' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL] X  ` 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"ųųೳŪŪųųij  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?   1 '" *"( (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0"):$(%"%:$(%"%$$2%4%$$2%4%$(2()!)E(!8b $!H(+ "@H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`葠葠ȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 VDP (ED Z $0x8x D- ܸDD# H8`?E Vk *f???0xE Hh D#-EEE8` D ܸx D - ܸx8`-0ݩ?ʥD EEE`   LDcpq` [` ~  LӜu`".Q`pNФbptťܥm2<(-Py0\|e<6e<g< JJJJj귍hI  aUL@ kU8  L  Q^R(jQ0l^l\  wUuW ԧ H h@ [_ /QSIRb_L`LLLL`ª`LQLYLeLXLeLee ўQH\(h0L& Ꝥ$`( R \ZLl8 ўR HH\`\Z[YS6`LxQɿu3'RͲʎRʎ]]]ɍuL͟ɍ}RLRɍg^H8 ^hZLɍR LͲɊRR% QLܤͲ Z@ -^ ş\[Z QY\[Z8`l6Lş_Ȍb_Ͳ] )Y h( ֭ͲLɍ [LLĦ__ ^ 9 LҦ3 9 a   0LjLY u< (_9 ˭ɠuɠK_9 ?LˆʎõĵL õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QlXJ̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n `@-eff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLOCUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATALOMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- (  Ϡ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ  / / ED B / / ]ƴS0Jȴ ȴ)  紅D贅E B ƴ  / 0L Ν `HD٤DEEhiHLGh ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLǵBȵC`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(` d ֠z# u`700 && 3770#&*ARN1:3230-&436707&>3760=&HG&R3810V&\TD5:3700`&f3760f&pp&z3790&ARN2:3230&3550&3760&& THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION TO LIFT A WEIGHT&CN2&8:"THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION"' %N3760%X%b3790*%lARN2:32304%v3610>%3760D%N%3790^%ARN2:3230h%3550r%3760x%% T(1) = T(2)%3610%3750%TDN3:3700%E(N3)E(N1)İ4640%E(N3)E(N1)İ4690%E(N3)E(N1)İ4730& TD10:3$E(N4)E(N2)İ4360:$E(N4)E(N2)T(N3)T(N4)İ4400Q$T(N3)T(N4)İ4450h$T(N3)T(N4)İ4500x$TD10:3700~$$3770$ARN1:3230$3670$3760$$3810$TDN5:3700$3760$&$03790$:ARN2:3230%D3640ARN1:3230#3580 #3760&#0#3770@#ARN1:3230J#3610T#3760Z#"d#,3770t#6ARN1:3230~#@3670#J3760#T#^ T(1) < T(2)#hE(N4)E(N2)İ3640#rE(N4)E(N2)İ3670#|3750#TDN3:3700$E(N4)E(N2)İ4310"(E(N3)E(N1)İ3950-"2E(N3)E(N1)İ4000P"<E(N3)E(N1)T(N3)T(N4)İ4040g"FT(N3)T(N4)İ4090~"PT(N3)T(N4)İ4140"ZTD10:3700"d"n3790"xARN2:3230"3550"3760""3810"TDN5:3700"3760""3770 #(N3):6!22:"THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER FROM 1 TO 2 " T(2)!E(N3)E(N1)İ3580! E(N3)E(N1)İ3550!3750!TDN3:370000  C(N3):2920* $C(N3):30000 .A 8C(N4):2920R BC(N2):3000X Li VC(N5):2920z `C(N1):3000 j tMN1TD ~K1500:    21:"INITIALLY: T(1)/T(2) = ";T$(N1):!23:"FINALLY: T(1)/T(2) = ";T$$)N13470z T$(I)(T$,N5)' 3480> T$(I)"0"(T$,N4)V T$(I)T$(I)(T$,J)] It T(N1)T(N2)İ3830 T(N1)T(N2)İ4190 T(N1)T(N2)İ4550 :2140 2240 C(N1):2920 C(N5):3000  C(N2):2920 C(N4):30N4 C(N6) 3320  N0* 33200 6 M AR3080,3130,3180W 3700] c m ::}* IN1N3N24 N(N1)N1N(N2)N13410> T$(I)"UNDEFINED"H 3490R T$(T(I)T(IN1))\ JN1(T$)f (T$,J,N1)"E"Ă p (T16,2314 22,13:22,15,& 21,12:21,1620 8: FD 16,2314XN 17,13:17,15jX 18,12:18,16pb l QUESTION MARK (CALLED AR = 3)v 16,4:17,3:18,202:21,3 4,522:21,6:20,7:8,1019 19,12   TDN1 JN1 N(1)N12950$r J79:13,14J:*| > N(1)N(2)2980T J214:5,22J:Z p J312:8,19J:v  N(2)N13030 J2830:13,14J:  N(2)N(1)3060 J2537:5,22J:  J2735:8,19J:   ) T1(LOM$));LOM$;:% ::A "ENTROPY":" CHANGE";O DS$(DS)` IN1(DS$)w (DS$,I,1)"E"Ă (DS)02860 12);(DS$,4);" 2870, 12);(DS$,5);6 (DS$,I)" JOULE/DEG-MOLEC"@ J 2140T 2240^ hF T118(IN4)N1.P T1((E(I))));E(I);:6Z :@d 2680Jn 2890ex "TOTAL":" CONFIGS";r IN5N6 T118(IN4)N1 LOM(I)13.8152750 LOMLOM(I)(10) LOM$">10^"((LOM)) 2770 LOM((LOM(I)).05) LOM$(LOM))));Q(I);: " "CONFIGS";/ IN1N4> T1N8IN7W LOM(I)13.8152570l LOMLOM(I)(10) LOM$">10^"((LOM)) 2590 LOM((LOM(I)).05) LOM$(LOM) T1(LOM$));LOM$;:( :2 "TOTAL ENERGY";< IN5N6N7 T1((N(I))));N(I);:%$ 5. "SPACING";B8 IN1N4QB T1N8IN7pL T1((SP(I))));SP(I);:vV ` "ENERGY";j IN1N4t T1N8IN7~ T1((E(I))));E(I);:  "QUANTA"; IN1N4 T1N8IN7  T1((Q(I; zY$Y$""2130%Y(Y$)?Y1Y2Y3Y42220I2130OUoY2250,3350,790,9460u}:10);"INITIAL