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TRY AGAIN.":L170:500:260M&bL14017010:270:L:1865&gA$"NO, THE 5TH LEVEL HOLDS 32 ELECTRONS.":L170:500:260:350:1910&lA$"EXCELLENT! THE 5TH LEVEL HOLDS 32.":L170:500:260:350&vC1'{A$"NOW, WHAT SUBSHELLS ARE+%:A$"NOW, HERE'S YOUR CHANCE":L140:500^%?A$"TO GET INTO THE ACT.":L150:500:260:350f%DC1%IA$"HOW MANY ELECTRONS CAN":L140:500%JA$"THE FIFTH LEVEL HOLD?":L150:500%NL160:105%SR$"32"1900%XC21895-&]CC1:A$"SORRY, A$"IT HAS S, P, D & F SUBSHELLS!":L150:500;$XX4:615Z$110:A$"S":Y44:240:300c$625}$!A$"P":Y60:240:300$&635$+A$"D":Y76:240:300$0645$5A$"F":Y92:240:300:120:260:350$6 USER RESPONDS TO FILL REST OF BRACKETS10:310:YT44:YB56:650:310<#110:A$"S":Y44:240:300`#620:310:YT60:YB72:650:310z#A$"P":Y60:240:300#630:310:YT76:YB88:650:310#A$"D":Y76:240:300:120:260:350# A$"THE 4TH LEVEL HAS A FULL HOUSE!":L140:500-$ 610:320:YT44:YB56:650320<"110:A$"S":Y44:240:300`"620:310:YT60:YB72:650:310"A$"P":Y60:240:120:260:350"A$"TO GET 18 ELECTRONS IN THE 3RD LEVEL,":L140:500"A$"IT MUST HAVE S, P, & D SUBSHELLS.":L150:500#XX3:6500@!A$"THEREFORE, HAS ONLY AN S SUBSHELL.":L150:500:320i!XX1:610:310:YT44:YB56:650:310!110:A$"S":Y44:240:120:260!A$"THE 2ND LEVEL HAS AN S & P SUBSHELL":L160:500!A$"FOR A TOTAL OF 8 ELECTRONS.":L170:500"XX2:EL MAXIMUMS":L140:500M A$"AND THE SUBSHELL CAPACITIES.":L150:500:260 A$"THESE SHOW THAT EACH ENERGY LEVEL":L160:500 A$"CAN HAVE ONLY CERTAIN SUBSHELLS IN IT.":L170:500:260 350!A$"THE 1ST LEVEL CAN HOLD 2 ELECTRONS.":L140:300A$"4":X215:400:3008A$"1":X16:Y95:400RA$"4":X21:400:260wL140:270:L16018010:270:L ASSIGNING SUBSHELL TO EACH LEVELX146:X276:X3106:X4136:X5166:X6196:X7226X(0) A$"NOW, LOOK AT THE ENERGY LEV&c120:A$"1":X170:Y163:400:300AhA$"0":X175:400:300[mA$"1":X16:Y79:400urA$"0":X21:400:260wL140:270|A$"F SUBSHELLS HOLD 14 ELECTRONS.":L140:500110:A$"F":X200:Y160:240:320120:A$"1":X210:Y163:400:1,A$"P SUBSHELLS HOLD 6 ELECTRONS.":L140:500W@110:A$"P":X120:Y160:240:300}E120:A$"6":X130:Y163:400:320JX16:Y63:400:260OL140:270TA$"D SUBSHELL CAN HOLD 10 ELECTRONS.":L140:500^110:A$"D":X160:Y160:240:320E":L140:500:A$"CERTAIN CAPACITIES.":L150:500:260T L14015010:270:LA$"AN S SUBSHELL HOLDS ONLY 2 ELECTRONS.":L140:500110:A$"S":X80:Y160:240:300120:A$"2":X90:Y163:400:300"X16:Y47:400:260'L140:270:X120:240:320'X6:Y60:240:320FA$"D":Y160:XY:240:320]X6:Y76:240:320~A$"F":Y160:X200:240:320X6:Y92:240:320120:260 SUBSHELL CAPACITIES 120:X(0):350 A$"THE SUBSHELLS ARE FOUND TO ALSO HAVS ARE CALLED"!150:L140:1909110:A$"SUBSHELLS"x150:L154:170:120:260:L140:270:L154:270:L164:270120:A$"THE SUBSHELLS ARE NAMED:"150:L140:190110:A$"S":X80:Y160:240:300Y44:X6:240:320A$"P":Y160ANATION}120:X(0)DA$"IN EACH ENERGY LEVEL, THE ELECTRONS"X150:L140:190A$"ARE SEEN TO DIFFER IN HOW THEY"150:L150:190A$"CARVE OUT SPACE AROUND THE NUCLEUS"150:L160:190:260:350 A$"THESE 4 DIFFERENT PATTERNX190:49X,Y:X202:56X,Y:300:X226:56X,Y:120:260C350W DRAW IN LINES`X40q#Y4210664|(I17-X,Y(X20),Y2XX307I<X40AYFY42PX6024030UX,YX,(Y64)ZY42_Xx SUBSHELL EXPL150:L150:190:300H110:X130:51X,Y:X142:50X,Y:120:260vA$"THE 5TH, 6TH AND 7TH LEVELS CAN HOLD"150:L160:190A$" 32, 18, AND 8 ELECTRONS EACH."150:L170:190:260 300:110:X160:51X,Y:X172:50X,Y:300:150:L170:190:3008110:X76:56X,Y:120:260JL14017010S270ZLA$"THE 3RD LEVEL CAN HOLD 18 ELECTRONS."150:L140:190:300110:X100:49X,Y:X112:56X,Y:120:260A$" 32 ARE FOUND IN A FILLED 4TH LEVEL."150:L140:1904A$"CAPACITY OF ELECTRONS."H150:L150:190wA$"THE 1ST LEVEL HOLDS ONLY 2 ELECTRONS."150:L160:190:260A$"MAX.":K1:L120:190110:X46:Y112:50X,Y:120:260A$"THE 2ND LEVEL HOLDS 8 WHEN FILLED."NERGY LEVELS":110:150:L164:170:PA1800:PA:120:260NL DISPLAY TABLE\Q120::3zVX(0):A$"ENERGY LEVELS"[150:L10:190e110jX46:Y28oI4955tIX,YyXX30~I120A$"EACH ENERGY LEVEL HAS A MAXIMUM"2:1904A$"ELECTRONS IN ATOMS ARE FOUND TO HAVE"H150:L130:190n$A$"DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.")150:L138:190:260.A$"ONLY 7 MAIN ENERGY VALUES ARE FOUND."3150:L150:1908A$"THESE ARE CALLED ":150:L158:190:BA$"ELL1:500:260:720XLL1:270:A$"YES, THAT'S CORRECT. "C$" FILLS NEXT.":LL1:500670:BXBX21:660:XXE:YYS:250:260:280: MAIN PROGRAM:3120XL1:XR269:YT1:YB24A$"LEARNING THE ORDER OF OCCUPANCY"150:L1BX,BY:3:' ARROW ANSWER CHECKER 1/C1\A$"WHAT SUBSHELL FILLS NEXT?":LL1:500tR$:A$R$:LL2:500R$C$715C2710CC1:LL1:270:A$"NO, TRY AGAIN.":LL1:500:260:280:685LL1:270:A$"NO, THE "C$" FILLS NEXT.":LUE SHORTCUT3640:310:YT92:YB104:650:310:L FILL ERASER BLACKqYYTYB:0:X,Y(X8),Y:Y:3: BOXERBX,BYBX,(BY10)(BX16),(BY10)(BX16),BYBX,BY: BOX REMOVER 0:BX,BYBX,(BY10)(BX16),(BY10)(BX16),BYY:Y:3:!q P VIOLET SHORTCUTGr620:310:YT60:YB72:650:310:[v D FILL GREENwY7688:1:X,Y(X8),Y:Y:3:{ D GREEN SHORTCUT|630:310:YT76:YB88:650:310: F FILL BLUEY92104:6:X,Y(X8),Y:Y:3:  F B30LLX,Y:1 ASC LINE DISPLAY SHORTCUTA150:190:UX COLOR FILLERSlb S FILL ORANGEcY4456:5:X,Y(X8),Y:Y:3:g S ORANGE SHORTCUTh610:310:YT44:YB56:650:310:l P FILL VIOLET mY6072:2:X,Y(X8),L I 3 -  LINE 1 & 2 ERASERG LL1:270:LL2:270:o ,PA175:PA:: MEDIUM PAUSE 6PA140:PA:: QUICK PAUSE @PA1100:PA:: LONG PAUSE ^L14017010:270:L:  SINGLE ASCII DISPLAYLL((A$,1,1)),(Y9)(X18),(Y6):M A$" (PRESS THE TO CONTINUE)":K1:L184` 190:16368,0{ Z(16384):Z128262 Z160268 (16368),0:262 (16368),0:0:190:3:  ASCII ERASE-A-LINE 0: BLACK I12706 1I, FOR ASCII SET WORD DISPLAYS- I1(A$)D LL((A$,I,1))30` LL(K(I1)(WL2)),Lg Im SINGLE LARGE CHAR. DISPLAY LL((A$,1,1))64 LLX,Y: PLOTS DIAGONALS XX6:YY2:X,Y(X18),(Y9):(X15),(Y9)(X18)233,105:232,0:WL5:DL6:: AS CII SETw K(XL(XRXL)2)((A$)(WL2)2):: CENTERING SUBROUTINE FOR LARGE CHARACTER WORD DISPLAYS I1(A$) LL((A$,I,1))64 LL1186 LL(K(I1)(WL2)),L I  " -(4);"BLOAD ASCII SET,A26880", 21:0I c1000: START OF PROGRAMX d GOSUBSx i KEYSTROKE DISPLAY ROUTINE jR$"":K126 kK$:(K$)13ı lLL(K$)30:LLK,L:R$R$K$:KK7:107 n233,96:232,0:WL8:DL12:: LARGE CHARACTERS6 x#& ELECT ARRANG OPT 1 ? OPTION 1 OF MAIN PROGRAMX ELECT ARRANG^x BY ROY J. ARLOTTO~ LEARNING THE ORDER OF OCCUPANCYT$(19),XX(19),Y(19)((4);"BLOAD LARGE CHARACTERS,A24576"            51"SHOTS FIRED = "SHZ)31:EXIT$"TOP" (7)F(100P1)100,31(100P1)100,0:g"WHAT IS THE PASSWORD?";PA$PA$"AVOGADRO"1500"SORRY, KEEP GATHERING DATA."400:3130,51140,51150,41160,51190,51190,81170,101110,101110,71130,P,179100P,131:7(200,(100P)31279,(100P)31:[2(100P)100,31(100P)100,0:j<EX$"LEFT"tF(7)PO,P131100,P131:ZEX$"BOTTOM"d(7)n100P1,179100P1,131:xEX$"RIGHT"(7)200,(100P1)31279,(100P11001240&EX1340,1370,1400,1430/520IP1100P:EXIT4:1190_P1P:EXIT2:1190xP1P40:EXIT3:1190P1100P:EXIT4:119010:25003::21(7)3EN1300,1310,1320,1330 