. One boy found a tattered pair of jeans. In the pocket was a $20 gold eagle coin. It is worth thousands of dollars. You may also want to check sofas and chairs. Coins can be lost in there for years. This passage tells us that collectors should look everywhere for old coins. old coins are easily found. if you look in old clothes, you are sure to get rich. there are few places to look for old coins. A Collectors sometimes join coin clubs. ~These clubs can give you a lot of useful information.~ They also publish lists that tell the value of coins. One of the best clubs is the American Numismatics Association. Numismatics is the study of money. There are also many books on coins. These also give price lists for coins. Collecting coins will probably not make you rich. However, it is an entertaining hobby. * * * Joining a coin club is a necessity for collectors. is not wise unless you are an expert. is usually a waste of time. can teach you a lot about coins. D In Africa, drums are an important part of life. Tribes use them to scare off wild creatures. They also use them to send messages. The kinds of drums and the ways they are used differ from tribe to tribe. For instance, ~drumming plays a role in every phase of Dagomba life.~ The Dagomba live in the northern part of Ghana in Africa. In Africa, drums are played just for fun. used for many things. only used by a few tribes. only used in ceremonies. B A Dagomba boy starts drumming early in life. He gets his first drum when he is three. It is usually small and simple. When he gets older, he begins to help his father. He helps his father sow crops. He also sits in a treehouse by the field and beats his drum. ~This drives away the monkeys that come to eat the crops.~ This is the first use for the drum that the boy will learn. The boys beat their drums by the fields to help their fathers plant crops. send messages. call the monkeys. protect the crops. D The Dagomba also use "talking drums." These are used for special occasions. They call these drums "lungas." Lungas are shaped like an hourglass. They hang from the shoulder and fit under the arm. While drumming, the drummer squeezes the drum. He also uses fingers, hands, and sticks to hit the drum. ~This makes different sounds~ or "talk." An adult Dagomba can tell stories with these drums. Squeezing the lunga allows both hands to be free to hit the drum. shapes it like an hourglass. causes it t'GAME.C47 !!'GAME.A4> !!'GAME.B4E !!'GAME.D4L !!FINDER.DATAQ0p o make different sounds. shows that it is a special occasion. C Dagomba drummers spend their lives learning to drum. ~The children first learn to beat the names of their parents.~ Then they learn the names of the tribal leaders. Later they learn to beat out sentences. Then they learn to tell stories. Finally, after years of work, they can "talk" with their drums. Learning to drum is serious business. Lazy students are punished. Often they are hit on the head with drumsticks. The first thing the children learn to drum is whole sentences. the names of their leaders. stories. the names of their parents. D Dagomba children are like children anywhere. They like to have a good time. They also get into trouble. The kids love to create their own songs. The songs often make fun of certain leaders. ~They also tell of problems the kids have with adults.~ The adults dislike this kind of fun. Many of the kids' songs are forbidden. This doesn't stop the kids. They just make up more songs. * * * The songs made up by the children are sometimes a form of protest. all forbidden by the adults. created to please the adults. enjoyed by the whole tribe. A EFGHIJKLMNORSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmn "Time passes away, but sayings remain." That's an old proverb from India. Proverbs are wise sayings. People all over the world have different customs, but they all express their wisdom with proverbs. Proverbs in Europe may be about oak trees and horses. Proverbs in Asia may be about bamboo or buffaloes. However, the messages of the proverbs are similiar almost everywhere. The main idea of this passage is that people use proverbs to express their wisdom. proverbs are short sayings that many people know. people in Europe and people in Asia are very different. time passes quickly in India. A "If the fish had not opened its mouth, it never would have been caught." This is a popular proverb in Mexico. In Italy, the people have a similar expression. They often say, "Flies don't enter a closed mouth." Both of these proverbs suggest that it's wise to keep quiet. There is a similar proverb in Moscow. People there say, "There is no shame in keeping silent if you have nothing important to say." The proverbs in this passage all say that people shouldn't ever talk very much. speak only when someone is talking to you. staying quiet can be a good thing to do. you will get into trouble if you keep quiet. C Friends often argue, however, they do not stop being friends. This idea can be found in many proverbs around the world. In Germany they say, "The tooth often bites the tongue, and yet they stay together." An old Hebrew proverb tells us that "a friend's frown is better than a fool's smile." In Hungary, the people believe that "a quarrel with a friend is like pepper in food. It makes a friendship stronger." People everywhere know that arguments are part of friendships. The proverb from Germany means that close friends never argue. a fight doesn't end a friendship. friends should never get mad. fighting only leads to more trouble. B "United we stand; divided we fall." That's a popular proverb in the United States and it's true. We all know that it's better to work together that to fight each other. The same idea is found in Italy and Iran. In Iran, they say that "one finger cannot lift a pebble." The Italians say that "one bell can't make a concert." In faraway China, there is a similar proverb. In Beijing, they know that "a single bamboo pole does not make a boat." The four proverbs are about teamwork. war. music. friends. A "There's no use crying over spilled milk." That's what the British say. It's a positive way of looking at mistakes. Why get upset over making a mistake? Learn from it instead. "What can't be cured, must be endured." That's what they say in Italy. Sometimes we have to live with our mistakes. We may not like it, but some things cannot be undone. That's why some Americans say that "you can't unscramble the eggs." * * * The main idea of these three proverbs is what's done is done. mistakes are messy. we can't change the way we are. people always make mistakes. A Young Heinrich Schliemann loved books. When he was eight, he read a book about Troy. In it was a picture of the city in flames. This book changed his life. The story of the Greek attack on Troy fascinated him. Heinrich read that no one knew where the city was. Ancient Troy was destroyed more than 3,000 years ago. Its location was forgotten. Some people said that Troy wasn't even a real city. Heinrich swore that someday he would find Troy. This passage tells us that Troy was destroyed recently. DATAuHUSTON!V1' 'FACTS.3u 86 8 PFACTS.4 86 8 PIDEAS.10 86 8 PIDEAS.2; 86 8 PIDEAS.3G 86 8 PIDEAS.4T 86 8 PINFRN.1 86 8! PINFRN.2 86 8! PINFRN.3 86 8! PINFRN.4 86 8! PSEQNC.1 86 8 PSEQNC.2 86 8 P" FINDER.DATAA8GAME.A1DATAAKzGAME.A2DATAAHGAME.A3DATAA/zGAME.A4DATAA&8GAME.B1DATAAUzGAME.B2DATAARGAME.B3DATAA9zGAME.B4DATAA08GAME.C1DATAA_zGAME.C2DATAA\GAME.C3DATAACzGAME.C4DATAA:8GAME.D1DATAAizGAME.D2DATAAfGAME.D3DATAAOGAME.D4DATAAis definitely a myth. defeated the Greeks. was attacked by the Greeks. D At 14, Heinrich got his first job. He saved his money for several years. When he had enough money, Heinrich bought his own business. The business prospered for many years. Through all of this, Heinrich never forgot Troy. He read all he could on the city. His home was filled with books and maps. Finally, at the age of 50, Heinrich was a wealthy man. He started to plan for his search for Troy. Just before Heinrich bought his own business, he planned his search for Troy. got his first job. became a wealthy man. saved his money for several years. D Heinrich had read all that he could on Troy. He had a good idea of where to look for it. He moved there with his wife Sophia. Then he hired 150 workmen. For several weeks he looked for the exact place to dig. Finally, he felt sure he had found it. The digging began. Heinrich and his crew dug for three years. They found seven cities which had been built on top of each other. At night he and Sophia would look at the day's findings. They would sift through pottery, tools, and