STATE FINAL STATE"9);"BODY 1 BODY 2 BODY 1 BODY 2"4"# OSC"; IN1N4 T1N8IE(N2)E(N1)ER6vBSP(N2)(6AE(N2)16410@6FN07080J66990T62070n6Y7100,7320,790,94606 TABULAR RESULTS6:65430655006Y1N1ENE(N1):71606ENE(N2)6"TOTAL ENERGY";6IN1N26 T118IN17TW MUCH ";&5:Y1N1ĺ"HIGHER";:687045"LOWER";G5" (IN H-NU)";O5N$Y5CKN1b5610q5FN16840~5ER(N$)5Y1N169505ERER5&ERN(N2)ER50ERE(N1)70205:E(N5)N0:E(N6)N15D5105NT1T1N45X1805b67306l$)4@T1T1N2?4JT1:"IS THE ZERO LEVEL OF THE FINAL STATE"l4T"HIGHER (1) OR LOWER (2) THAN THE ZERO"4^"LEVEL OF THE INITIAL STATE";4hY$4rY$""67304|Y1(Y$)4Y1N1Y1N2682041804673041004T1T1N4 5T1:"HO(N$)3BSP(N1)3AE(N1)(341073FN06640D3T1T1N1M3180W36460d3T1T1N23T1:"FOR THE FINAL STATE, WHAT IS THE"3T1T1N13T1:N2:"ENERGY LEVEL SPACING (IN H-NU)?";N$3CK113"6103,FN1667046SP(N2)(N3902N(N1)(N$)#2(N(N2)N(N1)022T1T1N1b2<T1:N2:"ENERGY LEVEL SPACING (IN H-NU)?";N$l2FCK10u2P6102ZFN164602dSP(N1)(N$)2nT1T1N12xT1:N2:"DISTRIBUTABLE ENERGY (IN H-NU)?";N$2CKN626102FN165203E(N1)GH" 1613021 TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN 2 FORMS;1CN2d1N6:"TRANSFORMATION OF A SUBSTANCE"111:"BETWEEN TWO FORMS"1N41"FOR THE INITIAL STATE, WHAT IS THE"1T1N61T1:N2:"# OF OSCILLATORS?";N$1CK131 6102FN16 IS THE SAME."086130H0B21:"INITIALLY: THERMAL RESERVOIR IS WARM"v0L"THERMAL ENERGY IS USED TO RAISE WEIGHT"0VH210`N0:59900jHHN10tC(N6):59900~J150:0H962400C(N5):59501"FINALLY: RESERVOIR COOL; WEIGHT HIENERGY. THUS NO ENERGY IS AVAILABLE TO"V/"DO WORK. THE FINAL STATE IS THE SAME."f/TD12:3700r/:2140|/5330/PE06210/21:"INITIALLY, THE THERMAL RESERVOIR IS "/$"WARM. NO ENERGY IS USED TO DO WORK, SO"0."THE FINAL STATE221.H10,30J.R.\,.f WEIGHT9.p15,25HI.z15,25HN1Y.16,24HN2i.16,24HN3y.17,23HN4.HN5,HN719.HN5,HN721.19,21HN8..E(N1)N06160.21:"INITIALLY, THE THERMAL RESERVOIR HAS NO"(/"(LOM$));LOM$;:-:-=-"ENERGY":" TRANSFERRED";S-37((PE)));PE[-:e-2790o-2140u-- GRAPHIC RESULTS-::-E(N1)N05920- C(N5):5950-5930- C(N1):5950-*C(N6):H21:5990-46090.>J37"QUANTA";,IN1N2&,T118IN1C,T1((Q(I))));Q(I);:I,&O,0_,:"CONFIGS";l,DIN1N2{,NT118IN1,XLOM(I)13.8155760,bLOMLOM(I)(10),lLOM$">10^"((LOM)),v5780,LOM((LOM(I)).05),LOM$(LOM)-T1N1N2+TT118IN11+^T1((N(I))));N(I);:7+h=+rM+|"SPACING";Z+IN1N2i+T118IN1+T1((SP(I))));SP(I);:+++"THERMAL"+N3:"ENERGY";+IN1N2+T118IN1+T1((E(I))));E(I);:++ ,E*BSP(N1)*AE(N2)#*4102*FN05320;*180E*5150O*2070i*Y5340,5870,790,9460o*w*:*5430*5500*5560*5630*5690*"5810*,5330*612);"INITIAL STATE FINAL STATE"*@N3:"# OSC";+JI30)T1T1N2D) T1:N2);"HOW MUCH ENERGY (IN H-NU) IS USED TO"Q)T1T1N1r)T1:N2);"LIFT THE WEIGHT";z)(N$)2CKN5)<610)FFN15150)P(N$)E(N1)5240)ZE(N5)N1:E(N6)N2:510)d180)n5150)xPE(N$)*E(N2)E(N1)PLCKN9(V610(`FN149300(jSP(N1)(N$)B(tSP(N2)SP(N1)O(~T1T1N1(T1:N2:"THE INITIAL ENERGY (IN H-NU)?";N$(CKN4(610(FN15000(E(N1)(N$)(BSP(N1)(AE(N1)(410(FN05120(T1T1N1(180)4911:"TO LIFT A WEIGHT"'4K'"FOR THE THERMAL RESERVOIR, WHAT IS THE"U'T1N6w'T1:N2);"# OF OSCILLATORS";'N$'CK12'610'FN14850'$N(1)(N$)'.N(2)N(1)'8T1T1N1'BT1:N2:"ENERGY LEVEL SPACING (IN H-NU)?";N$(RANSFORMATION OF A SUBSTANCE"IF"" BETWEEN TWO FORMS (ALLOTROPES)"SF"8090YF"sF" USER INPUT OUTLINEDF"N2:"FOR EACH PROCESS, YOU WILL BE ASKED TO"F""PROVIDE THE NUMBER OF OSCILLATORS (ES-G""SENTIALLY THE 'SIZE' OF THE BODY), THE"IN THE NOTES":Et""YOU SHOULD HAVE AVAILABLE. THERE ARE"hE~""THREE PROCESSES YOU MAY INVESTIGATE:":E"" (1) THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN"E"" TWO BODIES"E"" (2) THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION TO"E"" LIFT A WEIGHT"F"" (3) TON, NJ, SUMMER, 1983." D."8090&D8"PDB" SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FOR INVESTIGATIONDL"N2:"'THE SECOND LAW' ALLOWS YOU TO INVESTI-"DV""GATE THE STATISTICAL ASPECTS ASSOCIATED"D`""WITH ENERGY TRANSFER IN SEVERAL 'COUNT-" Ej""ABLE' SYSTEMS DESCRIBED HICS POSSI-";C!"BILITIES FOR OUTPUT ON THE MONITOR, WAS"iC!"WRITTEN BY JERRY A. BELL (SIMMONS COL-"C""LEGE) FOR INITIAL USE AT THE"C":" CAMILLE AND HENRY DREYFUS INSTITUTE":C""FOR HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY TEACHERS, "D$""HELD IN PRINCETATE "3B!"SOME OF THE IDEAS IN THESE SOURCES WAS"`B!"DESIGNED BY MARTIN N. ACKERMANN (OBER-B!"LIN COLLEGE) AND EXECUTED IN FORTRAN BY"B!"HIS STUDENT, J. PRANATA.":B!"THIS APPLESOFT VERSION OF THE PROGRAM," C!"COMBINING TABULAR AND GRAPAN ARTICLE BY NORMAN C. CRAIG (OBER-"SAp!" LIN COLLEGE), 'OUR FRESHMAN LIKE THE"Az!" SECOND LAW,' IN THE JOURNAL OF CHEMI-"A!" CAL EDUCATION, 47: 342-346 (1970)"A!8090A!A! PROGRAM DESIGNERSB!N2:"THE COMPUTER PROGRAM TO INVESTIG@ ! @*! ORIGIN OF THE PROGRAMR@4!N2:"THE IDEAS EMBODIED IN THIS PROGRAM ARE"{@>!"DERIVED MAINLY FROM TWO SOURCES":@H!" A REMARKABLE BOOK BY HENRY A. BENT,"@R!" 'THE SECOND LAW' (OXFORD UNIVERSITY"@\!" PRESS, NEW YORK, 1965)":%Af!" YN4ı$? 17:13:"COPYRIGHT 1983".? 80904? M? BACKGROUND OR NOT?U? N5r? "YOU HAVE TWO CHOICES:"? :N4:"(1) GO DIRECTLY TO THE PROGRAM"?!N4:"(2) SEE THE BACKGROUND MATERIAL"? !::"WHICH IS YOUR CHOICE (BY NUMBER)";?!Y$ 8770>& 8920>0 9100$>: 9260*>D 6>N TITLE\>X 7:8:"************************"i>b IN1N2>l 8:"*";:31:"*">v 8:"*";> 13:"THE SECOND LAW";> 31:"*"> IN1N2> 8:"*";:31:"*"> 8:"************************"? 3700=r:2140=|70905= LOTS OF TEXT OUTPUT?=8140f=22:N9:"PRESS TO GO ON"n=Y$=(Y$)138100=:==8270=8410=Y$""8150=Y$"1"Y$"2"8190=:8150=:Y$"1"ı= 8490= 8610>STN2İ7350<STN1İ7390.<STN27930<<N0:3080M<C(N6):3130W<7430]<n<C(N6):3130{<JN1N6<"((JN2.01))N2JSTN2:8010<,((JN2.01))N2JSTN1:8010<6<@37((ER)));ERh7H"DISTRIBUTA-"}7R" BLE ENERGY";7\55807f56307p56907z:279072140770907 GRAPHIC RESULTS7::775507IZ(N1)N0SZ(N1) 8S"OR3"X = .25 X 28 = 7 GRAMS=7000C OT10C{ C8ĺ"EXCELLENT, YOURSCORE IS ";T;" %"*C8ĺ"GOOD, YOUR SCORE IS ";T;" %"4C7ĺ"NOT BAD, YOUR SCORE IS ";T;" %">C7ĺ"YOU NEED MORE HELP, YOUR SCORE IS ";T;D"(1) 11N"(2) 5.6$X"(3) 7:`" 23"Mb"(4) 1.5 X 10SlZvAjA3ī4510t8000~4620"NO, THE ANSWER IS (3)."1 MOLE CO .25 MOLE"----------- = -----------"28 GRAMS X GRAM"32 GRAMS 1.6 GRAMS#,"OR2W" 1.6 GRAMS -2"y"X = --------- = .05 =5 X 10" 32 GRAMS7000"QUESTION 10&0"HOW MANY GRAMS IS 0.25 MOLES OF CARBON2"MONOXIDE (CO) ?: SULFUR? ,!4" -2"26"(1) 5 X 10E>" -1V@"(2) 5 X 10bJ"(3) 2nT"(4) 5t^{hArA1ī4240|80004370"NO, THE ANSWER IS (1)."1 MOLE S X MOLE"---------- = ---------"1 MOLE NE X MOLE>"----------- = ----------\"22.4 LITERS 56 LITERSbk"ORq" 56 L."X = --------- = 2.5 MOLES" 22.4 L.7000"QUESTION 9""HOW MANY MOLES IS 1.6 GRAMS OF "QUESTION 8D"HOW MANY MOLES OF NEON ARE THERE IN k "56 LITERS OF NEON GAS AT S.T.P.?q"(1) 1.5("(2) 2.52"(3) 2.8<"(4) 3.0FPAZA2ī3960d8000n4100x"NO, THE ANSWER IS (2).810 L%V"NO, THE ANSWER IS (2)+jGt"1 MOLE NO X MOLEY~" 2"x"----------- = ----------"46 GRAMS 69 GRAMS"OR" 69 GRAMS"X = --------- = 1.5 MOLES" 46 GRAMS70000%"IALS THAT IS EXACTLY CALCULABLE (NUM-"TN$"BERS UNDER 29) AND ANOTHER WHERE THE"N$"NUMBERS ARE NOT TOO FAR ABOVE 29.":N$8090N$N$:N$N5:N6N%"THANK YOU, FOR INVESTIGATING"N%8270N%14:N8N&%"I HOPE IT WAS REWARDING."OATIVELY CLOSE TO THE BORDERLINE FOR DI-"WM$"RECT CALCULATION, THE ERROR INVOLVED IN"M$"THE APPROXIMATION CAN YIELD SOME ODD-M$"LOOKING RESULTS."M$:"THIS PHENOMENON OCCURS MAINLY WHEN THE "M$"CALCULATION INVOLVES ONE SET OF FACTOR-"(N$AT CAN BE GENER-"@LT$"ATED IN THE PROCESS OF CALCULATING FAC-"mL^$"TORIALS. STIRLING'S APPROXIMATION IS"Lh$"USED IN THE CASES THAT THE NUMBERS ARE"Lr$"TOO LARGE FOR THE COMPUTER TO HANDLE."L|$:"UNFORTUNATELY, FOR VALUES THAT ARE REL-"(M$"RS AND PROMPT YOU TO REPEAT"CK$" SOME OF THE DATA ENTRY STEPS."MK$8090SK"$K,$ A CAUTION ABOUT STIRLING'S APPROXIMATIONK6$N2:"THIS FINAL CAUTIONARY NOTE INVOLVES THE"K@$"WAY THE PROGRAM IS SET UP TO HANDLE THE"LJ$"VERY LARGE NUMBERS TH PROMPTED TO REPEAT SOME OF THE DATA"=J#" ENTRY STEPS.":hJ#"THE QUANTIZATION OF THERMAL ENERGY."J#" THE THERMAL ENERGY OF EACH BODY MUST"J#" BE EVENLY DIVISIBLE BY THE ENERGY "J#" LEVEL SPACING. THE PROGRAM WILL "K$" CATCH ERROD WITH THIS PROCESS."Ix#8090%I#4I# WARNINGScI#N2:"WHILE