0,P31100,P31:100BP1100P:EXIT2:1010KL"WHAT POSITION(1 TO 100)?";P:P1P1001100dVENTER2:EN$"BOTTOM"z`P1P1001140j"POSITIONS AVAILABLE ARE 1 TO 100.:GOTO4000t1260~P1P101210P10P701220P70P901230 P90P601060P60P7010702P70P901080IP90P1001090eEX1340,1370,1400,1430n520P1100P:EXIT2:1010P1P:EXIT4:1010P1P40:EXIT3:1010$P1P40:EXIT1:1010.P1P:EXIT4:10108P1P50:EXIT1:1010P:EXIT1:820'pP1100P:EXIT1:820Uz"WHAT POSITION(1-100)?";P:P1P100890kENTER4:EN$"TOP"P1P100930"POSITIONS AVAILABLE(1 TO 100).":8901260P1P101030P10P401040P40P501050P50PSITIONS AVAILABLE ARE 1-100":720+12609P30880M P30P50840aP50P80850u P80P90860*P90P1008704EX1340,1370,1400,1430>520HP1P40:EXIT2:820RP1P:EXIT3:820\P1P40:EXIT4:820fP1100EX1340,1370,1400,1430"520:P140P:EXIT4:650RP150P:EXIT4:650gP1P:EXIT1:650P1100P:EXIT3:650P1100P:EXIT3:650"WHAT POSITION(1TO100)?";P:P1P100720ENTER3:EN$"RIGHT"P1P100760!:"POSHSH14007&"WHAT POSITION?";P:P1P100550N0ENTER1:EN$"LEFT"c:P1P100590D:"POSITIONS AVAILABLE ARE 1 TO 100.":550N1260XP10710bP10P20670lP20P40680vP40P70690P70P100700 |70::/230,32:62450::::25003:21Q"WHICH SIDE (T,B,L,R)? ";EN$gEN$"READY"1460}(EN$,1)"L"550(EN$,1)"R"720(EN$,1)"T"890(EN$,1)"B"110040021:"ENTER "EN$" AT "P"----EXIT "EX$" AT "P1TAND"::"WHAT WE WILL BE DOING. I WILL KEEP A"::"RECORD OF THE NUMBER OF PROJECTILES"::"YOU FIRE. WHEN YOU THINK YOU KNOW WHAT" r:"THE SHAPE LOOKS LIKE, TYPE 'READY' WHEN"::"I ASK WHICH SIDE AND I WILL DISPLAY THE"::"SHAPE FOR YOU TO SEE."SE NOTE THAT POSITION MUST BE "::"BE IN THE RANGE FROM 1 TO 100."W 230,32:62450c "70::i ,t 625003 @(4);"BLOAD PICTR.BOX,A$4000" J70:: T:: ^"WHAT IS YOUR NAME, PLEASE? ";N$ h::"WELL, "N$", I HOPE THAT YOU UNDERSl "THE NEXT DIAGRAM SHOWS THE LABELS FOR"::"EACH SIDE AND THE POSITIONS FROM WHICH"::"YOU MAY FIRE." ::"I WILL FIRST ASK YOU FOR THE SIDE FROM"::"WHICH YOU WILL FIRE YOUR SHOT, AND THEN"::"I WILL ASK YOU FOR THE POSITION."D ::"PLEAIS A GEOMETRIC"; :"FIGURE. BY FIRING PROJECTILES INTOi :"EACH OF THE FOUR SIDES OF THE BOX AND :"OBSERVING THE EXIT PATHS YOU WILL BE :"ABLE TO MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT THE SHAPE :"OF THE GEOMETRIC FIGURE." 70:: ENTER1:"TO PROVIDE AN ANALOGY TO RUTHERFORD'S"I x:"GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT."y ::"STUDENTS ARE TO MAKE INFERENCES FROM" :"OBSERVED DATA." 70:: 15:"PROCEDURE:":15:"----------"::"YOU WILL BE SHOWN A BOX." ::"HIDDEN IN THE BOX  ::230,32:624502(4);"BLOAD SCRUNCH"`(4);"BLOAD PICTR.TITLE,A$4000"::25003h(702(4);"BLOAD PICTR.BOX2,A$4000"<100F23:5:"PRESS TO CONTINUE ";:ZZ$PZd:* n:16:"PURPOSE:":16:"--------":      GD?~g|@_sd'c|f @1 ~30x<"@!DA  !@BBx<"""Fg|g|@O~sc~f @1 30| @OGX0b@,"byBC%Dcc886XD'ggagq "<<<4bqH<OD IG GD@&P( Cd"""" HH@( d'@$ $$BHIOGH`' "" $ $d$xD @H!dILd$DD8$ $dy $$$"$$ IH@  D$D""I$$$  "0AxD8D#Cgs8@GOFCG##<OgS 9 x<8d qyD#p@'D'rqy$DpipIOx qDDgc<`q8cCC'qhP@@ @@+^ """DH&  !    @"$ D(% Pqip>(x!D|$Vcf @1LA30D4xDC'x8"" A#c@G#<A# @$ $$ A|D Ax!xpx<>@@dGx yxy8y r8  >p8"G@HOcxxpxpp 8`B  ` @ 6XxD'8@O@D'@G0I b `F0'$$ HHx q IH >|8<@|H @& X,@C%1aD#d8F'ID$`Dx8$1aD#pDE%B1aA0 1 HG< qXDc0"< `qH$@c#qb Id($ DGD@OH D'  HG@@HI <"" I"H(EHH$"HHd^ x xyq>$  I"""DH@L (8`ID$DDD$I$$@'&&"HD"H I H@  d$F"@ Id#$ " IDD|d'$DD@HHH $d'GHO@I D""r I"GCHH$"GHDb  )""D@4`>q y py`'$`'d d'`p0 qAcf @1L900DDd$DGD2!$@'$"!$c>" $$qx" d  3~cf @1Lq00~ |DD$$$D "!$ $$"!$ 8$1aD#p@NxX8q>"" d$ " $$$$ HH0 II ->"">@OdGx x 9y Bx,"<p8"GBcqxqspC'8$1aD#pL KK@'L@q"2 $&I$$D@H!  $ D$I$$BHI@ HL  "" $ $$DD@Ha'ID$$D|@$ $$ $$$"$d IG8  D$Dp">I$$D# "PIDDD$d$DD<@HHH!$$d@@HH@0I D "" I"@@(EIH$&@@HD2  y>"D@G2`H! 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ID$DDD$I$$@'&&"HD"H I H@ d$F"@ Id#$ " "" d$ " $$$$ HH0 II `H! HI $ B$ I  ~cf @1Lq00~|DD$$$D "!$ $$"!$8$1aD#p@NxX8qIDDD$d$DD<@HHH!$$d@@HH@0ID "" I"@@(EIH$&@@HD2  y>"D@G"""@$  H BD"2""""@HH@H $ D$I$$BHI@ HL  "" $ $$DD@Ha'ID$$D|@$ $$ $$$"$d IG8 D$Dp">I$$D# "P"@'Cqq@GC'DsIPqpqqhH8Dbq|p q1I `(! () @" AH$   !xq>x$~cf @1La10~DLD$$$D"C'd $$"@'$D$I$$ Ad                      )  <"\:FBF:<<@@\bBb\\bb\@<:FBBB8 0 "" "8.TTTT>DDDD8DDD8:FF:\bb\@@:F|<@>>H0BBBb\BBB$DDTTlB$$BBBb\@<~ ~880(8DRj2x$B~BBB>DD
<""<>DDDDD>~~~BB>BB>"BBB<~B > ~B ~ ~ 51/~~~>o~~~~>o~-?-?$d6v$d66'9r5>67>67>6------$'<$'<$',56666666-$$$$$$$,66666666666666666666557.5d-.$$7?/,,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$??6--------%??6666666666------------%$$$$$$$$$3>3333300>333>3?633>03333 00000333 ?[[[[33333333333>003>063333>333 ckkk>3 3333>0? ?𘘌0 Z1AAA3?333333333333?##??#3;33333?333? ?00003333?3?33333337;3333333333333?s333303? 333333>3333 33333?333 33333 ?0 ?8p`6c8888866$$~$~$>> >B%$R! *,88888"6">~~`p83;?73  ?30 ?30038<63?00?0333?3 333333>0   ~~ 0 0066>00AAIAI>06>0 666<0I*I*@`pxp`@666~~666>666>>666>2 >0066>006>06y0@<>0 666<0'$$,--566N$$$$$----->51/~~~>o~~~~>o~-?-?$d6v$d66fmf6e `f f e d 0f`&--:*:*:?R --,,,---555'9r5>67>67>6------$'<$'<$',56666666-$$$$$$$,66666666666666666666557.5d-.$$7?/,,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$??6--------%??6666666666------------%$$$$$$$$$?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7------------------------------%--5666??'$$$I6666,-56?>>6----56>?/-56???66.--$$I ??766--56???66--56??'$--5--56>??$$666.--$--5666&$?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7---------->?????????7----------> ";:16368,0:F$:24:3:" ":E8} O8} heated sample was","titrated with 0.1000 molar silver","nitrate.":o7/"Initial buret reading = ";ST$:7&/"Final buret reading = ";EN$::70/16000::7B/:7C/:7:I130:Q(16336):I7:7~>:7>:7>O11000:O?8>24:3O6+6:186,178222,1786+%6Z+:+6[+:16.86.4b6."Wgt of empty test-tube = ";S$:6."Wgt of t-t + sample = ";S1$:6."Wgt of t-t + sample + MnO"(21)" = ";S2$:6/"Wgt after heating = ";S3$:D7/"One fifth of the7,OX87,O:O1120:O1:OF5 +6:184,182224,182:185,181223,181:05 +X85,Y858X85,Y858:X84,Y857X84,Y857:X83,Y856X83,Y8565+6:185,180223,180:05+OY855Y8:X81,OX81,O:O1120:O15+OY827Ē6:185,179223,179:06+,OX82,O:O4*4*:4*:04* EMPTY PIPET74*0i4*OY880Y873:X81,OX81,O:O1120:O1:O4*6:184,184224,184:04+X83,Y872X83,Y872:X84,Y871X84,Y871:X85,Y870X85,Y8704+6:184,183224,183:05+OY869Y859:X83**3*OY8Y8551:X82,OX82,O:Os3*X83,Y856X83,Y856:X84,Y857X84,Y857:X85,Y858X85,Y8583*OY859Y8691:X87,OX87,O:O3*X85,Y870X85,Y870:X84,Y871X84,Y871:X83,Y872X83,Y872 4*OY873Y8801:X82V8V32b*3:212,V71212,V7+2*3:1080012*:72*:D2* PIPETp2*0:118,4632,98101,110100,97108,108w2*32*X82,Y8X82,Y855X88,Y859X88,Y869X82,Y873X82,Y8952*X82,Y8X82,Y855X88,Y859X88,Y869X82,Y873X82,Y895X*V6V521Z*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,174:0:7204,174:3c1[*V3V8.2Ē2:X8204:Y8180:10300:6:106191\*V3V8.2V9V1Ē2:X8206:Y8180:10300:O110:O:6:106191]*V7202((V310.5)10)1^*01_*198,V7212,V7:198,V71212,V712`*V3V8.2Ē0:7204,146:370D*V520100((V3100.5)100(V3))B0F*10700m0G*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,153:0:7204,153:30I*4:225,V6244,V60L*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,160:0:7204,160:30N*5:225,V5244,V5:30P*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,167:0:7204,167:30W*107001V2/)X0O31000/) /.