weapons. Heinrich was sure he was in the right spot. Right after Heinrich moved near Troy, he hired some workmen. began to dig. read all that he could on Troy. looked for a place to dig. A The diggers finally reached the lowest city. Heinrich felt sure that it was Troy. One day he was rambling around the area. He spied the gleam of metal in the dirt. It was an ancient piece of copper. Heinrich thought that Troy's treasure was nearby. He told all his men to go home. He didn't want anyone to steal the treasure. The next day, he and Sophia went to dig in the spot. This passage suggests that Heinrich was a greedy man. did not trust his men. was not hopeful about the treasure. did not trust his wife. B Heinrich and Sophia carefully dug under the copper. They found buttons, cups, and vases. Heinrich began to wonder if there was a treasure. Then they found two small crowns. Under that were 8,700 gold rings. Heinrich and Sophia got more excited the further they dug. The treasure made a gleaming pile in the sun. Heinrich draped Sophia with jewelry. "You are wearing the treasure of Troy," he said. It turned out that she wasn't. The city he found was 1,000 years older than Troy. * * * What is the main idea of this passage? Sophia wore the treasure of Troy. The treasure was from a city that was older than Troy. Heinrich and Sophia dug for the treasure by themselves. Heinrich and Sophia were excited while they were digging. B Haven High School's football team was undefeated. One day they were to play Sylvia High. The Sylvia High team was having a pitiful season. Everyone knew the score would be one-sided. Unfortunately, Haven massacred Sylvia High. At the end of the game, the touchdowns were counted. The final score was 256-0. It was the most one-sided game in history. The main idea of this passage is that Haven's defeat of Sylvia High was the worst in history. everyone knew that Haven High would beat Sylvia High. Sylvia High had the poorest football team in its history. Haven High's football team had never been beaten. A Haven scored 38 touchdowns. They had 20 in the first half. Then the reserves took over. They scored 18 more. All 22 boys in the Haven squad carried the ball. Only two starters failed to score. Halfback Elven McCoy scored 90 points. That comes out to 15 touchdowns! One touchdown was for 100 yards. The quarterback and an end each scored 60 points. None of these three played more than a half. The reserves for Haven were not in the game for very long. scored more than the starters. scored almost as much as the starters. played mostly in the first half. C Sylvia High was a small school. They only had about 70 students. There were 124 students at Haven High. Sylvia's team was smaller, lighter and less experienced. Their defense almost never touched a runner. Their offense did nothing but punt and fumble. By the second quarter, fans had to remember the score. The scoreboard could only show 99 points. How do you think the Sylvia players felt after the game? angry embarrassed pleased excited B The scorekeepers for the game were busy adding points. They had no time for anything else. No one knows how many yards were gained. The number of fumbles and number of punts were ignored. These figures may be records also. Haven ended the year with an 8-0 record. This won them the state championship. They outscored other teams 579-0. Nearly half of these points came against Sylvia High. The amount of yards gained may be a record. was added by the scorekeeper. is a record. was not quite a record. A It has been 55 years since the Haven-Sylvia game. Few people recall anything but the score. But, there is one man who remembers something else. His name is Al Collmann. Al was the sports director for Haven. He watched the entire game from the sideline. Recently he was asked about the most one-sided game in history. "Sylvia fought hard," he said. * * * This passage suggests that Collmann was lying about Sylvia. the game was not really one-sided. Collmann didn't remember much about the game. the Sylvia team did not give up. D One day a man was walking down the street. He saw a hairpin on the sidewalk and picked it up. Without thinking, he bent it with his fingers. Then he looked at the shape he had made. He realized that it would hold papers together. This was the first paper clip. We have used them ever since. We take the things we use every day for granted. We forget that these things had to be invented. Here are some stories behind the invention of other everyday things. The paper clip was invented on purpose. was not really invented. was invented by accident. did not catch on. C John Dunlop lived in Ireland in the 1800's. His little son had a problem. His tricycle had metal wheels. The wheels were being dented by rocky streets. Dunlop wondered how the damage could be stopped. He came up with a clever idea. He took a rubber tube and checked it for leaks. After that he joined the ends together. Then he filled the tube with air. Finally the tube was wrapped around the wheel. This idea caught on quickly. It was called a "mummy" or "pudding" tire. Just before the tube was wrapped around the wheel, it was joined at the ends. checked for leaks. called a "mummy" tire. filled with air. D Levi Hutchins made clocks in the 1700's. Back then people woke up with the sun. However, Levi wanted to get up at four in the morning. It was still dark then and Levi couldn't wake up. That's why he invented a special clock. It had a gear that was tripped by the minute hand. This set off a wound-up spring. The spring rang a loud bell. Levi's problem was solved. The main idea of this passage is that in the 1700's, people woke up whenever they pleased. Levi wanted to wake up at four in the morning when it was still dark. Levi invented the alarm clock so he could wake up early. the first alarm clock was set off by a gear and a spring. C Rubber was first sent to Europe from Peru. Europeans found many uses for it. It made a good eraser. It made fine balls and other toys. People also used rubber bottles. They were less costly than glass and didn't break. Thomas Hancock found another use for rubber. He cut a slice from a rubber bottle. It made a great waistband. Soon people found other uses for rubber bands. Thomas Hancock was probably a poor man. a smart person. copying someone else's idea. a slow person. B In 1904 Abe Doumar had a stand at a fair. He sold souvenirs. On one side of him a man was selling ice cream. On the other side a man was selling waffles. The man selling ice cream was having a hard time. He couldn't wash his dishes fast enough. As Abe watched him, he had a great idea. He told the two men to work together. The ice cream could be served in cones made from waffles. These new ice cream cones were a huge success. They still are today. * * * The ice cream man's problem was that he didn't have time to wash his dishes. his dishes were being broken. he was being outsold by the waffle seller. people didn't like his ice cream. A pqrstuvwxyz{|}~ The crowd watched in silence. Chain after chain was being locked onto a strong man. The man was then placed upside down in a tank. The tank was locked and filled with water. For several minutes the man struggled. The crowd began to get restless. Finally the chains began to come off. More time went by. Some of the people could no longer take the tension. "Someone help him!" they cried. Just then the man broke out of the tank. The crowd went wild. Houdini had escaped again. This passage is mainly about the crowd asking for someone to help Houdini. Houdini's picking the locks on the tank. the people who helped Houdini on stage. Houdini's incredible escape. D Harry Houdini began his career at an early age. Houdini's real name was Erich Weiss. When he was six, he did his first trick. He made a bean appear in a cup. Then he made it disappear. At nine, he got his first job with a local circus. Members of the audience were told to tie him up. Erich quickly escaped from the ropes. At twelve, Erich got a job with a locksmith. He was soon an expert at picking locks. It was clear that nothing could trap Erich. What is the main idea of this passage? Erich learned how to pick locks when he was twelve years old. When he was six years old, Erich did his first magic trick. As a child, Erich showed that he would be a great escape artist. Erich worked for a circus as a locksmith at an early age. C Erich's family moved to New York when he was 14 years old. He spent all his spare time reading magic books. He also practiced his tricks. One day Erich read about a fabulous French magician. The