USING THIS PROGRAM, YOU MUST "zI#"KEEP IN MIND:":I#"THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS"I#" THE PROGRAM WILL CATCH VIOLATIONS."I#" IF YOU MAKE AN ERROR, YOU WILL BE"%J#" O ENTER THE AMOUNT "@H<#"OF ENERGY TRANSFERRED IN THE PROCESS"^HF#"UNDER INVESTIGATION.":HP#"USING THESE DATA, THE PROGRAM COMPUTES"HZ#"THE NUMBER OF CONFIGURATIONS IN THE IN-"Hd#"ITIAL AND FINAL STATES AND THE ENTROPY"In#"CHANGE ASSOCIATE-G#"ENERGY LEVEL SPACING, AND THE THERMAL"]G #"ENERGY CONTAINED IN EACH BODY OR FORM.":G#"ALL ENERGIES ARE GIVEN IN UNITS OF"G#"'H-NU' FOR CONVENIENCE, SINCE ONLY REL-"G(#"ATIVE VALUES ARE OF SIGNIFICANCE HERE.":H2#"YOU MAY ALSO HAVE T:::"WHEN YOU ARE READY TO CONTINUE,":1500S"GO BACK TO THIS EXPRESSION:"::a 28);"2"|*15);EK;" X"46);K1;" X 10 = ---------------">30);EMH21);ML1;" X 10 - X"R:"AND REARRANGE:"\:" 2 ";EK;, THE VALUE IS ";CK;"%."/A2$A1$ĺ"RIGHT!";:::CK5ĺ"SINCE WE ACCEPT THIS APPROXIMATION,":"WE NEXT NEED TO CALCULATE THE PH.":5000:CK5ĺ"THE APPROXIMATION ISN'T GOOD ENOUGH.""SO WE MUST SOLVE A QUADRATIC EQUATION."- LATE: ------------------ X 100"919);"(MOLARITY)"j:"- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -":"IS THIS APROXIMATION ACCEPTABLE?(Y OR N)";A1$CK((100APRXHMOLAR).5)CK5A2$"N"CK5A2$"Y"A2$A1$ĺ"CHECK AGAIN USE THESE EXERCISESON A REGULAR BASIS WHEN YOU GET THE TIME"G:::SD"BYE!"cI16384,128lN999r R.55.5TTRR22.4.0821:DD.1(100TT.5)10N8);RR;25);DDVRRb:::"WHAT IS THIS RELATIONSHIP? ";K$K$"DIRECT"360::::"IT WAS GREAT WORKING WITH YOU ";X$&::=0"I HOPE YOU DECIDE TOa"PUSH THE SPACE BAR WHEN READY")hr" THIS IS A LIST OF DATA FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES AT CONSTANT VOLUME AND MASS.|8);"PRESSURE ATM.";25);"TEMPERATURE K."X140"-";X16384,128 RAND PRESSURE?"*W"DIRECT OR INVERSE";N$@X(N$,1)"I"ī347eY(N$,1)"I"ĺ"SORRY TRY AGAIN"nZ274t[\:::]:::^"GREAT, NOW LET'S EXPLORE THE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE"`::::# '"_";,X1&316384,12866R0.55.5k;E1.0821273R: R IS PRESSURE AND E IS VOLUME@EE.1(100E.5)10E8);R;25);EEORQ::T"BY LOOKING OVER THE DATA WHAT IS"V"THE KIND OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME F THE VARIABLES ARE DIRECTLY RELATED OR INVERSELY RELATED"::"AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE OF 273 DEGREES KELVIN AND ONE MOLE OF GAS":"PRESS SPACE BAR WHEN READY":::8);"PRESSURE";25);"VOLUME""X140 EQUILIBRIUM SIMULATION"@::11);"PREPARED FOR DREYFUS 83"]::16);"LORA WILHITE"$::12);"CARLINVILLE,IL,62626".N11500:8'7X,Y:X,Y15:X,Y30*N110:N10JX,Y:X,Y15:X,Y30Q"XW,dpN1100{z"BALL TOSS ";:NN1290"BALL TOSS ";:NN191"BALL TOSS ";:NN11000:N::::10);"AN00",PL%(V9$)):!U#PE%09060@Z#PD%PL%2ĺ(V9$,PL%1):Z_#(V9$)PL%1ĺV9$:a#(V9$,PL%1)("000000000",PD%PL%)d#(V9$,PL%1);(V9$,PE%):'dTO CONTINUE.";JJUNK$!T:'^@(# SIG DIG SUBROUTINET2#PL%3:V9$(V9)d7#PE%0:PD%0u<#V81(V9$)F#K9$(V9$,V8,1)H#K9$"."PD%V8J#K9$"E"PE%V8L#V8N#PE%PD%09045O#(V9$)PL%ĺV9$:P#(V9$,PL$)("0000000F COURSE YOU REMEMBER THAT WE"O"SHOULD REALLY USE SQUARE BRACKETS IN THE";y$"K EXPRESSION WHERE WE'VE USED ()'S")"BUT THIS MACHINE DOESN'T SEEM"."TO HAVE A LEFT-] !!!"B"THANKS FOR SHARING YOUR EXPERIMENT!"@"PRESS ANY KEY ;" %" W(X PUSH RETURN TO CONTINUE.b\l"TO CONTINUE, TYPE THE NUMBER 1 AND PUSHjn"RETURN.qvXzX1ī7020@ SUBROUTINE TO COUNT CORRECT ANSWERSJT::::^"YES, THAT'S CORRECT.cCC1hr7000|:Z"DO YOU HAVE ANOTHER SET OF DATA TO PRO- CESS? TYPE 'Y' FOR YES, 'N' FOR NO."bA$sA$"N"8000A$"Y"7125936:1000@"THEN I'LL SIGN OFF. GOOD BYE."(# SIG DIG SUBROUTINE2#L(V9)(10)7#EX(L) <#MANTISSALɷV9R:9000R1V9X:Mb"SUBSTITUTING THE VALUES FROM YOUR DATA,"eg"K = ";K1;" ."qh2:"1"yl:"THE ACCEPTED VALUE FOR K AT ROOM TEMPER 1""ERATURE IS 750, SO YOUR PERCENTAGE ERROR IS ";R;" %."TURN> TO CONTINUE" A$:936/:18:"-"D15:"(I )(AQ)"Q17:"3"v5:"K = ---------------------"6:"1";:12:"-"10:"(I )(AQ) X (I )(AQ)"23:"2":K1C(BA)V9K1:9000K1V9R((750K1)750)100 :"3"3:"-"3"(I )(AQ) = ";::B1;::".";:^"PRESS TO CONTINUE."lA$:936p"WE CAN NOW CALCULATE THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR THE REACTION..."20:"-";:30:"-"10:"I (AQ) + I (AQ) = I (AQ)"PRESS TO CONTINUE."A$:93616:"-""THE .20 MOLAR I THAT WAS ORIGINALLY IN THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION IS NOT LOST BY EX-"34:"-"""TRACE."  