*:&//*:;/0* BURET SECTIONP/5*10:6245,10:1[/6*10700/7*O31000Ē5:225,V5244,V5:3:O30:1550/9*10700/:*3:37:(V3)/<*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,139:0:7204,139:3/?*15:37:(V31)0A*V3V8.2Ĕ7204,146:)204,132204,137.).):#.):2.) BURET ONF.)X(16384)176l.)X1X7Ģ11:17:X:X0V2XT2|.)X6Č24832.)X1Č24880.)X2Č24930.)X3Č24980.)T1T1T2.)X4Č24999.)X5Č25029.)VVV2.)VV9İ10619/)V3V31)2-|)O1841791/-})C((O2)O2):C(C)C-~)368O,O40O,OJ-)OP-)V-):]-)3z-)V7202((V310.5)10)-)O120V71-)198,O211,O-)O-)202,121207,121-)202,122207,122-)204,123206,123-)204,124-)204,125.)O11100:O1,>)O4,@)O1591301:201,O207,OF,B)O11100:O1M,C)OS,J)Y,f):_,g):z,h) BURET FOR TITRATION,m):3:0:3:3197,3,t)24880,w)200,140200,144183,185225,185208,144208,140,x),z):-{)C(0)6:C(1)6:VV9C(0)3:C(+): +):+)V+)200,115200,160185,175185,185223,185223,175208,160208,115q+)6:201,130207,130:3w+)+)O1841791:186,O222,O:O+)+"):+#):+6)O1781751:186,O222,O:O1150:O1:O+;)O1741601:360O,O48O,O,=:3:186,143222,143A*(0:158,38203,38:3:186,142222,142:0O*(O39140`*(203,O205,O*(O56O50X8205:Y853:3:10300:0*(O90Ē3:186,141222,141:0*(O83Ē6:201,82207,82:0*(O1120:O1*(O*(3:186,140222,140*(20208,65")(6:201,82207,82:35)(158,35200,35f)(158,36201,36:158,37202,37:158,38203,38t)(O39144)(203,O205,O)(O90Ē0:158,35200,35:3)(O1120:O1)(O)(0:158,36201,36)(3:186,144222,144*(0:158,37202,37!Т o`30xO@`7 ЪժՊł   ЀժժԪժ @sx`3 s  РԂ( I$D&""&"*@HԂժЪժ $x y q8>@ ԂHЂժЪժ $ H" ŊԂԀЂ!' 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ԀԪЪՊŊЊՀ   ЀԂժժՊ ?8`3 3  ԠԂ$ЪՂ qICG"<<@GըЊ$ԪՊ@"@ ЂժԂ `'P(  ŊԂԂ!( dHD !`$$FHIЀ9NXTA'@C%b Ԫ#ժժЪժ $$"@""" ժժ>8""" Ղ000 ԪЂժժԀЊ ԨCcq000@p888 ԀԂԂՂ  ԀԪЪժժժ g3 s  ԪЂg3 s  ԪЂ$ժժ`@ ЂЪժըO'$x xxQ ЊՀ"(Ђ THD`c#D#$E( ЀDdT $ $& Ъ#ԪՊժ %$ & $$ ЊЪ#ЪՂժ Egq"bs8 0080 ժժԀԂ@ pՀըca`000@000 ЀՊՊԀԂ ԀЪժժժժ Њ"ՊժժԪՊՊ ?f3 3`  ШԀՀЊ ЊЊЪը dP 1 ՊԪp"(Ђ LHD $ $ dD ЂЪDDTIDe ,*@Ԁժ"(Ѐ DHDD $@"$$D ЂЪDDT `$$$ ЊЪ(Պ`"D 00p0 ՊժժՂՂs``000~O000 ЀՊԪ׀Ԋa`000~O000 ЀՊԪ BGGq Њ"Հժժժժժ Cs8g3 sp ЂЪժժԀЂ ЊЊԊԪ @"  " ժժ ŊԂՂՀЪ !x yyp8>@ ԪՊqI$F"<2*@Ԁժժ(ԀpD ŊԂՀԀЪ% I$D"""*@HHԂժժ(ՀԪЂ  Ђ(ԪЪ@  ՊF@ Ђ(pD<88 d'DC#d qԀԂը"ժժԊy$D%"88" Ъժg`0p8N3~q8N90 ЂЪժժЂЪIHb"ՂՊ     ?|?99̙̙̙?H @@()#0@x "|a̙̙̙?<8  a= 0pHI|a̙̙̙?bq`0%|a̙̙̙?|a̙̙̙?I|a̙̙̙?|a̙̙̙?`A>|a̙̙̙? |a̙̙̙?I|a̙̙̙@DIq = 00 |̙̙?B "%|̙̙?|̙̙?I|̙̙? |̙̙?yF|̙̙?xy|̙̙?I|̙̙?|̙̙?L@G!|a̙̙̙? #FH@ " |a|a̙̙̙?|a̙̙̙?I|a̙̙̙?>>|a̙̙̙ F|a̙̙̙?|a̙̙̙?E>|a̙̙̙?| ?L@HH |̙̙? ||`G>|̙̙?H@G <@HI<@ &|̙̙?̙?pxE|̙̙?|̙̙?E |̙̙?x|̙̙?L@HH |a̙̙̙?8G|a̙̙̙?@H@@@` <@ *~a̙̙̙?@L) = 00pp|a̙̙̙?B "%|a̙̙̙?L@HH |̙̙?DHG|̙̙?G@||@pp<`C>@2|̙̙?@Ty = 00|̙̙?B "%|̙̙?|̙̙?I|̙̙?|̙G|a̙̙̙?HDH@$ @B"|a̙̙̙|̙̙?? x̙̙?A"|̙̙?@x|̙̙?M}"|a̙̙̙?DL |?G|a̙̙̙?HDJ @$   |a̙̙̙?|8z@H@@  00|a̙̙̙?dG%|@ 6|̙̙?FH|?#@!|̙̙?HDL <`# |̙̙?H @@ 00|̙̙?x?~?()|̙̙?@+|̙̙?|̙̙?I|̙     |a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|;̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙I|̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙| q|̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙q|̙̙I||̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙q|a̙̙̙|I|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙I| `|a̙I|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙q|a̙̙̙I||a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙I|a̙̙̙|a̙̙̙q|̙̙|I|̙̙q|̙̙@6|̙̙|I|̙̙q|̙̙q|̙̙I||̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙I|̙̙|̙̙q|a̙̙̙| DONATED TO APPLE CORE OF SAN FRANCISCO BY THE APPLE PI CLUB JULY 1979 MOD. TO ADD LAST LINES TO SHOW ACQUISITION.. JULY 1979.. LAST MOD. AUG. 1979  'TITRATION'$ TZ60ī192041730>W18)HYY13R20809\MfF0:J0:K0:L0WpJJ1^zJr0,39K:0,39LKK1:LL1J10ī2160J0:FF1F3ī224021600:0,39K:0,39LKK1:LL1K0ı2240:a TO ADD THE BASE TO THE ACID."0vZ0:W18:Y08A$CB$"T"TA$B$ī1960^1920kZZ1:2r2X222819,XX18,2029X22280:19,XX1:18,2029 0:W,Y:WW1W21ī2110 1110 *SS ACID."1060":2+4201K15:0,2017:0,2021c17,1821:20,21212:0,2020:0,2119:0,2018&15:29,3912:29,3926:12,2639029,3912:1DX1325N29,38XXXb922:922l"PRESS T(4):D$;"RUN";"MENU"T$h2140IrI020:"CONGRATULATIONS!!!!!!"W|::1590"REPEAT TITRATION WITH WEAKER BASE OR LARGER SAMPLE ACID."1060:2420 :"BURET EMPTY! REPEAT TITRATION WITH A STRONGER BASE OR LEN FOR NO)=>";#8KK$:KK$""15927;KK$"Y"ĺ:170J@KK$"N"1592uA::"IS ANYONE ELSE WAITING TO TRY? "B"(Y FOR YES OR N FOR NO)=>";CA$:A$""1603DA$"Y"ĬEA$"N"1603J:10:7:" * * * T H E E N D * * *"KD$,"YOU HAVE NOT CORRECTLY CALCULATED THE"H""CONCENTRATION.":922," CON(BASE) X VOL(BASE) CON(ACID) = --------------------- VOL(ACID)"6::"DO YOU WANT TO DO ANOTHER TITRATION?" 7"(Y FOR YES OR ACID IN 500 ML DISTILLED WATER."*922q"ENTER THE VALUE YOU CALCULATED FOR THE ACID CONCENTRATION.":U$(U$)1Ģ((37)2):958:1510U(U$)922:K(UC)240UK2ī1620I1100:SOUND(16336)(16336)I:3(Q2935215,23Q<Q$F+P28ZX1325Ed29,38XLnXVx922fZ16ī1670:"TITRATION SUCCESSFUL"1060:3"THE BASE CONCENTRATION= ";B;" N.":922"THE BASE VOLUME= ";Z;" ML.":922 A;" ML (A$)1310708: VPEZ+`P4ı>jP4P3ī1180QtP3P2ī1180d~P2P1ī1270wP1P0ī1270P0ī13602123011230Q293518,20QQ21320 11320 5"(PRESS THE KEY TO CONTINUE.)";:IN$:I(IN$)271050^(IN$)131000v16368,0:936:::16368,0:936::10:10:"* * * THE END * * *":255:D$(4):D$;"RUN MENU"$"PRESS TO CONTINUE...";.A$:LED WATER."p1000z255N D=CONC(ACID) AFTER MIXING WITH 500ML D.W.