magician's name was Robert Houdin. Erich was impressed by Houdin's thrilling life. He decided to add an "i" to Houdin's name and take it for himself. From that time on, Erich was known as "Harry Houdini." This passage is mostly about how Erich got the name of Houdini. how Erich practiced magic. Robert Houdin's career as a magician. Erich's move to New York. A Houdini became famous throughout the world. People called him the "Escape King." He could escape from anyplace. He escaped from bank vaults, iron boxes, and straitjackets. Houdini even escaped from a coffin buried six feet underground. Sometimes he would jump into the ocean with his hands cuffed. No matter what, Houdini would always escape. To this day no one has matched his amazing feats. This paragraph is mainly about Harry's life in Europe. how Harry escaped from a coffin. how famous Harry was. Harry's different amazing escapes. D At the age of 52, Houdini was at the high point of his career. One day a college student questioned Houdini's strength. He said that Houdini couldn't take a punch in the stomach. Houdini let the student hit him three times. Days later Houdini died from a torn appendix. Houdini spent his life flirting with danger. It seems sad that he had to die because of a stupid dare. The punch that the student gave him finally trapped the Escape King for good. * * * The main idea of this passage is that a student hit Houdini. Houdini died from a stupid accident. at 52, Houdini was strong. Houdini enjoyed danger. B In 1823 the first football touchdown was scored. It was during a soccer game at Rugby School in England. The rules of soccer say that a player can't use his hands. One of the players, Webb Ellis, forgot this rule. He grasped the ball and ran toward the goal line. The other team got very angry. However, some people liked the idea. They created a new game. It was called "rugby" after Ellis's school. This passage is mainly about the other team being angry with Ellis. the rules of soccer in England. the first football touchdown. Rugby School in England. C American football grew out of two sports. One was soccer and the other was rugby. In 1874, Harvard University was going to play McGill University. The Harvard team played soccer. The McGill team played rugby. They argued over which rules to use. Finally they reached a decision. They used the rules of both sports. Soon other schools were trying the new rules. American football was on the way. What is the main idea of this passage? Harvard and McGill had different rules. The new sport of football caught on quickly. The Harvard team only played soccer. Football was a cross between soccer and rugby. D Football was a dangerous sport in the early days. The players wore no equipment. Some men let their hair grow long. This helped to protect their heads. Others stuffed padding in their shirts. These things were not much help. There were many injuries every game. In 1905, 18 people died of football injuries. Over 200 people were hurt. Finally some of the rules were changed to make the game safer. The players began to wear helmets and pads. This cut down on the deaths and injuries. What is the most important idea from this passage? The early football players didn't wear any equipment during the games. Some football players grew their hair long to protect their heads. Football was so dangerous when it started that the rules were changed. 1905 was a bad year for football injuries and sports deaths. C There have been many changes since football began. In 1906, there was an important development. Teams started to use the forward pass. Until then, football had been a slow, running game. The pass made the action faster. The game became more exciting. In 1940, there was another big change. Teams started using plays. Before this, players just grabbed the ball and ran. By using plays, football became a game of strategy. This passage is mainly about how football used to have no planned plays. the changes in football over the years. the beginning of the pass play in football. how to use strategy in a football game. B The first pro football team was formed in 1895. Over the years football has grown in popularity. Today it is the favorite sport in the U.S. It is even more popular than baseball. Over 100 million people watch the Super Bowl every year. Pro football has become big business. Team owners make a lot of money. Ticket sales and TV contracts bring in a fortune. If a person is rich enough, he or she can be a team owner. Today, a professional football team costs about 70 million dollars. * * * The main idea of this passage is that baseball is not as popular as football is in the U.S. football has become so popular that it is a big business. over 100 million people watch the Super Bowl every year. football team owners make a fortune from tickets and TV. B In the mid-1980's, a Mexican boy was playing on the rocks. Suddenly he felt a sharp pain. Then he felt another one. He turned and saw that he had upset a bees' nest. The boy began to run. He thought the bees would leave him alone, but the bees followed him. They followed him all the way home. By the time he was indoors, he had been stung 20 times. His mother took him to the hospital. The doctor said that the boy had been attacked by killer bees. This passage is mostly about bees following a boy home. a boy who was stung by bees. a boy who was attacked by killer bees. a boy who had to go to the hospital. C Scientists brought the killer bees to South America from Africa. They knew that the killer bees were fierce. They also knew that they made more honey than other bees. They wanted to cross the killer bees with European bees. The scientists hoped the new bees would be gentle and make lots of honey. The killer bees were kept in guarded hives. The queen bees were not allowed to escape. That way, the other bees wouldn't leave either. When the experiment was finished, the killer bees would be killed. What is the most important idea from this passage? Killer bees are very fierce, but make more honey than normal bees. Guarded hives were built for the killer bees, to keep people safe. Bees will not leave if their queen does not lead them. Killer bees were brought to South America to be crossed with other bees. D In 1957, a beekeeper took the lid off the hives. He caused problems people would not forget. Twenty-six queens escaped. Thousands of other bees followed. The killer bees went wild. They swarmed over whole towns. They often showed up at soccer games. The shouting of the people excited the bees. They would attack and the game would have to be stopped. More than 150 people were killed from killer bee stings. The main idea of this passage is that the killer bees often attacked people at soccer games. many people were killed by the killer bees. the killer bees escaped and caused a lot of problems. a beekeeper let the killer bees escape. C Killer bees do not look for trouble. They are just very fierce when they defend their hives. When they sting, they usually lose their stingers. This will kill the bee, but the stinger leaves a smell. This smell attracts other bees. That is why a person is usually stung many times. This and their powerful stings make the bees very dangerous. This passage mainly tells us that the killer bees usually lose their stingers when they sting. are dangerous for several reasons. have powerful stingers. follow the smell of other bees. B Today the killer bees are moving north at about 200 miles a year. They may reach the United States in the early 1990's. However, most experts say that we shouldn't worry. The killer bees are mixing with other bees. This makes them gentler. Also, killer bees can't move too far north. They can't live through cold winters. Still, scientists are watching them carefully. * * * What is the main idea of this passage? The killer bees are moving north, but are not a serious threat. Killer bees are actually more gentle than other bees. The cold northern winters will kill the killer bees before they reach the U.S. The killer bees travel north towards the U.S. about 200 miles per year. A In 1933, a married couple was taking a tour of Scotland. They stopped by a beautiful lake. Finding a shady spot, they began to eat their lunch. Suddenly there was a loud noise. The couple turned to see what it was. A 20-foot-long creature was crossing the road. ~They watched the monster crawl into the lake.