A$* ========================I CALCULATION OF (I3-)(AQ)h ========================}CHA:V9C:9000C1V9V9H:9000H1V9936"IF (I )(AQ) + (I )(AQ) = ";H16:"2";:17:"3""AND (I )(AQ) = ";A==========) CALCULATION OF (I3-)(AQ)G =======================] AG35:V9A:9000g A1V9 :"THEREFORE, (I 0 )(AQ) =";::A1 14:"2"  ::15:G1;::" MOLES PER LITER." :"PRESS WHEN YOU ARE READY TO CONTINUA$:9368 "AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, THE EQUILIBRIUM CON"f "STANT, K , FOR THE SYSTEM BELOW IS 35."r 9:"2"z : 18:"(I )" 20:"2 (HEXANE)" 15:"K = -------------- = 35" 16:"2 (I )(AQ)" 24:"2"  =============Y 2 TIMES A"> ::"WHEN YOU ARE READY TO CONTINUE":1500:Z IS OF THE FORM:"T:"A TIMES X-SQUARED, PLUS B TIMES X,":"PLUS C, EQUALS ZERO"l:"X IS EQUAL TO:":"THE OPPOSITE OF B""PLUS THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE QUANTITY""B SQUARED MINUS 4 TIMES A TIMES C" "THEN DIVIDE THE WHOLE THING B31:13:PH;<PHPH4>::"THEN TAKE NEGATIVE"LF28:15:"PH = ";PHVP::\pbz SUBROUTINE FOR QUADRATIC HELP:"SINCE I AM UNABLE TO DRAW SQUARE ROOT""SIGN, I WILL DESCRIBE THE CALCULATION.":"A QUADRATIC EQUATIONIRST WRITE DOWN THE"9"HYDROGEN ION":"CONCENTRATION"IJ13000:Y38:10:EHx25:11:" ";MH;" X 10" :"THEN TAKE THE LOGARITHM":J13000:25:11:"LOG(";MH;" X 10 )"PH(HYDROGEN)(10)(PH((100PH.5))100 2ROGENAPRXHCK5MHMAH/CK5EHEAH^"PH IS DEFINED AS THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHM""OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION.":"ALMOST ALWAYS, THE PH WILL BE BETWEEN 1 AND 14.":"PRESS WHEN YOUR'E READY TO CONTINUE";R$:"F"THE CORRECT H ION CONCENTRATION IS:"?10);" ";EH_10);MH;" X 10 MOLAR":"NOW WE MUST CALCULATE THE PH":5000:  SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE PH FROM H ION:"IF YOU'RE READY TO CONTINUE":1500 CK5HYD" ";EK;" ";EMUf"X +(";K1;"X10 )X-(";K1;"X10 )(";ML1;"X10 )=0"pp::"NOW SOLVE FOR X"z"HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN THE QUADRATIC FORMULA? (Y OR N)";A4$A4$"Y"İ6000A4$"Y"ī4630:"WHEN YOU HAVE AN ANSWER":1500&: %I1N2%4);I;:(13):X(I);:(28):Y(I)D%I3(I3)ĺW%I:::6000:a%5000%4);"POINT";:(13):X$;:(28):Y$;:36,43:XX$;:36,58:YY$%I170:"*";:I::% I1N &4);I;:(13):X(I);:(28):Y(I);:36,43:XX(I);:36,X$;24);"DERIVATIVE":#$R I1N1G$\ 4);N(I);13);DX(I);25);DY(I)Y$f I3(I3)ĺw$p I12(I12)IN1İ8000$z I:$$ ***** SENDING OUTPUT TO PRINTER *****$$5000$4);"POINT";:(13):X$;:(28):Y$%I140:"*";:I: # I1N)# 4);I;13);X(I);25);Y(I);# I3(I3)ĺW# I12(I12)INİ8000`# I:# 3);"POINT";12);XX$;24);YY$:# I1N# 4);I;13);XX(I);25);YY(I)# I3(I3)ĺ# I12(I12)INİ8000# I:$H 3);"POINT";12);X:37,J7:868:2040" D" ***** SENDING OUTPUT TO SCREEN *****J" c" 9);"SLOPE = ";MM:"& 5);"INTERCEPT = ";BB:"0 "(The precision of your data determines"": "the number of significant digits.)"::" 3);"POINT";12);X$;24);Y$:998:36,W6:37,W7:868:1940'!::V!W3100,3200,3300,3400,4500,4600,4700,4800!5);"Would you like any more display or"!"print-out? Y or N: ";:J6(36):J7(37)!"";J$!J$"Y"ė:::1820! J$"N"ī63000"198:998:36,J6ve calculations":$ ]"ON PAPER":? b5);"5 only 2 above"h lH$"Y"ĺ5);"6 both 2 and 3 above" vD$"Y"ĺ5);"7 both 2 and 4 above" H$"Y"D$"Y"ĺ5);"8 both 3 and 4 above" :(5):"#";:W6(36):W7(37) "";W!W8Č198:ike:":: 0"ON THE SCREEN":25L$"N"ī1860X:5);"1 the slope and intercept"D5);"2 the values of ";X$;" and ";Y$GX$XX$Y$YY$H$"N":1870I5);"3 values of ";XX$;" and ";YY$ND$"N"ĺ:1885 X5);"4 the first-derivatiD$"Y"İ60000DD$"N"D$"Y"Č198:D61:D71:958:1755Jp ***** SELECTION OF OUTPUT *****v::9);"PRINTING THE RESULTS"::H$"Y"5);"Please enter the appropriate number" &"for the display you would l6(36):L7(37)"";L$.L$"Y"İ50000aL$"N"L$"Y"Č198:L61:L71:958:1695i:5);"Shall we do the calculations for a""graph of the DERIVATIVE of ";YY$"against ";XX$;"? Y or N: ";:D6(36):D7(37)"";D$cL$"N"ī1660#hL$"Y"ī1280Mm198:998:36,L6:37,L7:868:1631Srxs ***** GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS *****~t|::5);"Shall we do a LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES""analysis of the graph of ";YY$"against ";XX$;"? Y or N: ";:L"functions:":"YY$:G,5);"on the vertical axis, against":R6XX$:w;5);"on the horizontal axis.":@5);"Please review your work carefully."J"Do you wish to make any corrections?"