`DAC(500A)r E=VOL(BASE)ED(500A)B1790 PRINT CENTER ROUTINE20(CT$)2CT$""21:"(PRESS TO END)"16368,0"SAMPLE TOO SMALL. REENTER VALUE."0 922](A$)0ĺ"ENTER A NUMBER PLEASE!":750f 750o*1504A301ī870>"SAMPLE TOO LARGE. REENTER VALUE."H922R922\750 fA;" ML UNKNOWN ACID IS BEING ADDED TO":"500 ML DISTIL0"* YOU LIKE? *"9250i"* *""****************************************"34,20"ML ACID= ";A$(A$)0ĺ"ENTER A NUMBER PLEASE!":750A(A$)A9810&B4.00ī600:B5.00ī600HD"NOT A VALID MOLARITY. REENTER VALUE."]N922:922:530gX34,0pq:2v"****************************************""* *""* HOW MANY ML OF UNKNOWN ACID WOULD *""* *"\"****************************************"922:922:922:922:34,20"NORMALITY= ";B$(B$)0ĺ"ENTER A POSITIVE NUMBER PLEASE!":530B(B$)B1.00ī600&B2.00ī600 0**"3"* *"c"* YOU HAVE 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, AND *""* 5.00 NORMAL SODIUM HYDROXIDE *""* AVAILABLE. WHICH WOULD YOU LIKE IN *""* THE BURET? (60 ML BURET) *"250,E. THE UNKNOWN ACID *"IT"* IS LESS THAN 5 BUT GREATER THAN .1 *"y^"* NORMAL. *"h250r"****************************************"|:922:1000:2"*************************************** !!TITRATION!!! *"Y ""* THE OBJECT IS TO DETERMINE THE *" ,"* NORMALITY OF AN UNKNOWN ACID BY *" 6"* NEUTRALIZING IT WITH BASE OF KNOWN *" @"* CONCENTRATION. YOUR BURET HOLDS *"J"* 60 ML OF BAS C(1)4.9.1 J :10:"DO YOU NEED INSTRUCTIONS? (Y OR N)=>";a KK$::KK$""190r KK$"N"415 KK$"Y"190 I020 I TITRATION 7/20/78 VERSION #1 :2 "****************************************") " &*! *MAY NOT BE SOLD.COPY-*? ! *RIGHT 1981 CUE,INC *] " ***********************} d16368,0:16298,0::936 n255 x3:CT$"TITRATION":950 CT$"BY AUTHOR UNKNOWN":950 CT$"JULY 20 1978":950 1000 C=CONC(ACID) 333 MAIN STREET *1  * REDWOOD CITY *O  * CA 94063 *m  * (415) 363-5472 *  * *  * *  ***********************  *PROGRAM MAY BE COPIED*  *FOR EDUCATIONAL USE *#  * SAN MATEO COUNTY *A  * OFFICE OF EDUCATION *_  * & *}  * COMPUTER-USING *  * EDUCATORS *  * *  * SOFTSWAP *  * *  *  TITRATION AUG. 1979) ` A PROGRAM THAT SIMULATES A CHEMICAL TITRATIONk v  APPLESOFT 8K  SAN FRANCISCO APPLE CORE   *********************** *           $(# ***$2#$<#936($A#R$"Y"200P$F#8:8:"THANK YOU FOR RUNNING THIS"w$P#10:9:"REACTION RATE SIMULATION"$Z#24$' R TIME THE "8#""REACTION REALLY TAKES. THE ADVANTAGE"d#""OF 'COMPRESSED' TIME IS THAT YOU CAN"#$""TRY MORE EXPERIMENTS. IT'S YOUR CHOICE."#."8900#`"#"22:10:"PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE";#"16368,0:16384,128#"936#"THE SPACE ")"!"BAR TO STOP THE TIMER."/"!\"!"YOU WILL BE GIVEN A CHOICE WHETHER TO""!"RUN THIS REACTION IN 'REAL' TIME, THAT""!"IS, AS IT WOULD BE ON THE LAB BENCH""!"OR IN 'COMPRESSED' TIME, WHICH IS " #""SPEEDED UP COMPARED TO THE89005!!3:"ADDITION OF THE ALKYL HALIDE SOLUTION,"b!!"THE LAST SOLUTION TO BE ADDED, STARTS"!!"THE REACTION. AS SOON AS THIS "!!"SOLUTION IS ADDED, THE TIMER WILL"!!"APPEAR ON THE SCREEN. WHEN THE SOLU-" "!"TION CHANGES COLOR, PRESS ALKYL HALIDE REACT "' !"IN ANY RUN."- !Z !"YOU MIGHT START WITH A RUN LIKE THIS:"` ! !" 6.7 ML WATER + INDICATOR" ! !" 0.3 ML 0.1 M BASE" ! !" 0.0 ML PURE ACETONE" ! !" 3.0 ML 0.1 M ALKYL HALIDE IN ACETONE"!! CONCENTRATIONS OF"?!"THE REACTANTS AND THE COMPOSITION OF"m!"THE SOLVENT (WATER/ACETONE) AFFECT THE"!"REACTION RATE."!8900!3:"IN ORDER TO GET REASONABLE RESULTS, "!"YOU SHOULD NOT HAVE MORE THAN ABOUT" !"20 PERCENT OF THE HE AMOUNT, IN ML, "Ap!"AND PRESS THE 'RETURN' KEY TO TRANSMIT"jr!"THIS INFORMATION TO THE COMPUTER. pt!v!"THE COMPUTER WILL ADD THIS VOLUME TO"x!"THE BEAKER AND MIX IT WITH THE REST"z!"OF ITS CONTENTS."|!~!"YOU CAN TEST HOW THE!0>!" 4) 0.1 M ALKYL HALIDE SOLUTION WITH"QH!" ACETONE AS SOLVENT."[R!8900h!3:"FOR EACH REACTION YOU WISH TO CARRY"j!"OUT, YOU WILL BE ASKED HOW MUCH OF"l!"EACH OF THE REACTANTS YOU WISH TO ADD."m!n!"YOU WILL TYPE IN TTHE"%!"FOLLOWING FOUR SOLUTIONS:"+ !X!" 1) WATER CONTAINING A BIT OF BROM-"{ !" PHENOL BLUE INDICATOR""!$!" 2) 0.1 M AQUEOUS BASE SOLUTION"&!*!" 3) PURE ACETONE (TO CHANGE THE "4!" SOLVENT COMPOSITION)"9---------") 15:"TIME REQUIRED (SEC)"/ \ "AS WELL AS OTHER FACTORS THAT CHARAC-"v "IZE REACTION RATES. 8900 3:"TO CARRY OUT YOUR EXERIMENTS, YOU HAVE" "AVAILABLE A 15-ML BEAKER, A TIMER " "THAT MEASURES IN SECONDS, AND FROM THE MEASURED TIME"DD "FOR THIS MUCH REACTION AND THE KNOWN"qN "AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS YOU ADDED AT THE"X "START, YOU CAN CALCULATE THE RATE OF"b "THE REACTION:"l v 12:"AMOUNT T-BUCL REACTED (M)"  4:"RATE = ------------------ UNTIL ALL THE HO- HAS "F"REACTED WITH THE H+; THEN IT SUDDENLY"["TURNS YELLOW."e8900 3:"THE COLOR CHANGE SIGNALS THAT ALL THE"& "BASE IS USED UP AND AN EQUIVALENT "0 "AMOUNT OF THE ALKYL HALIDE MUST ALSO": "HAVE REACTED. AND WATER."=12:"THIS IS SET UP AS A 'CLOCK' REACTION."j"A LITTLE BASE (NAOH) AND AN ACID/BASE""INDICATOR (BROMPHENOL BLUE--BLUE IN ""BASE - YELLOW IN ACID) ARE ADDED TO ""THE REACTION MIXTURE. THE SOLUTION""REMAINS BLUEGNED TO SIMULATE"=h"THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF AN ALKYL "fr"HALIDE, T-BUTYL CHLORIDE, TO FORM"|"T-BUTANOL, HYDROGEN ION (H+) AND ""CHLORIDE ION (CL-). THE REACTION IS ""CARRIED OUT IN A SOLVENT THAT IS A " "MIXTURE OF ACETONE:"TIME: ";CLOCK;" SEC"Iv23:"THE RUN IS OVER. WOULD YOU LIKE TO DO"b"ANOTHER (Y OR N)";jR$R$"Y"R$"N"90007000@ *** SUB TO PRESENT DIRECTIONSE936J2:17:"RATES"T17:"-----"^"THIS PROGRAM IS DESI)II1100DHALIDEMHALIDEKEFF10LMHALIDEMHALIDEDHALIDEdMBASEMBASEDHALIDEuFLAG15360MBASE0İ2800X(16384)X160İ700016368,0ICLOCKCLOCK1"5200,X ***b936l21:25.003(110(.32))(110(RSOLV2)),6 ***D16368,0PCLOCK0ZP ***}Z21:25:"TIME: ";CLOCK;" SEC"_ZZ(16336)(16336)d22:"PRESS SPACE BAR TO "n"STOP TIMER AT END OF RUN";xFLAG1NN10I1NR(1I " I,  *** DELAY. DLAY1109 X(1)C DLAYI  *** SUB TO CALCULATE THE MOLARITIES OF THE REACTANTSMBASE.1VBASEVTTLMHALIDE.1VHALIDEVTTL *** SUB TO CALCULATE KEFFRSOLV(VHALIDEVACTN)VTTL& KEFF 16368,0:16384,128$ 936< 21:"WHAT A MESS!"i "PRESS THE SPACE BAR AGAIN TO CLEAN UP" "AND START OVER." 16368,0:16384,128    *** CHANGE SOLUTION COLOR FLAG1 13 I2021LEVEL1 16,24I  3000 I 936+ 16368,07 I113E J7212O 14,JV Jr 14I,1421:26,26I21y 0( 7,20142 2F IP FLAG1Z d 21:17:"OVERFLOW!"i n 23:5:"PRESS SPACE BAR TO GET OUT OF THIS";x "";p$ *** FILLING THE BEAKER +2TLEVEL(VWTRVBASEVACTNVHALIDE.5)iLEVEL0LEVEL1}LEVEL15İ2500FLAG1ıI2021LEVEL1 16,24I 3000 I$  *** SUB TO CREATE OVERFLOW I2061 16,24T AS SOON AS THIS","REACTANT IS ADDED";A22:36:VHALIDEUVHALIDE01500_2200mFLAG1ıVTTLVWTRVBASEVACTNVHALIDE"936@ ***4 *** SUB TO MAKE BEAKER>15H14,6R6,2115\16,2421f6,2125936721:"HOW MUCH PURE ACETONE ARE YOU GOING TO"H"USE (ML)";SVACTNeVACTN01400o2200}FLAG1ı93621:"HOW MUCH ALKYL HALIDE (0.1 M IN ACETONE""SOLUTION) ARE YOU GOING TO USE (ML)"" THE TIMER WILL STARHE SOLUTION!"8 24:5:"PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE";R 16368,0:16384,128\ 1090f 2200t FLAG1ı~ 936 21:"HOW MUCH BASE (0.1 M NAOH) ARE YOU" ("GOING TO USE (ML)"; 2VBASE <VBASE01300 F2200 PFLAG1ıxEAGENTS TO BE USED  ***&  ***0 B936` L21:"HOW MUCH WATER (+ INDICATOR) ARE YOU"z V"GOING TO USE (ML)"; `VWTR eVWTR01090 jVWTR01200 t936 ~21:"YOU HAVE TO USE SOME WATER IN ORDER TO" "HAVE ANY INDICATOR IN T MAKE THIS RUN IN 'REAL'"C "TIME (1) OR 'COMPRESSED' TIME (2)";J RW R1280d R2290m 200{ N50:300 "N1 , 6936 @2100 J1000 OFLAG1100 T4000 ^5000  ***  ***  *** INPUT THE VOLUMES OF R # d:I n8:9:"REACTION RATE SIMULATION"| x12:"DO YOU NEED DIRECTIONS (TYPE 'Y' OR 'N'" "AND THEN PRESS 'RETURN')"; R$ R$"Y"190 R$"N"200 100 8000 936 8:"DO YOU WISH TO h  *** COPYRIGHT 1982  *** x *** THE RATES PROGRAM IS A CHEMICAL SIMULATION WRITTEN BY JERRY A. BELL, SIMMONS COLLEGE, BOSTON, MA 02115. IT *** IS NOT YET FULLY DOCUMENTEDOR COMPLETELY DEBUGGED "CHEMICALLY," ALTHOUGH IT WORKS WITH "NORMAL" INPUTS.N            TION PROBLEM"??