~ The couple later tried to describe the beast. They said it looked like a giant snail. The couple found out that they were not the first to see it. How do you think the couple felt when they saw the monster? amused shocked angry pleased B The couple was at a lake called Loch Ness. The beast is called the Loch Ness Monster. It was first seen in 565 A.D. A monk saw "something like a huge frog." Since then there have been about 10,000 sightings. People have taken pictures of the monster. However, there is no real proof that it exists. ~Loch Ness is a narrow, deep lake. It is dark and murky.~ Some think that these people are seeing things that aren't there. Why do you think that it would be hard to prove that the Loch Ness Monster exists? It would have many places to hide in the lake. The people probably lied about seeing it. It would probably be very quick in the water. It would be too smart to get caught. A The stories of the monster are not all the same. Some say there are 12 humps on its back. Others say that there are two. Some say it is 15 feet long. Others say it is 30 feet long. However, all say that it has a long neck and a small head. Most people say it has flippers. It is also a good swimmer. These accounts have caused some debate. ~People think it may be a large seagoing dinosaur.~ Others think this is impossible since dinosaurs are extinct. They say the Loch Ness Monster couldn't exist. Why would some people think that it is impossible for the monster to be a dinosaur? No one knows what a dinosaur looks like. The descriptions of the monster change. Dinosaurs no longer live on Earth. The Loch Ness Monster is only 30 feet long. C In the 1970's, an effort was made to find the monster. Sonar was used in the lake. ~It tracked a large moving body.~ An underwater camera took some strange pictures. The pictures showed what looked like a big flipper. A few years later, people tried to find the monster again. Divers with cameras went deep into the water. Scientists used sonar from the surface. ~This time there were no results.~ This passage suggests that nobody can be sure that the monster exists. the monster definitely does exist. the scientists did not search well enough. the search proved that there is no monster. A The debate over the Loch Ness Monster still goes on. Some people still look for the monster. One man has built a huge box trap. He hopes to entice the monster into the trap with bait. Others want to send down trained dolphins. Most people think that nothing will be found. ~Chances are that the Loch Ness Monster will remain a mystery.~ * * * We can tell from reading this passage that the monster will be found one day. more dives will be made to find the monster. there never was a Loch Ness Monster. it is not likely that the monster will be found. D Every year there is a strange competition. It is called the "Ver de Terre Recipe Contest." In 1976, the winning entry was Applesauce Surprise Cake. The "surprise" was chopped earthworms. ~All of the judges sampled the cake.~ "Ver de terre" is French for "earthworm." People come to this contest from all over the world. They show off their best earthworm recipes. Other recipes were for an earthworm omelet and for peppers stuffed with earthworms. This passage suggests that earthworms taste good. are poisonous. are all right to eat. taste terrible. C People have always eaten earthworms. Europeans used them during the Middle Ages. They used powdered worms for medicine. The Tainos Indians ate maggots. They left a mixture of plants in the sun. The mixture became infested with maggots. The Indians made wormburgers out of it. ~These were thought to be a treat.~ Mexican Indians also ate worms. They were an important part of the Indians' diet. The Indians who ate worms probably thought the worms tasted terrible. ate worms because they didn't have any meat. didn't feel the same way about worms as we do. ate worms in the winter. C Actually, worms are good for you. They are full of protein. Insects are another food source. ~The weight of all the world's insects is more than all other animals put together. Insects are also full of protein.~ Grasshoppers have three times as much protein as chicken. We can tell from reading this passage that worms and insects could help solve world hunger problems. people will never use insects as a source of food. we don't eat insects because they are hard to raise. people shouldn't eat chicken when they can eat a grasshopper instead. A ~The Millers are authorities on eating insects.~ They have come up with many new recipes. One is grasshopper bread. It is called "Jiminy Bread" after Jiminy Cricket. They also cook termites with rice. They say that you can't tell the insects from the rice. The Millers also eat bees. First they take out the stingers. Then they dry the bees in the sun. Finally they sprinkle the bees on a salad. The Millers are probably not able to buy normal food. scientists. crazy. not afraid to try new things. D The Chinese used to eat dried snakes. They still eat bird's-nest soup. It is made from seaweed. The birds eat the seaweed. Then they throw it back up to use as glue. This "glue" holds their nests together. ~There are many good things to eat that we consider inedible.~ This is because we are not used to the idea. Perhaps these new foods will catch on. Who knows? Maybe someday you will be able to order spiders on your pizza. * * * This passage suggests that the Chinese are smarter about what they eat than other people. we do not recognize all of the food sources that we have. someday we will have to eat insects because there is not enough food. most things that are inedible look like they shouldn't be eaten. B Charlie Chaplin was an actor in the 1920's and 1930's. He was perhaps the greatest comic actor of all time. People today still laugh at his movies. Charlie's life was not always humorous. ~He had to overcome many hardships. They did not deter Charlie.~ He worked hard for the things that he wanted. This hard work paid off in the long run. Charlie is almost as popular today as he was in the 1920's. Charlie Chaplin was probably a determined person. very lucky. lazy and careless. a weak person. A Charlie Chaplin was born in a slum in London, England. His parents worked on the stage. Charlie's father was an alcoholic. He often beat his wife and children. His parents split up when Charlie was two. Charlie was on stage at the age of five. His mother lost her voice one night, so Charlie went out and sang for her. ~The audience loved him.~ It was then that Charlie decided to become an actor. This passage suggests that Charlie was trained to act before he went on stage. was not a good actor at first. was being laughed at by the audience. had a natural talent for acting and singing. D The Chaplins became even poorer. Mrs. Chaplin had to sell all her belongings. Finally Charlie was sent to an orphanage. The next few years were hard on Charlie. He was in and out of several orphanages. Often he slept on the street. There was never enough to eat. However, Charlie didn't lose sight of his goal. He took acting jobs when he could get them. Then Charlie's parents died. ~His father died from drinking. His mother went insane.~ This made him even more determined to be a success. Why do you think the death of his parents made Charlie want to be a success? He hated his parents for what they had done. He wanted to drown his sorrow in work. His parents had wanted him to succeed. He didn't want to end up like them. D Charlie finally got his big break. He joined a group that went to the United States. Charlie was soon the top comedian. Then he began to act in American movies. After one year, he was making $10,000 a week. ~His hard work had paid off.~ Charlie became famous for his costume. He wore baggy pants, a derby hat, and a tight coat. He also wore a fake mustache and carried a cane. People called him "the Little Tramp." We can tell from reading this passage that Charlie owed his success to pure luck. was a success only because he went to the U.S. worked hard to earn his success. was a success because of his costume. C When Charlie was 63, he left the U.S. on a vacation. Then the government wouldn't let him back in. Some of his movies criticized the government. They decided Charlie was a traitor. Twenty years later, Charlie won an Academy Award. He was allowed back into the country. When Charlie got the award, the crowd cheered for a long time. Charlie was almost in tears. ~It was a great moment for a man who had started his life in poverty.~ * * * This passage suggests that Charlie got the success he had dreamed about. was a traitor to his country. shouldn't have come back to the U.S. didn't deserve the Academy Award. A The Old West was a wild and lawless place. Cutthroats, rustlers, and thieves were found everywhere. It would have been even worse without a handful of great lawmen. These lawmen had to be tough. Sometimes one resolute man would tame a whole town. The best of these men had one thing in common. ~They would never shoot unless they had to.