^"Y or N: ";:L6(36):L7(37)_"";L$5);"Your function now is:":/5);Z$:["Please choose your next composition:"f30000p1390Q1510,1515XX$Z$I1N:XX(I)Z(I):I1343YY$Z$I1N:YY(I)Z(I):I5);"You are now set to graph these"6(36):R7(37)s"";RZxR7Q1ė:::5);"COMPOSE YOUR SECOND FUNCTION:"::1500s}R7Q2ė:::1500R7R0Č198:998:36,R6:37,R7:868:1395R4İ9000R5İ9100R6İ9200R41000,42000,43000,44000,45000,46000!."<?QQ1#AQ1350,1355-FZ$X$EGI1N:Z(I)X(I):IMHCAWJ1360aKZ$Y$yLI1N:Z(I)Y(I):IMCBP5);"For your current function (Z)SU5);Z$:Z"choose a composition by number:"d30000n(5):"#";:R1200NI1= ***** COMPOSING FUNCTIONS *****D PQ0::| 5);"CHOOSING FUNCTIONS FOR THE GRAPH":5);"When composing functions of ";X$("and ";Y$;", recall that composition must"2"proceed from right to left(L)) F#ROUND(((10MANTISSA)100))100/ U#5 'Z3Y710# X(100.1Y2)7<*76X,83Y77X,83YC4YN>X07YHY18`RCo\15535X,0f8495XC(Y),CpY,Xz 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 28,34,2,28,32,34,28,0 8,20,34,34,62,34,34,0 62,8,8,8,8,8,8,0  34,34,34,280XY(1)160bX,Y"lZ)v36Y106KX(100.1Y2)7d76X,83Y77X,83YkYr0~Y88X(64.1Y2)776X,83Y77X,83YY6Y4040X(1600.1Y2)76X,83Y77X,83YY N3Z(I)CZZ(I)3ijI'3ɳCZ$(CZ)B3γZ$"("CZ$")("Z$")"N3س:::T3i3j ***** LEAST-SQUARES CALCULATIONS *****3k3PPP0:QQ0:RR0:SS0:TT0:UU03ZÁI1N3dPPXX(I)PP:QQYY(I)QQ3nRRXX(I)YY(I):SSRRSS4xTTXX(I)2:UUT(I)) 2 I 2Z$"exp("Z$")",2 :::72ુI1NH2Z(I)Z(I)CZO2I]2CZ$(CZ)w2Z$"("Z$"^"CZ$")"2:::2ȯI1N2үZ(I)Z(I)CZ2ׯZ(I)(1C)(CZ(I).5)2ܯI2CZ$(CZ)2Z$"("Z$"+"CZ$")"2:::3I1NCTIONS *****1[1(I1N512Z(I)(Z(I))(10)Y17Z(I)(110000)(10000Z(I).5)`1NJ$"Y"ĖP61:P71:958:20070-HNJ$"N"ī20049&.KN is the value of the"0,$"coefficient N? ";CZ8, $:>,$D,&m,& ***** SELECTION OF ROUND-OFF *****s,&,'16);"unit 1",'15);"tenth 10",$'11);"hundredth 100",.'10);"thousandth 1000",8'8);"your choice: ";:X6(36):X7(37)- ";S$ +T:+"<+" ***** SELECTION OF CONSTANTS *****B+"H+(#l+2#5);"What is the value of the"+<#"exponent N? ";CZ+A#:+F#+#+#5);"What is the value of the additive"+#"constant N? ";CZ+#:+#+#,#5);"What(9);"80N"*U*p LINE 6010 TAKES THE PRINTER OFF LINE *************************l*z(13);(4);"PR#0"r*x*X*Y ***** HOLD FOR SCREEN DISPLAY ******Z*@:5);"You may hold the screen as long as"+J"you wish; hit RETURN to continue.be on, or there">)"is little point in continuing. Please"Z)"check the printer.":)5);"Enter PRINT when ready: ";)"";P$)P$"PRINT"::5010) LINE 5080 PUTS THE PRINTER ON LINE ************************* *(13);(4);"PR#1":I::(I1N19(4);I;:(13):XX(I);:(28):YY(I)h(36,43:DX(I);:36,58:DY(I);:36,74:N(I)o(I(4);N;:(13):XX(N);:(28):YY(N)(::6000:($(% ***** PRINTER ON/OFF LINE *****(&(::)5);"The PRINTER has to 36,43:DX(I);:36,58:DY(I);:36,74:N(I)2'IW'4);N;:(13):X(N);:(28):Y(N)g'::6000:q'5000'44);XX$;" for"'4);"POINT";:(13):XX$;:(28):YY$;:36,43:"DERIVATIVE";:36,58:"DERIVATIVE";:36,74:"POINT"(I180:"*";:58:YY(I)& I3(I3)ĺ.&*I:::6000:8&\5000M&a44);XX$;" for"&f4);"POINT";:(13):X$;:(28):Y$;:36,43:"DERIVATIVE";:36,58:"DERIVATIVE";:36,74:"POINT"&kI180:"*";:I::&pI1N1&z4);I;:(13):X(I);:(28):Y(I)+' " Y55, X(25.1Y2)66 20X,80Y20X,80YQ@ 260X,80Y260X,80YXJ YfT X31249u^ X,77X,83|h Xr 34,22| 50 :"NOW, TO HAVE 'ONE MOLE' SHEETS OF PAPER,WE WOULD NEED TO HAVE 6 MILLION BRIDGES"; 255 2039,161,Z220,Z# SHEETSNUMBER22176000) O 4);SHEETS;26);NUMBER;" MILES";] Y1D:Yg ZZ2s NUMBER X13000:X :::3 21:"EARTH------(BRIDGE OF PAPER)------PLUTO" Z1300 X(1)280 Y(1)160 X,Y Z 2,2,2,2,2,2,62,002 34,34,34,34,34,34,28,0G< 62,8,8,8,8,8,8,0dF 28,34,34,34,34,34,28,0zP 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0Z :21d " "n 34,22x 3:Z159 NUMBER3177000000357700000010000000 199t 3~ Z1300# X(1)2802 Y(1)160; X,YB ZP Y3535d X(1225.1Y2)} 80X,83Y81X,83Y Y X06 Y18 C 15536X,0 8496XC(Y),C Y,X 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 30,34,34,30,2,2,2,0(000  / 4);SHEETS;25);NUMBER;" MILES";=$ Y1D:YG. ZZ2S8 NUMBERdB X13000:XnL ::V 21:9);"...LAST STOP...PLUTO !!!"