&19:4:"WE HOPE IT WAS INTERESTING AND FUN."E?'d THE SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE."*>!16368,0:>!16384,128@>!>& >& *** SIGN OFF>&>&>&7:10:"THANK YOU FOR TRYING THE" ?&11:12:"SIX-SOLU THE NUMBER 999">=H!"INSTEAD OF A TEST TUBE NUMBER. ONLY A"m=R!"COMPLETE ANSWER WILL BE ACCEPTED. THAT"=\!"IS, YOU CAN'T CHECK YOUR IDENTIFICATION"=f!"OF ONLY ONE OR TWO OF THE SOLUTIONS, "=p!"BUT HAVE TO DO ALL SIX AT ONCE.">z!22:"PRESS YOU ARE ASKED TO CHOOSE A TEST TUBE"V<!9:"NUMBER, PLEASE TYPE IN ONLY ONE NUMBER"< !"AT A TIME AND THEN PRESS THE 'RETURN'."<*!12:"YOU MAY CHECK TO SEE WHETHER YOU HAVE"<4!"CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED THE CONTENTS OF"=>!"THE TEST TUBES BY TYPINGUE."; 16368,0"; 16384,128(; [; 2:"THE TEST TUBES (WHICH WILL APPEAR AT THE"; 3:"TOP OF THE SCREEN) ARE NUMBERED FROM"; "1 TO 6, READING FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, AND"; "CONTAIN THE SIX SOLUTIONS IN RANDOM";!"ORDER."%< !8:"WHEN.1 M SODIUM CARBONATE (CO3-2)"R:X 15:"SILVER BROMIDE AND SILVER CARBONATE ARE":b "BOTH ASSUMED TO BE COLORED SOLIDS AND":l "THE 'COLOR' THAT APPEARS WHEN THEY FORM":v "IS THE SAME ON THIS VIDEO DISPLAY."; 22:"PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO CONTIN 2:"THE SIX SOLUTIONS IN THE TEST TUBES ARE:"59 \9& " PURE WATER (H2O)"90 " 0.1 M SILVER NITRATE (AG+)9: " 0.1 M NITRIC ACID (H+)"9D " 0.1 M SODIUM BROMIDE (BR-)"9N " 0.1 M SODIUM CHLORIDE (CL-)":S " 08"OF EACH TEST TUBE."H817:"THE MIXINGS WILL BE CARRIED OUT ON A"x8"SPOT PLATE WITH EIGHT SMALL CAVITIES. IT"819:"WILL APPEAR AT THE MIDDLE OF THE SCREEN."822:"PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE."816368,0816384,1288 /9ION FROM ONE TEST"@7"TUBE WITH THE SAME AMOUNT FROM ANOTHER"p7"TEST TUBE AND OBSERVE THE RESULT. AFTER"712:"SEVERAL SUCH MIXINGS AND OBSERVATIONS"7"WITH DIFFERENT PAIRS OF SOLUTIONS, YOU"7"SHOULD BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE CONTENTS",6T2:"YOU WILL BE GIVEN SIX TEST TUBES"U6^"EACH CONTAINING A CLEAR SOLUTION."6h5:"THE OBJECT OF THE PROBLEM IS TO IDENTIFY"6r6:"THE CONTENTS OF EACH TEST TUBE."6|8:"THE PROCEDURE YOU WILL USE IS TO MIX A"7"SMALL PORTION OF SOLUTION CALLED IN THE FIRST FEW LINES OF THE PROGRAM AND THE SIGN OFF MESSAGE TO THE USER WHO WISHES TO STOP5? 5@ *** INSTRUCTIONS AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION6JB2 4C944= h5> *** LINES IN THE 8000-9999 RANGE PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONS AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTAT Y3d *** SUB TO CREATE "BUBBLES" FOR THE REACTION OF H+ WITH CO3-2d3iFLAG1~3nC5C128:C2C:65303xC134:C2C43C3(C21)783C911003B1((1)3)3B2((1)3)3133C3B1,C1B2344C3B1,C1 RETURNS WILL PASS BACK THROUGH "5000"TO THE CONTROL IN "3000"X2 C5C128:C2C:6430i2C134:C2C4u2C9132(C3(C21)7822C3,C32C12<C1C112FC92P3c 1 *** SUB TO FILL IN THE APPROPRIATE SPOT PLATE CAVITY (C) WITH THE COLOR SET BY THE ABOVE SUBROUTINES CALLED BY THE "CHEMICAL LOGIC" IN "5000">2FLAG1: *** SETS FLAG SO THATTATES (YELLOW)0B13 0L6400&0V0 0 *** SUB TO SET COLOR AT THAT OF THE AGCL PRECIPITATE (WHITE)015064000G1 4R/6400: *** FILLS IN THE APPROPRIATE SPOT PLATE CAVITY WITH COLOR JUST SETX//7 08 *** SUB TO SET COLOR AT THAT OF THE AGBR OR AG2CO3 PRECIPI .FLAG1ı.6100.. . *** SUB TO SET COLOR AT THAT OF "CLEAR" SOLUTIONS (GREEN)/ t-*** SUB TO TEST FOR H+ (IN PRESENCE OF CO3-2)- *** IF H+ PRESENT THEN PRODUCE BUBBLES (SUB 6500)-*** OTHERWISE PRODUCE CLEAR SOL'N (SUB 6100)-T$(F)"H+"T$(S)"H+"İ6500d,{ ,|*** SUB TO TEST FOR CO3-2 (IN ABSENCE OF AG+),T$(F)"CO3-2"T$(S)"CO3-2"İ5600,FLAG1ı,6100,A- "CO3-2"İ6200+FLAG1ı%+5400+++ +*** SUB TO TEST FOR CL- (IN PRESENCE OF AG+)+"T$(F)"CL-"T$(S)"CL-"İ6300+,FLAG1ı+66100,@)"AG+"İ5300*dFLAG1ı%*n5500+*x* **** SUB TO TEST FOR BR- OR CO3-2 (IN PRESENCE OF AG+) +T$(F)"BR-"T$(F)"CO3-2"T$(S)"BR-"T$(S)NLESS THE "CHEMICAL LOGIC" IS FINISHED AND SPOT PLATE HAS BEEN PROPERLY COLORED IN\) 5200b))O )P*** SUB TO TEST FOR AG+ *ZT$(F)"AG+"T$(SLATE CAVITY BY THE "6000" SERIES SUBROUTINES( (*** SUB TO TEST FOR H2O(T$(F)"H2O"T$(S)"H2O"İ6100R)FLAG1ı: *** FLAG SHOULD NOT BE 1 U ,( *** THE "5000" SERIES SUBROUTINES ARE THE "CHEMICAL LOGIC" OF THE PROGRAM AND DETERMINE WHAT COLOR WILL BE PUT INTO THE NEXT EMPTY SPOT P)?"$&"TYPE 1 OR 2 AND 'RETURN'";+&R9&&R19900?&0M&936:21u&"SORRY, YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT."&"WANT TO STOP(1) OR CONTINUE MIXING(2)?"&"TYPE 1 OR 2 AND 'RETURN'";&R&R19900&o' CHECK ANSWERS%FLAG1#%I161%936:22[%"IN WHICH TEST TUBE IS THE ";T1$(I);e%G(I)l%Iw%I16%T1$(I)T$(G(I))4500%I%936:21%"CONGRATULATIONS! YOUR ANSWER IS CORRECT."&"WANT TO STOP(1) OR MIX SOME MORE(2< *** SUB TO PRODUCE BRONX CHEER3$FBUZZ150G$PSOUND(16336)Q$ZBUZZW$d$ % *** SUB TO ALLOW USER TO t *** SUB TO CLEAN SPOT PLATE(#~03#C18l#6400: *** FILLS EACH OF THE CAVITIES WITH "BLACK"s#Cy##; $$:21*"8"TEST TUBE # ";TUBE;" IS EMPTY."R"B"PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE."`"L16368,0p"V16384,128v"`"s !#! ! *** SUB FOR EMPTY TEST TUBE!FLAG1!$3900: *** AUDIO SIGNAL THAT SOMETHING IS WRONG WITH CHOICE".936 a *** SUB FOR CHOICE OF SAMPLE OUT OF RANGEl FLAG1 3900: *** AUDIO SIGNAL THAT SOMETHING IS WRONG WITH CHOICE "1-6 ONLY; PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE." 16368,0 16384,128! FLAG1ı!f TUBE7TUBE13460ap 3500: *** CHOICE OF TEST TUBE NUMBER IS OUT OF 1-6 RANGEgz x L(TUBE)9ı 3600: *** TEST TUBE CHOSEN IS EMPTY 1 H *** SUB TO TEST WHETHER USER WANTS TO CHECK ANSWERS, TEST TUBE CHOICE IS IN CORRECT RANGE, OR TEST TUBE IS EMPTYR TUBE999İ4000: *** CHECK ANSWERS\ PRODUCE CLEAN SPOT PLATE, CHECK ANSWERS, OR QUIT THE PROGRAM R1İ3000: *** STARTS CHOICES FOR THE NEWLY CLEAN SPOT PLATE R23200: *** HAVING CHECKED HIS/HER ANSWERS, THE USER MAY CONTINUE WG NO MORE SPACES ARE LEFT ON SPOT PLATE3 936:21W "WANT A CLEAN SPOT PLATE (1)?"