~ This was true of lawman Bill Tilghman. The best lawmen of the Old West were as bad as the criminals. had an easy job. never had to use violence. tried not to use violence. D Bill Tilghman was born in Iowa in 1854. At 16 he went west to seek his fortune. He found work hunting buffalo and fighting Indians. Then he went to Dodge City and became a lawman. ~For seven years he kept the peace in Dodge City.~ He did so well that he became famous. The government realized his merit and appointed him to the office of U.S. Marshal. For the next 35 years he served at posts in the Indian Territory. Bill became famous as a lawman in Dodge City. Indian fighter. U.S. Marshal. buffalo hunter. A Bill was known as a just man. Even the criminals respected him. Bill Doolin was an outlaw and an enemy of Tilghman's. Yet he liked Tilghman for his nonviolent ways. One day a member of the Doolin gang was going to shoot Tilghman from ambush. Doolin stopped the man before he could shoot. "Tilghman's too good a man to shoot in the back," he said. One year later Tilghman caught Doolin. ~Disguised as a preacher, Tilghman arrested him while he was bathing.~ Once again Tilghman did his job without bloodshed. Tilghman caught Doolin by fighting him. ambushing him. tricking him. shooting him. C ~This story shows Tilghman's compassion for the outlaws he chased.~ Little Britches was a 17-year-old girl. She rode with the Doolin gang. When Bill tried to arrest her, she escaped on a horse. Bill knew he couldn't catch her. He could have easily shot her as she rode away. Instead he shot her horse. Little Britches was pinned when the horse fell. Bill removed the bullets from her gun. Then he pulled her from under the horse. This story tells us that shooting the horse was easier than shooting Little Britches. the Doolin gang was mostly women. Tilghman couldn't have shot Little Britches. Tilghman didn't want to shoot Little Britches. D In September 1924, Bill became the marshal of Cromwell. Cromwell was a lawless oil town. A few months later a gunman was shooting on the main street. Bill tackled him and held his arms. A bystander then took the man's gun. ~When Bill released the gunman, he pulled another gun and killed Bill.~ Tilghman's death was sad, but in a way it was fitting. He lost his life by trying not to hurt another person. * * * Tilghman was killed by the bystander. the gunman's second gun. a friend of the gunman. thPSEQNC.3 86 8 PSEQNC.4 86 8 PFACTS.2j 86 8 PFACTS.1_ 86 8 PFINDER.DATA(p Pe gunman's first gun. B In the winter of 1891 James Naismith had a problem. ~The students at the college where he worked were out of shape.~ They did not exercise during the winter months. James was asked to create an indoor sport. He thought about it for weeks. Finally he had an idea. He nailed two baskets on either end of a gym. Then he gathered two teams of nine men. On December 21, 1891, these teams played the first basketball game. James Naismith invented basketball to keep from being bored. bring people to his gym. find a use for the gym. keep the students in shape. D After that first game, basketball caught on quickly. Back then, it was a rough sport. Players tackled each other and fought over the ball. Some referees even carried guns. They needed protection from unruly fans. ~Also the courts were too confined. The ball and the players often bounced off the walls.~ Sometimes there would be stoves inside the boundaries. During the winter they would be red hot. They caused burns and broken bones all the time. This passage tells us that some players were hurt because the courts were too small. basketball hasn't changed much. the referees sometimes had to shoot at the players. the fans were well-behaved at the early basketball games. A As time passed, the basketball courts became bigger. However, this caused new problems. More fans usually meant more trouble. Also, there was no out-of-bounds rule. ~Players went crashing after balls right through the fans.~ The fans loved this. They liked it even better when the ball went down a flight of stairs. All of the players would tumble out of sight. No one knew who would return with the ball. ~Some players didn't return at all.~ The early basketball games were not dangerous at all. dangerous for players and fans. no more dangerous than the games today. only dangerous for the players. B After a while fences were built around the court. This kept the ball in bounds. This irked some of the fans. ~They didn't like being taken out of the action.~ Some were so annoyed that they took it out on the players. Sometimes a player would be pressed against the fence. A cruel fan would then stick a pin in his leg. Some players wondered if the fences were an improvement. Why were the fans annoyed by the fences? They wanted an out-of-bounds rule. They felt left out of the game. They didn't think that there was any danger. They couldn't see the game. B Over the years there have been many changes in basketball. An out-of-bounds rule was added. Other rules were made to make the game safer. ~Some rules were made to make the game more exciting.~ Not long ago a three-point rule was added. A line was drawn about 24 feet from the basket. A shot from outside this line is worth three points. Every year the game is improved upon. It seems as though James Naismith's game is here to stay. * * * The three point rule was added to basketball to make the game safer. solve the out-of-bounds problem. make the game more exciting. help weaker teams. C Once a year Mexicans and Mexican Americans have a holiday. It is held on the fifth of May. There is excitement in the air as the day begins. People begin to prepare magnificent meals. Costumes are cleaned and readied for use. Street bands are getting ready to play. Finally the fiesta gets underway. ~This holiday is called "Cinco de Mayo." This is Spanish for the fifth of May.~ It was on this date in 1862 that the French army was defeated by the Mexicans. The holiday mentioned in this passage is named after a Mexican general. the year the French were defeated. a French victory. a date in history. D In 1862, the French army invaded Mexico. They were marching north from the port of Veracruz. They planned to capture Mexico City. If Mexico City fell, the rest of the country would soon follow. At a town called Puebla they met a Mexican army. It was led by General Zaragosa. Zaragosa's army was in dismal shape. They were poorly trained and ~had few weapons.~ They were also outnumbered by the French. It seemed that Mexico City was doomed to fall. Zaragosa's army was well-trained. outnumbered the French army. was poorly armed. was in better shape than the French army. C The French laughed when they saw the Mexican army. ~They thought that it would be easy to beat such a ragged bunch of men.~ They marched forward and attacked Zaragosa. To their surprise, they were pushed back. The French general became angry. He ordered another attack. Again they were pushed back. The French army tried several more times. Zaragosa refused to yield. Finally the French gave up. The Mexicans kept control of the city. When the French attacked Zaragosa, they had no hope of winning. thought that they would win easily. didn't know what his army was like. knew that they were in for a hard fight. B Some Mexican towns celebrate Cinco do Mayo in a grand way. They restage the battle with the French. First a parade marches down the main street. The men are dressed as French or Mexican soldiers. Some women are among them. ~There were women that fought in the real battle.~ When the parade breaks up, the "soldiers" take their places. Then, at three o'clock sharp, the battle begins. Why are there women among the men dressed as soldiers? The men want to include the women in the celebration. The women have helped to set up the mock battle. They are making fun of the French soldiers. They represent the women that fought in the real battle. D When the battle begins, there is a lot of smoke and noise. The men use real gunpowder but no bullets. ~When a person's gunpowder runs out, he is "dead."