~ "WANT TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS (2)?" "WANT TO STOP (3)?" "TYPE 1, 2, OR 3 AND 'RETURN'"; R R1R2R33270 3200= R3700,4000,9900: *** ECKS USER'S INPUT" FLAG130209 " TEST TUBE #";@& SK0 TUBESp: 3400: *** CHECKS USER'S INPUTD FLAG13020N 2700: *** ADJUSTS LIQUID LEVELSX 5100: *** STARTS TESTS OF "CHEMISTRY"b C%l 3900: *** AUDIO SIGNAL THAT TO USE EMPTY TEST TUBES AND STARTS USER OVER ON THAT ROUND AND IT SENDS THE "5000" SUBROUTINES BACK UP THEIR LADDER AFTER THE CHEMISTRY IS TES 936:21 "CAVITY # ";C;" MIX SOLN'S FROM" " TEST TUBE #"; F TUBEF 3400: *** CH  *** SUB TO PRESENT USER CHOICES AND TO CONTROL REST OF PROGRAM  C18 FLAG0: *** THE FLAG IS USED IN SEVERAL WAYS; IT SIGNALS ERRORS SUCH AS ATTEMPTSE  15 5,3425:5,34396 25,395:25,3934A S14Z" S1(S1)77:S2S14r, S1,S227:S1,S2316 S1,S233:S1,S237@ 27,31S1:33,37S2J 27,31S2:33,37S1T S^ S (F) L(F)L(F)1% FSL(F)9ı5 L(S1)61E L,L1L(S)U L(S)L(S)1[   *** SUB TO DRAW SPOT PLAT1,8L1d LL6n Tx   *** SUB TO ADJUST LIQUID LEVELS IN THE TEST TUBES 0 L(F1)61 L,L1LAL LEVELS I16 L(I)1& I, ' ( *** SUB TO FILL TEST TUBES2 4< L1F T16P 1,8LZ SUB TO DRAW TEST TUBESj 15,t T03067~ 0,9TD 0,9T3Q T,T39X T^   *** SUB TO SET INITIIONS J1I& D$(J)"ZZZ"23803 KJI1E$ D$(K)D$(K1)L. K\8 D$(I)"ZZZ"bB iL JoV _ ` *** PREPARATION FOR NEXT RANDOM CHOICE)I/  *** SUB TO MOVE CONTENTS OF DUMMY ARRAY, D$, UP TO FIRST I-1 POSIT 94 *** SUB TO RANDOMIZE CONTENTS; NEW ARRAY IS T$D>I16UHD$(I)T1$(I)\RIj\I611|fV((I)I)1pT$(I)D$(V)zD$(V)"ZZZ""2300: *** REMAINING VALUES INMM DUMMY ARRAY, D$, ARE MOVED UP TO THE FIRST I-1 POSITIONS IN TEST TUBE ARRAY, T1$&T1$(1)"H2O"7T1$(2)"AG+"GT1$(3)"H+"XT1$(4)"BR-"iT1$(5)"CL-"| T1$(6)"CO3-2"3 BES%2800: *** DRAWS SPOT PLATEN3000: *** CONTROLS REST OF ACTIONT  *** SUB TO ASSIGN VALUES TOR$2R$"Y"İ8000: *** GIVES INSTRUCTIONS`2000: *** SETS UP TEST TUBE ARRAY, T1$2100: *** RAMDOMIZES; NEW ARRAY IS T$2400: *** DRAWS TEST TUBES2500: *** SETS INITIAL LIQUID LEVELS2600: *** FILLS TEST TU o d: n7:" THIS IS A CHEMICAL SIMULATION CALLED" x10:" *** THE SIX SOLUTION PROBLEM ***" 20:"DO YOU NEED INSTRUCTIONS (Y OR N)";HT 1982 *^  * *  *********************************************************g  RE WRITTEN BY LEONARD J. *]  * SOLTZBERG, ALSO OF SIMMONS COLLEGE. *  * *  * *  * COPYRIGGE *]  * BOSTON, MA 02115 *  * *  * TO EXTEND AND IMPROVE THE USEFULNESS OF AN EARLIER *  * PROGRAM OF A SIMILAR NATU *]  * *  * JERRY A. BELL *  * CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT *  * SIMMONS COLLEG7 PROGRAM BY JERRY BELL] ********************************************************* * * * THE SIX-SOLUTION PROBLEM IS A CHEMICAL SIMULATION * * WRITTEN BY                ( RANDOM DOTSS(F(X81,Y81:X83,Y82:X83,Y82:X81,Y81:X8,Y83:X82,Y82Y(P(_((:e((:v(( FILTRATION((:6:3:16:2198,30((3:194,50202,58202,74((206,74206,58214,50 )(200,65200,120185,135185,145223,145223,135208,1190,145:6*''O64531:193,O213,O:OL''194,66212,66:194,65212,65x''O52411:187(O2),O219(O2),O:O''3:7:3:2227,15:1:7202,45:1:2'(1:7200,61:7201,61:2'(1:7202,56:7201,56'(7201,53'2(3'7(';(:(<&Q'W61100W4W41:W61?&V'9:14:W4;".";:W6110ĺ"0";J&['W61;Q&_'5l&`'W8(100W7)2:W867W8&e'5:123,W8135,W8:3&o'&r':&s':&t' PUT TEST-TUBE ON SCALE&~'15:5:6:2144,16:3&'&' HEAT TEST-TUBE&'3:1 ''3:4 SCALE%' W = WEIGHT INK%'3:5:1:X940:Y937:5X9,Y9:6X995,Y925%$'W1(10000W.5):W2(W1100000):W3W1(W2100000)%.'W4(W310000):W5W3(W410000)%8'W6(W5100):W7W5(W6100)%B'12:8:W2%G'15:14:W4;".";:W610ĺ"0";&L'W6;e.":16000J$V12:"Would you like a summary of your":"results (Y/N)? ";h$WF$:F$"Y"F$"N"1623$XF$:F$"Y"İ12000$Y::54,189:55,158:17:"WRITE YOUR REPORT NEXT AND GOOD LUCK.":::$(#255$#32000$':$':%' PUT NUMBERS INthat exactly reacted"B#J"with 20.00 ml of the solution of your"g#L"sample, you should be able to"#O"calculate the weight of chloride in"#R"that sample and so the percentage of"#T"chlorine in the original sample of" $U"potassium chlorat"Y"F$"N"1575"(F$",F$"Y"ĩ150:"OK. I'll refill the buret.":255:V35(3):V3(100V3.5)100:V0:V8V3:V520100((V3100.5)100(V3)):X0999:X:1500">:"?:"@:1"E" Using the volume of 0.1000 molar"#H"silver nitrate "Titration speed:0"!10800N!16368,0:15:"Enter the liquid level:";F$T!:_!EN$F$e!:t!:4:1:3|! :!""Would you like to repeat the"!$"titration with a fresh 20 ml portion"!&"of the sample solution (Y/N)? ";"'F$:F$0700:5:225,V5244,V5:3:O30A 3:37:(V3):15:37:(V31)K 1:1w "Enter the buret reading:";F$:ST$F$: "Then use the keys 1-6":"to control the addition.":: "Press the key 0 when":"you finish.":: 16368,0:V20!11:trate.":C" The solution will go pink at":"the end-point.":n" When the titration is over, press""the key 0 to stop."::"Press any key to do the titration.":F$:::310600:10619:10630 10:6245,10:1:1(V31):V520100((V3100.5)100(V3))C5:225,V5244,V5:3N16:1p"The orange line represents""the top of the liquid.":16000255::3:1" The keys 1-6 will control the speed" "of addition of the silver ni"The buret is filled":"with 0.1000 molar":"silver nitrate.":J10630f"It is a 50 ml buret.""To help you read it,":"an enlarged view of""the scale at the":"liquid level is shown."10:6245,10:33:37:(V3)*15:37:"flow into the flask.":16000(_11000}`17:"A few drops of potassium":"chromate are added as":"as indicator.":16000v:w:x TITRATION SECTION}3:3:110600:10619150"We are now ready to ":"titrate.":?< >3,@"20.00 ml of the solution"GA"is sucked up into a"dB"clean, dry pipet."::}FX8204:Y8150:10900K6:10930:16000P8:"Now we need a flask."::U3:10615Z"The contents of the"["pipet are allowed to"\Water is added to"*"the tube and the"M"suspension is filtered."::[3:10400f16001x10500:105203:1"The solution is diluted""to exactly 100 ml with"#"water."$O11000:O:255210550716001::ble"3t"manganese dioxide filtered away.":16000ey13:" The chloride in the aqueous solution"~"can be measured by titration with""silver nitrate.":::"The procedure is as follows.......":16000::10:1" The residue from heating a mixture"P["of potassium chlorate and manganese"{`"dioxide contains potassium chloride"e"and the unreacted manganese dioxide.":16000j9:" The potassium chloride can be"o"dissolved in water and the insolufrom the salt during the heating and"KV"that the manganese dioxide was"_X"unchanged.":\"Now calculate the percentage oxygen."::f"Press any key to do chlorine analysis."pF$::L START OF TITRATION PARTQ:3%V"view your data.":16000B>9:"Wgt of empty tube = ";SkC"Wgt of tube + salt = ";S1H"Wgt of tube + salt + MnO"(21)" = ";S2M"Wgt of tube + residue = ";S3:16000R15:"Assume that all the oxygen was lost"%T"237:Y810:103003+7:3:2227,15610:1T"The heating is stopped"p"and the tube cooled."x:"Then the tube is weighed."16000::10000:10100316:785,21:784,2119:1:150(":255dO140e3:P918f(O2)(O)2Ē0:P92PgX8218:Y833:10300hlX8225:Y826:10300qX8232:Y819:10300vX8239:Y812:10300xP92Ē3:634yP91Ē0zX8237:Y810:10300{X8241:Y813:10300O0:10300:X8 no more gas is lost.":?" The salt will liquefy and the"e "manganese dioxide will remain ""suspended in it as the gas escapes."16000%:&:WM3:1:1:10200bX8211:Y840:10300c150:5:1:"Wait for the gas":"to stop." into the tube."1WM2:0:10000:10100:3]16:785,21:784,21:783,21:790,21m150:21:1"Enter the weight:";F$S2$F$:S2(F$)::255:5:1" Now the next thing to do is to heat""the tube untilare put into the tube.".;WM1:10000:10100TE16:3:785,21:784,21:783,21hJ150:1:21::^"Enter the weight:";F$cS1$F$:S1(F$):255::1:1"Next, about 0.1 grams of manganese""dioxide, MnO"(21)", are weighed1:19:" ":245(S$)7İ15000:8:24:"Four decimal ":9:24:"places are ":10:24:"expected! ":11:24:"Try again.":21:19:" ":245+:,11"Between one and two grams of potassium"6"chlorate 4:2150,60150;18:"We need its weight.":16001O:10000:10100Z21:2v"Enter the weight:";F$S$F$:S(F$):255S10İ15000:8:24:"The tube weighs":9:24:"over 10 grams!":10:24:"Try again.":11:24:" ":216000; 20:" The percentage composition of the salt";i "can be calculated and so the empirical" "formula found."::16000 : : : 3 "First, we need an empty, clean, and" "dry pyrex test-tube.":16000 6:1: q"originally.":16000 rR x13:" The amount of chlorine in the residue"y y"can be separately determined.": " Then, since the amount of oxygen and" "chlorine are known, the amount of" "potassium can be found by difference."::"v k"of potassium chlorate - a salt which","contains only the elements potassium,","chlorine, and oxygen."::16000 n8:" On heating, all the oxygen escapes" o"and the residue contains only the" p"potassium and chlorine that were present";O12000:O: [:2 \::"Victor I. Bendall"Q ]"Department of Chemistry"t ^"Eastern Kentucky University" _"Revised June 1982" `O12000:O: d2:255 i" This simulation will show you how" j"to find the percentage composition >M1M1(2)$ @M2M1.05.1(2)< AM3M2(M1M).39184~ BV916.31974(M1M): VOL OF 0.01N AGNO3 NEEDED FOR CL CONTENT CV9(100V9.5)100 D: E: F0:0 G54,0:55,96: K12:17:"FORMULA" P18:9:"A Laboratory Simulation" ZG0 FORMULA:+232,0:233,101K(25904)66(25910)76ī9l(4);"BLOAD FORMULA TABLES"s 3 200:230,64:62450 T2.01 V0V35(3):V3(100V3.5)100V8V3V7202((V310.5)10)<M15(15(2)):WM                `a`Ap88DDD|OgGaq`agx @3 0`` f@a10 L?LAyG3`` @BDDlD$A A 0`` f@A30~ LLA@3`` 8@BP@DT|A AI0`pfA30~ LLa@3`` 800``p{a~8pO?LAyCpa?RrBpq8D<TD<<A`#A)`A0`?xF30 LLxOsg`|q?0``x{c0xOLAycGxq?RBDDDDA A0`p~30 L?pOsg`|a?0``g@@7 `LALs`a82BDDD(DA A 0` @0 0``Lf@9`7 `LAL3`` `arrss88||D<|A`Gcgqbq0` @3 0`` f@qp0 LAqO3`` g| @3             PRESS TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" PRESS TO RETURN TO THE MENU";:16368,0:ZZ$s 'ZZ$"R"Ĺ800,0::D$F${ '25'23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:O$:DSOL'N 1 & .1OM SOL'N 2 AT 4OC WILL GIVE A 4O SECOND REACTION TIME.""--YOU CAN GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THEPROGRAM BY PLAYING WITH IT YOURSELF. THE GRAPHICS IS GOOD AND THE ANIMATION IS NICE."(F$"RUN KINETICS.START"29995W '22:6:"RINSE IT WITH DISTILLED WATER, CHOOSE A SOLU- TION, RINSE TWICE WITH THE SOLUTION, ANDFINALLY FILL THE CYLINDER WITH THE SOLU-TION."9999::3 "--THE THREE SOLUTIONS MUST BE MIXED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER, A & C, AND THEN B.":D"--USING .O5M ENU";:16368,0:ZZ$s 'ZZ$"R"ĉ::10:"RUN HELLO TO RETURN TO THIS MENU PROGRAM":TM11000:TM:800,0::D$F${ '25'23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:D A, 2 INTO B, AND 3 ITNO C.":"--TO FILL EACH CYLINDER, YOU MUST PROGRAM":TM11000:TM:800,0::D$F$/ '25h'23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$::TM:800,0::D$F$ '25'23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:D RUN THIS PROGRAM":" PRESS TO RETURN TO THE MESS TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" PRESS TO RETURN TO THE MENU";:16368,0:ZZ$ 'ZZ$"R"ĉ::10:"RUN HELLO TO RETURN TO THIS MENU PROGRAM":TM11000:TM:800,0::D$F$ '25'23:7:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:IS MENURMINES THE AMOUNTOF CHLORIDE REMAINING BY TITRATING A SOLUTION OF THE SUBSTANCE WITH SILVER NITRATE.":"--THE ANSWERS ARE NEVER ACTUALLY GIVEN TO THE STUDENT, ONLY THE DATA NEEDED TO GET THE ANSWERS."F$"RUN FORMULA*":9995U '22:6:"PRL BALANCE WHICH READS TO 4 DIGITSAFTER THE DECIMAL PLACE (E.G.24.2557)."W9999::3"--THE STUDENT DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IN THE SAMPLE BY HEATING A SAMPLEOF THE SOLID AND DRIVING OFF THE OXYGEN AS A GAS.":l"--THE STUDENT THEN DETEDIFFERENT VERSION THAN THE ONE I RECEIVED IN THAT IT IS IN UPPER AND LOWER CASE WITH SUB- SCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS AND ALLOWS THE TITRATION WITHOUT PADDLES.":H"--AS IN HIS OTHER PROGRAM 'RAST', THE STUDENT WILL BE USING A TOP LOADING, AN-ALYTICA BENDALL":"---------------------":"--THIS PROGRAM USES HI-RES GRAPHICS TO SIMULATE THE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS USED TO GATHER ENOUGH DATA NEEDED TO PERFORM A PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF POTASSIUM CHLORATE, KCLO4.":"--THIS PROGRAM IS A LITTLE ES BEFORE THE SOLUTION TURNS COLOR.":"--THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE PROGRAM ARE A BIT LONG, BUT GIVE A VERY CLEAR IDEA OF THE EXPERIMENT. THEY ALSO GIVE YOU SOMESAMPLE QUANTITIES TO GET YOU STARTED."F$"RUN RATES":9995$::3:"FORMULA -- BY------------":"--THIS PROGRAM IS ANOTHER LO-RESOLUTION LABORATORY SIMULATION BY JERRY BELL. INTHIS CLOCK REACTION, YOU CAN VARY THE FOUR SUBSTANCES IN A REACTION MIXTURE.":'"--YOU CAN THEN WATCH THE MIXTURE TO SEE HOW LONG THE REACTION TAKSY.":P "--A DATA TABLE WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE FOR THE STUDENTS TO USE.": "--THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE PROGRAM ARE A LITTLE LONG, BUT THEY MAKE SENSE. GOOD LUCK."X F$"RUN SIX SOLUTION PROBLEM":9995::3:"RATES -- BY BELL":"----PPT (YELLOW) SILVER CHLORIDE PPT (WHITE) ACID + CARBONATE (BUBBLES)": "--IF YOU ARE USING A GREEN SCREEN RATHERTHAN A COLOR MONITOR, YOU MIGHT HAVE A BIT OF TROUBLE DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE COLORS, BUT THE BUBBLES ARE EA (H+) 0.1 M SODIUM BROMIDE (BR-)" " 0.1 M SODIUM CHLORIDE (CL-) 0.1 M SODIUM CARBONATE(CO3-2)" 9999::3_ "--THE CHEMISTRY YOU WILL SEE INCLUDES:"::" SILVER BROMIDE PPT (YELLOW) SILVER CARBONATE BELS.":h "--BY MIXING THE SOLUTIONS TOGETHER, THE STUDENT MUST DETERMINE WHICH SOLUTION ISWHICH.":/ "--THE SIX SOLUTIONS ARE: PURE WATER (H2O) 0.1 M SILVER NITRATE (AG+) 0.1 M NITRIC ACID ERFORD'S EXPERIMENT":9995m ::3:"SIX SOLUTION PROBLEM -- BY