~ He then leaves the battle. This goes on until nightfall. Then the two generals meet in combat. They pull their swords and fight it out. Of course, the Mexican general wins. After this, there is a giant fireworks display. The long day is finally over. * * * During the battle, a person is "dead" when he runs out of gunpowder. the day is over. he leaves the battle. someone "shoots" him. A Ed Meyers was a catcher for the Fredonia High School baseball team. During one game, he spotted a runner trying to steal third. Ed threw the ball toward third base. The bad toss flew over the third baseman's head. The runner trotted for home. It looked like a run for Ash Fork High School. The most important idea from this passage is that the catcher's bad toss probably allowed a run to score. the runner was slow in heading for home plate. the third baseman was at fault for the missed ball. a runner was trying to steal third base. A When the runner ran to home plate, Ed suddenly tagged him out. The runner couldn't believe it! Where did the ball come from? His coach ran out. He asked to look at the ball. Ed had it hidden in his catcher's glove the whole time. What he had thrown into left field was a potato. He had bought it before the game. The Ash Fork team was furious. They argued with the umpire. Meanwhile, the left fielder ate most of the potato that Ed had thrown past him. What is the main idea of this passage? The Ash Fork team argued with the umpire. The left fielder ate the evidence. Ed had fooled the runner with a potato. The Ash Fork coach wanted a look at the ball. C The umpires studied the rule book. They found no rule against throwing a potato. The Ash Fork team objected. They said it was illegal to throw an extra ball. Throwing a potato should be illegal too. After several minutes, the Fredonia coach came out. He was laughing so hard he had tears in his eyes. He agreed with the Ash Fork team. Ash Fork got the run. The main idea of this passage is that the Ash Fork team proved that it is illegal to use a potato in a baseball game. the Fredonia coach thought the whole thing was funny. it is illegal to throw an extra ball in a baseball game. the Fredonia team was not really trying to cheat the Ash Fork team. D When everything was quiet, the game went on. Fredonia won by eleven points. After the game, reporters talked to Fredonia's coach, Clint Long. They asked him why he had agreed with Ash Fork. Coach Long explained. "I had to let the runner be called safe," he said. "Otherwise next year would be a mess. Players would be throwing potatos all over the place." What is the most important idea from this passage? The Fredonia team finally won the game by eleven points. The coach allowed the run because he knew that he wouldn't get away with it anyway. The coach allowed the run so that other teams wouldn't try the potato trick. Some reporters talked to the coach after the game about the run. C A few days later the whole truth came out about the potato trick. Ash Fork's coach, Lynn Painter, was Coach Long's close friend. Painter was leaving Arizona. He was going to coach baseball in Colorado. It seems that Long wanted to give him a fitting farewell. "The potato trick seemed appropriate," said Long. "Now Lynn will remember the half-baked Arizonians." * * * This passage is mainly about Long and Painter being close friends. the potato trick being a joke on Coach Painter. the baseball rules in Arizona. Coach Painter leaving Arizona to coach somewhere else. B Theodore Roosevelt was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. He loved to go on adventures. In 1914, he went to the Amazon Jungle to solve the mystery of the River of Doubt. People knew where this river began, but no one could find out where it ended. It just seemed to disappear in the jungle. Of course, this is impossible. Rivers do not just stop. This passage is mainly about Roosevelt deciding to solve the mystery of the River of Doubt. how some rivers just disappear into the earth. Theodore Roosevelt being the twenty sixth President of the United States. the mysterious rivers that are found in the Amazon Jungle. A Roosevelt prepared carefully for his trip. He set out for the Amazon with 19 men. His son, Kermit, came too. Roosevelt also brought along some dogs. The group went on foot to the head of the River of Doubt. Then they loaded their supplies into canoes. The trip was hard from the start. What is the main idea of this passage? The group traveled in canoes and on foot through the jungle. Roosevelt and the men walked on the first part of the trip. The beginning of the trip was hard and dangerous. Roosevelt brought family and friends to find the River of Doubt. C The going became even harder. One of the men was attacked by man-eating piranhas. Another man drowned in the rapids. Several men were bitten and stung by insects. Some got malaria. One day a man and a dog went walking in the woods. The dog suddenly yelped and fell down. There were two arrows in its body. The men cleared out of there in a hurry. This passage is mainly about the dangerous animals that live in the jungle. the hardships of the men on the journey. some Indians attacking a man and a dog. the insects that bothered the men. B Things got worse before they got better. The group ran out of food. They ate fruit and monkeys to stay alive. Some of the men began to think they wouldn't make it. It was the worst moment of the trip. Then things began to get better. Finally, 14 days after running out of food, they reached the end of the river. The mystery was solved. The River of Doubt simply ran into another river. Roosevelt's long trip was over. The most important idea from this passage is that the group ran out of food and had to eat fruit and monkeys to keep from starving. there were no problems during the last part of the trip. after a long and difficult trip, Roosevelt found the end of the river. the trip took longer than Roosevelt had expected. C The River of Doubt is the same today as it was in 1914. There are no towns on its shores. It is still a wild place. There are few people brave enough to go down it. Now the route is mapped. We know where the river ends. It also has a different name. It is called the "Roosevelt River." This is a tribute to the brave man who solved its mystery. * * * What it the main idea of this passage? The river has not changed over the years, except for its name. Theodore Roosevelt was a fearless man who mapped the river. There are no towns on the shores of the Roosevelt River. Not many people are brave enough to float down the Roosevelt River. A One cold morning, a 19-year-old girl stood ready to become the first woman to swim the English Channel. The girl's name was Trudy Ederle. She was out on this cold morning to try the impossible. No woman had ever swum the channel. People said that only men could swim the 20 hard miles. Only five men had ever made it. Trudy took a deep breath. Then she plunged into the icy water. The most important idea from this passage is that only five men have swam the English Channel. women were not strong enough to swim the English Channel. the English Channel is 20 miles of rough, cold water. Trudy was going to try to be the first woman to swim the English Channel. D & FINDER.DATAA Nobody thought that Trudy had a chance. Many other swimmers had failed. Trudy herself had tried once before and failed. What made her think she could do it now? People said she was a fool. Gamblers were betting that she would fail. None of this frightened Trudy. She had been a great swimmer all her life. She had beaten many men in competion. Yet people said she would fail because she was a girl. What is the main idea of this passage? The gamblers were betting that Trudy would not make it. TrudASRS TEST.FONTMAASRSrTK.ABSSTEMAASRS FTK.GAME.DATASRS y had tried to swim the channel once before and failed. Everyone thought Trudy would fail because she was a woman. Trudy had beaten men in swimming matches. C Trudy Ederle was born in New York City in 1906. She learned to swim at the age of eight. At ten, she won her first race. After this, Trudy won nearly every race she entered. By the time she was 16, she was breaking world records. Then she broke a record for a long distance swim. She swam a 21-mile course in just over seven hours. This was much better than the men's record. This should have erased all doubts. The experts still said she would never make it across the channel. This passage is mainly about how Trudy joined a swimming association. Trudy's life as a swimmer. Trudy learning to swim at an early age. Trudy's record in a long distance swim. B Trudy began her swim at 7:08 a.m. As she swam along, she was followed by a boat. It held her family and her trainer, Tom Burgess. They cheered her on. At one point, the sea became very rough. Her speed slowed almost to a stop. Tom asked her if she wanted to quit. Trudy stubbornly refused. The storm became worse and Tom ordered Trudy to quit. Again she refused. Then the wind died down. Trudy swam on until she was only a few miles from the English coast. The main idea of this passage is that Trudy didn't quit when the going got rough. Tom ordered Trudy to quit when a storm came up. the storm slowed Trudy down. Trudy was followed by a boat as she swam. A At 9:40 p.m. Trudy waded ashore on the English coast. She was so tired she could hardly stand. Her family left the boat and ran to greet her. Trudy had done it. She had beaten the belief that a girl couldn't swim the English Channel. And she had done it in record time. Trudy had made it in 14 hours and 31 minutes. This was two hours better than the next fastest time. The girl who "didn't stand a chance" had proven the experts wrong. * * * What is the most important idea from this passage? At the end of the swim Trudy was very tired. Trudy was greeted by her family after she crossed the English Channel. The gamblers lost money on Trudy. Trudy not only swam the channel, she also broke the record. D   The May morning was overcast and dark. Ira Baden looked at the sky as he drove along. It looked like he and Roy Miller were going to get wet. They were on their way to Waco, Texas. There they had a job installing some doors. Roy said that they were probably going to get drenched. Ira agreed. "Well, we will just have to work fast," Ira said. Little did they know that they were headed for a disaster. Ira and Roy were going to Waco to put in some doors. return to their homes. check on the weather. help out in a disaster. A When the men arrived, they tore down the old doors. By four o'clock they were ready to put in the new ones. The men noticed that the sky was black. Then it began to rain. But this was no ordinary rain. The drops flew down the street sideways. Suddenly the wind slammed into Ira. He grabbed a post and held on for life. Ira realized that he was in the middle of a tornado. What happened just before it started to rain? Ira grabbed a post. The men tore down the old doors. The wind became very strong. The men noticed that the sky was black. D Ira clung to the post. He watched Waco being destroyed. The fronts of some buildings were torn off. Other buildings exploded when the tornado hit them. People jumped aside to avoid the debris that blew down the street. Then the wind became stronger. Ira felt the air being sucked from his lungs. "This is it," he thought. "I am going to die in this tornado." Ira thought he was going to die when the power lines came down. debris was blown down the street. the air was sucked from his lungs. the buildings exploded. C At last the tornado began to die down. Ira looked for Roy. He was overjoyed to see that his friend was okay. The two men looked at the other side of the street. It was completely wiped out. If the men had been over there they would have died. Ira still had on his glasses. Half of a town was destroyed. Cars had been tossed in the air like toys. Yet Ira's glasses still sat on his face. This passage suggests that Ira survived because he was in a doorway of a strong building. the two men survived because they knew what to do during a tornado. Ira and Roy were in the exact center of the tornado. the two men were lucky to be alive since so much of the town was wrecked. D Ira and Roy worked hard all night. They looked for survivors. During the night, several people were pulled from the broken buildings. The work didn't stop until morning. Dead tired, the men found Ira's car. It was unhurt. They climbed in and headed for home. On the way, they turned on the radio. They heard that the tornado only lasted for 45 seconds. Ira shook his head. Those were the longest seconds in his life. * * * The main idea of this passage is that tornadoes usually last for only a few seconds and then they're over. Ira and Roy looked for survivors all night and then went home. several people were found in the rubble after the tornado was over. Luckily, Ira's car was not at all damaged by the tornado. B Today some people say that our sports are too violent. They say that football and boxing cause a lot of injuries. People have even died. These sports are said to be like the gladiator fights of ancient Rome. This is hardly true. Gladiator fighting was the most brutal sport in history. At every event many people died. Yet the Romans loved this sport. For over 700 years they flocked to arenas to watch the fights. We can tell from reading this passage that gladiator fighting was no more dangerous than football. the Romans had little regard for human life. the Romans were a compassionate people. football and boxing should be illegal. B The Etruscans were a people who lived before the Romans. They made their slaves fight during a big funeral. The Romans adopted this idea. At first, they also made their slaves fight. But things slowly changed. Schools were formed to train gladiators. It became a position of honor. Later, huge arenas were built for the fights. Some were as big as the stadiums of today. When the Romans first started holding gladiator fights, they formed gladiator schools. honored the gladiators. made their slaves fight. built huge arenas. C A gladiator fight was an awesome event. It began with a parade of the gladiators. They wore armor made of gold or silver. After the parade, the gladiators pulled out wooden weapons. They then had a mock battle. This was done to excite the crowd. Then trumpets would ring out. This was a signal to start using real weapons. The gladiators split into pairs and the battle began. When did the gladiators pull out wooden weapons? when the trumpets were blown after the mock battle when the gladiators split into pairs after the parade D The gladiators used many different weapons. Most common was the short sword. They also used spears, clubs, and nets. When the battle began, the gladiators fought in pairs. During the fight, some gladiators fell wounded. It was up to the crowd to decide their fate. If they waved scarves in the air, the man was to be spared. If they pointed their thumbs down, he was to be slain. This passage is mainly about what happens during a gladiator fight. the crowds at the gladiator fights. how gladiators always worked in pairs. the swords used by the gladiators. A After a while, the bloody battles were not enough. The Romans wanted to see more excitement. They put lions and other wild beasts into the arena. Then gladiators were sent in to fight them. There were some people who disliked the fights. They were sickened by all the bloodshed. However, their efforts to stop the fights were disregarded. Gladiator fights didn't end until 500 A.D. Then they were banned by the Emperor Theodoric. * * * The Romans pitted wild animals against the gladiators because they wanted to save human lives. there were too many wild animals in Rome. they wanted a more exciting fight. they disliked the fights. C Most of us have heard of Babe Ruth the baseball player, but did you know he grew up in a reform school? When he was a boy, Babe was always in trouble. Both of his parents worked in a saloon. They had little time for Babe. He spent his time in pool halls and on the streets. Once he was even caught stealing. At the age of seven, Babe was put in a reform school. He would stay there until he was 20 years old. The main idea of this passage is that Babe had a troubled childhood. Babe spent a lot of time in pool halls. Babe's parents worked in a saloon. Babe is famous as a baseball player. A Babe's reform school was called St. Mary's. There were 800 boys who lived there. At St. Mary's, the boys were given job training. Babe spent all day in the classroom. He was taught how to make cabinets and roll cigars. He also worked in a tailor shop. There he put collars on shirts and was paid six cents a shirt. Babe didn't mind the work. It seemed kind of nice to have a purpose in life. This passage suggests that Babe hated St. Mary's. the school was good for Babe. St. Mary's was little better than a jail. Babe didn't learn much at St. Mary's. B The boys at St. Mary's loved baseball. Every spare minute was spent out on the field. Babe usually played catcher during the games. One of the men in charge of baseball was Brother Matthias. He noticed Babe's gift for baseball right away. He advised Babe to try pitching. Babe did well at the new position. When Babe was 16, he was the star of the team. It wasn't long before people flocked to the games to see Babe play. Brother Matthias advised Babe to become a better catcher. become a professional. quit baseball. change