BELL":"-------------------------------": "--THIS IS A LO-RESOLUTION LABORATORY SIMULATION OF THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS PROBLEM IN WHICH A STUDENT IS GIVEN SIX SOLUTIONS AND SIX LADY TO SEE THE ENTIRE SHAPE AND VERIFY HIS GUESS, TYPE IN THE COMMAND 'READY' WHEN ASKED FOR A SHOT POSITION.":"--THE COMPUTER WILL ASK FOR A <> (TO PREVENT GIVING UP TOO QUICKLY). THAT PASSWORD IS 'AVOGADRO'."F$"RUN RUTHN GAIN ALL THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE SIZEAND SHAPE OF THE OBJECT.":c 9999::3 "--THE STUDENT INPUTS COMMANDS SUCH AS 'T,50' (POSITION 50 FROM THE TOP) OR 'L,25' (POSITION 25 FROM THE LEFT).":p"--WHEN THE STUDENT IS REA "--THE STUDENT IS SHOWN A SMALL SCREEN. BEHIND THE SCREEN IS AN ODD GEOMETRIC SHAPE. THE STUDENT MAY FIRE A LINE AT THE SHAPE FROM 100 POSITIONS ON EACH OF THE FOUR SIDES.":T "--BY KEEPING TRACK OF WHERE EACH LINE ISEXITING, THE STUDENT CARROR IN HIS CALCULATION."6 F$"RUN SPECTRAL LINES"@ 9995 ::3:"RUTHERFORD'S EXPERIMENT -- GROUND":"---------------------------------": "--THIS IS A SIMULATION OF THE REASONING NEEDED BY RUTHERFORD IN HIS CLASSIC GOLDFOIL EXPERIMENT.":HE HYDROGEN ATOM." :"--THE PROGRAM GIVES A FORMULA FOR THE CALCULATION, SHOWS A DIAGRAM OF THE SET-UP, AND ASKS THE STUDENT TO INPUT THE EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION." :"--THE PROGRAM THEN DOES THE CALCULATION AND GIVES THE STUDENT AN IDEA OF EZ$)1(ZZ$)5ĺ(7):25= F(ZZ$)1000,2000,3000,4000,5000 ::3:"SPECTRAL LINES--BY GROUND":"-------------------------": "--THIS PROGRAM LEADS THE STUDENT THROUGHA CALCULATION FOR THE WAVELENGTHS OF THETHREE MAIN LINES IN THE SPECTRUM OF T ::D$(4)" (800)525< 230,32:62450:800,5SD$"BLOAD SCRUNCH"y:D$"BLOAD NETWORK TITLE,A$4000"25003D$"BLOAD MAIN MENU1,A$4000"999925003:16297,0:16302,0:16304,0:21 <16368,0:ZZ$:(Z            aa cŠa a c̤a a `LbحaaaaɀL>ca)̴aiimaiLScLSc8aa cȠĠ `hhɦ LcHH`aLaLb ?@,حaaLaɀLa8aaӭaaaa L-bVQLL-baaa ʹaL2b aȑiimaiLbLb8aaLb8aa   k`'@bup  B+DD` ""2BDD*x<88 O@  "BDDG b`> X `|p/U*U*}L|ЪժkxbD.@p  <O4xR` b`@X ` VЪժd>'@v@  b",<8? """BDD`|.@~  "BLDG$ | b`x X `ppxLpЪժKx W$"pb```?X ` d@ @vp  ",|` <"4<O84`cRq8F@  J? W$"<`~b`G|a` dx'@rv|  ",x "ry "BDL2 `@p/U*U*}Kp @y|   Lx BaBFDxp W@<AL`  `b`?X `G pxK~ @paw  bsqK> c|  BI<x8@A?x~(p-D|| <",L8Dpaapx*DDCHx  <BDxG$pb``X `@p/U*U*}K@ py`   L@WD W8D|AH>  LD@G$&"`|b`xX HH!d!||8$`@ @-<D " `x `' H %   |$<~`8?  @"@ u TxV>E@*HDxpaXac8 HHGH@`88!8B8|$@@,D|x4<ip @ $; @ " pw Dhp|"@`G<xO0  pbaFpa6I`AGD $@$$dDD DD  DDBHD@DD!BDxG'qy8OOG84x<``\aQaI | $  $ ?DlHxp,<<.@`@ @H: p A0q0b@,  KN@H qIIIIB @@L`?y$rs8$dxDDD yD BBBHB@DD!bDy B@0 HGFc!D$>9|2~| I 2 "#`0CA'<"  D%~"@ @H; AH x2 qBL p0 D@` I`IrII ` DO4 $2$$qDLD < AGBHG@D$!RD B@ @%D|x$xgDH$F" "< $& $"<p"@ @G;` A D" BH ` D` II II *xpxbaQxDGx4xqqD BHBHH@D!JDy/@%(@,< 5> p @" G$,q@C$ "0"<@@DEBH  D@`pip `saHpaAI@@P@DD DHBHH@DD !FDyf$|G%1axL` OxD@0" F`$bb>? A AH$2  D$<""  @'&F,<x|"$`K& x@>8 HGOOHGpc88y9BD|B@A`"@ &IBHI E@Dx"g$`FO@g4xAH$"  D$""">`'$$D*>@, ~DI """%`H$$d'>"" $$ "$" @@ @H;Ig3 2D " @c@~"@ $ |BHIHHO|DD"x$IH@ `!D<$@CH$"  d$"""" $$$D*Dx2 qp8 D Ixp"<<%H$$$$"&" $$ |$">|@ @H: `p APqqE@*HDxpaXac8 HHGH@`88!8B8|$@@,D|x4<ip @ $; @ " pw Dhp|"@`G<xO0  pbaFpa6I`AGD $@$$dDD DD  DDBHD@DD!BDxG'qy8OOG84x<``\aQaI(0 `- (gq0p8NcgqLca`NA @ ((~"bI <DxdT@~@@)( !$$x0 :f`| L@G?x<8 rqxA6  7D!bDy B@0 HGFc!D$> L@f@ o~m (0 `$p pqId9<pG (f`000@A``LAa` LA @ (n(~"IDDDDT?|@@) !DgParp:g`| L@g !A"@0J~m (n (~"b<48x4x<R~#I1x`9~aqgL@9g~`? (0 ``# H(DA (f`000@A``LAa` LAq@ (n(~"&IDLDDLDTx!9|c`  IDD"p@ (f`000@A``LAa` LAA (n (~"T~k`?x~cxO@y~c?~`pH'", @Cbaq ( `#H xyIDD>A (f`000@A``LAa` LAy@ )A"" $""~Khpp8DD@ (fa0p0NCg`LCa`NcA (n ((@T~k`p|a;pO@Y|A?%IsD% ``aqL~|ap|pMxO|g`Dx Bq(A"2  $" (L @0@D| p#)A*" p@#""~K@A (~G|c?|~c` ygxGx@ (|o`C7x^|o ^AgpCAy@ ((~`8@@+X !$&H L~~cx~xOxO~g?@D "@~fq  L@0@HDD ")A*< @saa!"~Kpdp (||C?x~|a` ~ygpC=p@ (~Gpc?|~C agxGAy@ ((~ K8@XT@@+( !$$( L~g?N""!!! ! ! ! ! ! CM"\::.ER100(LA6.56E5)6.56E5S$"YOUR PERCENTAGE ERROR IS: ";ERYb:3qp:25003:w''23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE ";ZZ$:P"'t"ON THE DIFFRACTION GRATING?":L8K1(L2.54)u"WHICH SERIES ARE YOU OBSERVING (ORDER,N)? ";N{h"ACCORDING TO YOUR CALCULATIONS"THE RED LINE HAS A WAVELENGTH OF:":::"THE ACCEPTED VALUE IS: 6.56E-5O NEED TO KNOW THE DISTANCE IN CM FROM THE GRATING TO THE SLIT AT THE LIGHT SOURCE."f 9999 16297,0:16304,0:16301,0H :22R "WHAT IS BA IN CM? ";BA\ BCBA2AC2:BC(BC) ::10"WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF LINES PER INCHION:":\l"THE DISTANCE FROM THE POSITION OF THE BAND TO THE SLIT OF THE LIGHT SOURCE."b4l9999FLAG0Č25003` 16297,0:16304,0:16301,0 C:I5355:234,I265,I:I :22( "WHAT IS AC IN CM? ";AC ::7\ "WE ALS.34E5-"YOUR PERCENTAGE ERROR IS: ";ER:l"DO YOU NEED TO CALCULATE THE VIOLET BAND AGAIN?":A$ (A$,1)"Y "600::10:"END OF PROGRAM.":@9:958:"IN ORDER TO DO THIS WE NEED TO KNOW""THE FOLLOWING INFORMAT+"AC = ";AC;" CM AND BC = ";BC" CM.":M"SERIES ORDER NUMBER IS ";Nt:"ACCORDING TO YOUR CALCULATIONS"THE VIOLET BAND HAS A WAVELENGTH OF:":LVIOL;" CM":"THE ACCEPTED VALUE IS 4.49E-5CM."ER100(LVIOL4.34E5)4"WAVELENGTH AGAIN? ";A$1(A$,1)"Y"310::8jX"LAST, WE WILL CALCULATE THE WAVELENGTH":b"OF THE VIOLET BAND.":gC2l9999:v1600LVIOK(ACBC)N"GRATING HAS ";L;" LINES PER INCH":"K = ";K;" CM":ING TO YOUR CALCULATIONSH "THE BLUE-GREEN LINE HAS A WAVELENGTH OF:"[ LBLUE;" CM": "THE ACCEPTED VALUE IS 4.86E-5 CM":: ER100(LBLUE4.86E5)4.86E5 "YOUR PERCENTAGE ERROR IS:";ER: "DO YOU NEED TO CALCULATE THE BLUE-GREEN"AVELENGTH OF3 6"THE BLUE-GREEN HYDROGEN BAND.":; ;C6E @9999O T1600e ^LBLUEK(ACBC)N h"GRATING HAS ";L;" LINES PER INCH": r"K = ";K;" CM": |"AC = ";AC;" CM AND BC = ";BC" CM.": "SERIES ORDER NUMBER IS ";N: "ACCORD:- "THE ACCEPTED VALUE IS: 6.56E-5 CM"7 ::Y ER100(LRED6.56E5)6.56E5} "YOUR PERCENTAGE ERROR IS:";ER "DO YOU NEED TO CALCULATE THE RED BAND AGAIN?";A$ (A$,1)"Y"120 ,::10:"NOW,LET'S CALCULATE THE WTING HAS ";L;" LINES PER INCH":& : "K = ";K;" CM"@ i "AC = ";AC;" CM AND BC = ";BC" CM."o "SERIES ORDER NUMBER IS ";N "ACCORDING TO YOUR CALCULATIONS "THE RED LINE HAS A WAVELENGTH OF:": LRED;" CM " :0:: (9999& -(4)"BLOAD BRAGG"3 225003:A 716302,0Z <(4)"BLOAD DIAGRAM"d b9999o c::5 d"FIRST, WE WILL CALCULATE THE WAVELENGTH": n"OF THE RED HYDROGEN LINE.": sC5 x9999: 1600 LREDK(ACBC)N "GRA  J. L. MANN HIGH SCHOOL9 GREENVILLE, SC 29607O APPLESOFT BASICj REVISED BY PC GROVES| 07/23/83::255230,32:62450(4)"BLOAD SPECTRAL LINES TITLE,A$4000" (4)"BLOAD SCRUNCH"!:25003 #PAUSE1100""" " " " " """""""