positions. D At the age of 20, Babe left St. Mary's. He wanted to try to make a living as a baseball player. The first team he played for was in Baltimore. Then he joined the Boston Red Sox. He was both a pitcher and an outfielder for this club. At this point, people started to notice Babe. It seemed that he could do anything out on the field. Then Babe joined the New York Yankees. It was with this club that Babe would become famous. People began to notice Babe right after he joined the Yankees. played in Baltimore. joined the Red Sox. became famous. C Babe Ruth was the Home Run King. His record for homers stood for decades. Fans adored Babe like no other ballplayer. They packed into stadiums to cheer him on. When Babe retired, he had been at bat 8,399 times. He had hit 714 homers. This record was not broken until the 1970's. Babe was often asked how he hit so many home runs. "I just keep swinging," he said. * * * Babe's record for home runs didn't last long. was not broken for years. angered the fans. has never been broken. B There have been many tales about haunted ships. Most people dismiss them as lies or superstitions. However, it is hard to disbelieve the stories about one ship. It was called "the Squando." It was a cargo ship that sailed in the 1800's. The ghost on the Squando terrified all who saw it. It is also said that it caused the deaths of several sailors. The main idea of this passage is that there have been many haunted ships. ghost stories are all lies. the Squando was said to be a haunted ship. some ghosts have been known to kill sailors. C The story of the Squando's ghost began in 1889. The ship was docked and unloading cargo. The captain and the first mate were arguing. Suddenly the mate flew into a rage. The captain had him tied to a mast until he calmed down. The mate became even angrier. He insulted the captain's wife, who was standing nearby. Suddenly she was as furious as the mate. Grabbing an axe, she chopped off his head. The owners of the ship were horrified. They quickly fired the captain. Right after the mate first flew into a rage, the captain tied him to a mast. the captain's wife became angry. he insulted the captain's wife. he was killed. A After the death, bad luck seemed to follow the Squando. The next captain was a cruel man. The crew so hated him that they mutinied. The captain was killed when he fought back. The next captain died one month after taking over. The one after that didn't even last that long. The Squando became known as a jinxed ship. The owners couldn't hire a crew for her. Finally she was docked at Bathurst. Two watchmen were hired to take care of her. We can tell from reading this passage that the Squando hated people. ghosts were killing the captains. most sailors didn't believe in ghosts. many sailors were superstitious. D The watchmen spent their first night touring the ship. On their tour, they entered the captain's cabin. Suddenly a crowbar flew across the room. The men searched the cabin but could find no one. Puzzled, they walked out on the deck. Another crowbar barely missed them. The men were frightened by this time. They hid in a small room and locked the door. The men then looked out a window to see who was attacking them. To their horror, a misty shape came into view. The shape looked like a man wearing sailor's clothes. It had no head! Right after the men walked out on the deck, they hid in a small room. a crowbar was thrown at them. they saw a misty shape. they looked through a window. B The watchmen later said that a voice ordered them to leave. They obeyed and never went back. After this, other watchmen were hired. They went through the same horror. People started to say that the dead mate had come back. He was getting revenge for his murder. This may or may not be true. No one will ever know. However, the result was the same. The Squando never sailed again. * * * This passage tells us that the mystery of the Squando will never be solved. ghosts do exist. the ghost on the Squando was only a prank. the watchmen were lying. A  !"#$%&'89:;<=>?@ABCDE The Guinness Book of World Records is famous all over the world. Every year since 1954, it has published world records. There are records that document the world's fastest airplane. There are records that document the world's fattest farm animals. These records prove that ~people will do almost anything to set a world record.~ That's why there are so many amusing records in the book. The Guinness Book of World Records is probably full of very serious facts. only about animal tricks. full of funny and strange records. a very boring book. C Some people can do absolutely nothing and still break a world's record. In 1985, William Fuqua remained motionless for 24 hours. He did this while sitting on his motorcycle. In 1986, a teacher from Indonesia set a similar record. ~He remained motionless for over 15 hours. He stood up the entire time!~ Even more amazing is Everett Reamer's story. Mr. Reamer was a prisoner of war during World War II. He was forced to stand at attention for 132 hours - without food or water! To remain motionless for over 15 hours, the teacher from Indonesia must have had good balance. was lucky to sit on a motorcycle. probably cheated a little bit. must have been a soldier. A Weddings are happy occasions. Perhaps that is why Mr. Glynn Wolfe has been married 41 times! Not everyone rushes to get married. ~Some people delay their wedding until they really know one another.~ Octavio Guillen and Adrianna Martinez were engaged for 67 years! They finally got married in 1969. Simon and Ida Stern set a world record in 1984. At ages 97 and 91, they were the oldest couple to ever be divorced. Two people who remain engaged for 67 years may be trying to solve religious differences. need that time to get to know one another. not want children. prefer to live separately in different parts of town. B Dozens of people have eaten their way into the Guinness Book of World Records. A man from Virginia ate three lemons in 15.3 seconds. Another hungry man from England ate 62 pancakes in less than a minute. In Chicago in 1980, Jay Gwaltney ate an entire 11-foot birch tree - leaves, twigs, and all! ~He ate the tree to win $10,000 from a Chicago radio station.~ It took him 89 hours to finish his meal. Jay Gwaltney probably ate an 11-foot birch tree because he was a vegetarian. he wanted the $10,000. he was from Chicago. no one ever had before. B Some people have kissed their way into the Guinness Book of World Records. In 1985, an Englishman named John MacPherson kissed 4,444 women in exactly eight hours! The longest underwater kiss was seen on Japanese TV in 1980. ~That kiss lasted 2 minutes and 18 seconds.~ The longest kiss ever seen in the movies was between Regis Toomey and Jane Wyman. That kiss lasted 185 seconds! * * * The Japanese couple that holds the record for the longest underwater kiss must be married. have practiced for several weeks. have very strong lungs. work for a Japanese TV station. C Sailors have always felt that their ships were alive. It is true that ships sometimes seem to act like people. ~Some ships are easy to handle. They get along well with people. Others seem to cause sailors nothing but trouble.~ Some ships are dogged by bad luck. There have been times when a ship shows a mind of its own. This has caused some weird events. The case of the ship Canton is a good example. We can tell from reading this passage that ships are alive. each ship seems to have its own character. most ships are unlucky. the ship Canton didn't get along with people. B The Canton was an American whaling ship. ~She was famous as a vessel that handled easily.~ However, for three days in 1867 she refused to be steered. The ship set her own course and would go nowhere else. It started when the ship approached St. Helena Island. The crew was going to take on supplies. Suddenly the Canton veered off to the side. She seemed against going to the island. How do you think the captain felt when the ship took off on her own? surprised excited terrified relieved A When the ship turned, the captain fought with the wheel. He forced the ship back on course. The Canton swung back to the side again. The captain strove to turn the ship. She continued to defy him. Then a thought stuck the captain. ~Perhaps God wanted the ship to go somewhere else.~ He let go of the wheel. The Canton was free to go where she wanted. The captain of the Canton was probably a religious man. a heavy drinker. faking the stuggle with the ship. not a religious man. 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