` 23:"RIGHT NOW WE'RE AT '1.84 X 10^16' SHEETS---------------------------------------";j 2039,17334,34,34,28,0* 30,34,34,30,10,18,34,0G 34,34,38,42,50,34,34,0] 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0g:21" "34,223:Z159NUMBER7532000008322000001000000199,Z220,Z SHEETSNUMBER221763Y710# X(100.1Y2)7<*76X,83Y77X,83YC4YN>X07YHY18`RCo\15535X,0f8495XC(Y),CpY,Xz 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 28,34,2,28,32,34,28,0 8,20,34,34,62,34,34,0 62,8,8,8,8,8,8,0  34,34,34,280XY(1)160bX,Y"lZ)v36Y106KX(100.1Y2)7d76X,83Y77X,83YkYr0~Y88X(64.1Y2)776X,83Y77X,83YY6Y4040X(1600.1Y2)76X,83Y77X,83YY EW THOUSAND STACKED UP."" 5990( S fZZ11000:ZZ:(22):"((RETURN))";ZZ$m k(22):" "s oZ X09999:X 6 *****ADDED BY DJO IN 1983c "DO YOU REMEMBER THE STOPWATCH GAME WE" :"PLAYED AT BEGINNING OF RUN.WE ASSUMED" :"YOU COULD PILE PAPER AT A RECORD-SETTING" "300 SHEETS A SECOND . AND YOU ONLY GOT A" :"A F " Y55, X(25.1Y2)66 20X,80Y20X,80YQ@ 260X,80Y260X,80YXJ YfT X31249u^ X,77X,83|h Xr 34,22| 50 :"NOW, TO HAVE 'ONE MOLE' SHEETS OF PAPER,WE WOULD NEED TO HAVE 6 MILLION BRIDGES"; 255 2039,161,Z220,Z# SHEETSNUMBER22176000) O 4);SHEETS;26);NUMBER;" MILES";] Y1D:Yg ZZ2s NUMBER X13000:X :::3 21:"EARTH------(BRIDGE OF PAPER)------PLUTO" Z1300 X(1)280 Y(1)160 X,Y Z 2,2,2,2,2,2,62,002 34,34,34,34,34,34,28,0G< 62,8,8,8,8,8,8,0dF 28,34,34,34,34,34,28,0zP 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0Z :21d " "n 34,22x 3:Z159 NUMBER3177000000357700000010000000 199t 3~ Z1300# X(1)2802 Y(1)160; X,YB ZP Y3535d X(1225.1Y2)} 80X,83Y81X,83Y Y X06 Y18 C 15536X,0 8496XC(Y),C Y,X 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 30,34,34,30,2,2,2,0(000  / 4);SHEETS;25);NUMBER;" MILES";=$ Y1D:YG. ZZ2S8 NUMBERdB X13000:XnL ::V 21:9);"...LAST STOP...PLUTO !!!"` 23:"RIGHT NOW WE'RE AT '1.84 X 10^16' SHEETS---------------------------------------";j 2039,17334,34,34,28,0* 30,34,34,30,10,18,34,0G 34,34,38,42,50,34,34,0] 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0g:21" "34,223:Z159NUMBER7532000008322000001000000199,Z220,Z SHEETSNUMBER22176 3590& C2C5C6ī3130Z0 "THERE ARE "A$(C,3)" ELEMENTS IN THIS COMPOUND.":3140: "THIS SUBSTANCE IS AN ELEMENT,NOT A COMPOUND."D 3590N "IN EACH MOLECULE OR CRYSTAL UNIT THERE"X "ARE "A$(C,4)" DOUBLE BONDS."b 3590!l "THE MO30708 "BOILING POINT IS ABOUT "A$(C,1)" (+-10 DEG)"O M$"BOILING POINT"Y 3070 "IT SUBLIMATES AT ABOUT "A$(C,1)"( + - 10DEG)" M$"SUBLIMATION POINT" 3590 "THE MOLECULAR MASS IN AMUS IS ABOUT" A$(C,2)" (+ OR - 4 AMUS)""MURIATIC ACID" , PRINTS QUESTIONS; X103599E X"." Z(X)3010,3080,3110,3150,3180,3210,3260,3310,3360,3430 C10C2C12ī3060 C10ī3050 "THE MELTING POINT IS ABOUT "A$(C,1)"( + - 10 DEG)" M$"MELTING POINT" -90","30","2","0","2.1","1.3","3","6","4","1","NATURAL GAS" "150","60","2","2","2.5","2.9","2","1","1","1","ACID RAIN MAKER" "-33","18","2","0", 2.1",".75","2","4","2","1","SMELLING SALTS" "-85","36","2","0","2.1","1.6","2","2","1","1",,"2.1","1.0","2","1","3","2","AQUA"` "-80","45","2","2","2.5","2","3","2","1","2","DRY ICE" "-160","15","2","0","2.1",".8","3","4","4","1","MARSH GAS" "-100","28","2","1","2.1","1.3","3","7","4","1","RAW MATERIAL OF MANY PLASTICS"; "","SAND" L "320","40","3","0",".9","2.1","1","5","2","2","STRONG BASE" "10.4","100","3","2","2.1","1.8","2","4","1","2","#1 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL"  "1270","60","2","0",".9","2.3","1","5","2","2","BASIC ANHYDRIDE" # "102","18","2","0"EGAR"C "800","60","2","0",".9","2.2 ","1","5","3","2","BRINE" "3500","15","1","0","2.5","3.5" ,"4","6","4","2","HARDEST" "120","256","1","0","2.5","2.1","3","3","4","2","YELLOWISH"  "1610","60","2","2",1.8","2.3","4","6","4","2GEN CHLORIDE"D118% B1112A$(D,B)< B:D4 "53","150","3","3","2.1","1.53","3","3","4","1","MOTHBALLS"\ "115","260","1","0","2.5","4.9","3","2","4","1","STARCH TEST" "17" ,"60","3","1","2.1","1.1","2","6","1","1","VINAA$(9)"HYDROGEN SULFATE"6 AA$(10)"SODIUM OXIDE"J AA$(11)"WATER"g AA$(12)"CARBON DIOXIDE" AA$(13)"METHANE CH4" AA$(14)"ETHENE C2H4" AA$(15)"ETHANE C2H6" AA$(16)"SULFUR DIOXIDE" AA$(17)"AMMONIA NH3" AA$(18)"HYDROURN))";ZZ$ v"  DATA VALUESA AA$(1)"P DICHLOROBENZENE"U AA$(2)"IODINE"s AA$(3)"HYDROGEN ACETATE" AA$(4)"SODIUM CHLORIDE" AA$(5)"DIAMOND" AA$(6)"SULFUR(RHOMBIC)" AA$(7)"SILICON DIOXIDE" AA$(8)"SODIUM HYDROXIDE" M30:35,24, $:"YOUR UNKNOWN IS IN FACT"6 &8040@ (1900L ,:9500  SUBROUTINE TO AVOID DUPLICATION OF QUESTIONS 1-10 Z(10) N110 Y(10(1)1) X1N YZ(X)ī1020 X Z(X1)Y .N 0 8 l"((RET YOU'RE READY TO PROCEED."$ 5010. 1900D " HERE WE GO"Y ZZZ11000:ZZZc 5000n 35,14t | X0 XX1 3000 X10280 210 TRTR1 TR2ī200 TR2İ9000 TR2İ8210 "4000:4000:4000 #NU) \AA$(18)" dC(18(1)1), n10006 p2000< vj x" FIRST,WE'LL SHOW YOU THE 18 CHOICES." }"THEY'LL STAY ON THE SCREEN THROUGHOUT" "THE GAME,BUT WHY NOT LOOK THEM OVER NOW" "BEFORE THE TIMER STARTS.THEN HIT RETURN" "WHENZ(-2:" ";::"CHEMICAL SEARCH":Q<"A GAME WRITTEN BY DAVE OLNEY"xA"LEXINGTON (MASS)H.S. MARCH,1983"FX11500:XKX0PR"DO YOU NEED INSTRUCTIONS?TYPE Y OR N ";JJ$S(JJ$,1)"N"86U6000V6315 ZA$(18,12                 * "PLEASE STAND BY AS WE LOAD FINALE!"@ (4);"RUN DEMO2"NBER;" MILES";Y1D:Y%ZZ21NUMBERBX13000:XL::v21:8);"...HERE COMES...SATURN ???"&23:" -- WE'RE GETTING THERE!!! -- (SO FAR ONE/SIXTY MILLIONTH FINISHED!!!";02039,169:3DZ1300NX(1)0,10,18,34,0(| 28,34,2,28,32,34,28,0> 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0H:21x" "34,223:Z159NUMBER4500000052900000100000199,Z220,ZSHEETSNUMBER22176000 4);SHEETS;26);NUMX,YZ5$Y32328X(1024.1Y2)Q76X,83Y77X,83YXYcX05n"Y18u,C615536X,0@8496XC(Y),CJY,XT 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0^ 34,54,42,42,34,34,34,0h 8,20,34,34,62,34,34,0 r 30,34,34,3P*Z4);SHEETS;27);NUMBER;" MILES"8dY1D:YBnZZ2NxNUMBER_X13000:Xi::21:4);"...GOODBYE MOON...HELLO MARS!!!"23:"(NOW WE'RE ONE/ONE HUNDRED BILLIONTH!!!)";3Z1300X(1)280Y(1)1608,34,34,34,34,34,28,02 28,34,34,34,34,34,28,0O 34,34,38,42,50,34,34,0e 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0o :21" "34,22(Z1592NUMBER2000002790001000<199,Z220,ZFSHEETSNUMBER2217600028LX(784.1Y2)/V77X,83Y77X,83Y6`YAjX18KtC(X)R~X} 0,1024,2048,3072,4096,5120,6144,7168X05Y18C15536X,08496XC(Y),CY,X 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 34,54,42,42,34,34,34,0 2YZX13000:X#::V21:"...WE'VE LEFT THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE..."23:3);"(STILL ONLY ONE/ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY TRILLIONTH DONE SO FAR!)";3Z1300X(1)280$Y(1)160.X,Y8ZBY282176000f:21Ap" "Lz34,22\Z15912m199,Z220,ZSHEETSSHEETS221760002.5NUMBER(SHEETS22176000)NUMBER((NUMBER100))1004);SHEETS;27);NUMBER;" MILES"Y1D:Y3X40(Z50)100(Z50)nC(1)1:C(2)1:C(3)1:C(4)1:C(5)0:C(6)0:C(7)1:C(8)1:C(9)1:C(10)1 W((1)71)XZ5070WW3 YYC(W)*Y08504Y30Y30>X,(120(Z80))YX,(120(Z80))YHXRZ\SHEETS2 XZ79Ē7 bX:X13000:X) l::O v21:9);"...AND THERE'S MORE..." 23:"WE'RE ONLY 'ONE/TWO QUINTILLIONTH' DONE!"; 6 0,0 62454 5 X3001 Y((X30))25 (X30),0(X30),Y X 7 Z01 " 350 1 INCH"9 X12000:XC ZZ2R X11192j 200(Z80),Z220,Z SHEETSSHEETS3508 ZZ2 &NUMBER(SHEETS350)12 0NUMBER((NUMBER100))100 : D5);SHEETS;27);NUMBER;" FEET" NY1D:Y  TX12000:X ^:222 h"HERE WE GO!!!"C rX12000:XM |:21} " " 34,22 SHEETS1400 Z121 3 200,Z220,Z " 1 .003 INCHES" X12000:X (0120 60,X80,X X) X901108 30,X50,X? XI ":21Q ,50 6"IN THIS PROGRAM, WE WILL GRAPHICALLY STACK PIECES OF PAPER ON TOP OF EACH" @"OTHER. WE WILL DO THIS UNTIL THE STACK CONTAINS '1 MOLE SHEETS'."; J255E" 6 0,0 (62454$ 212 <X80159A F0,X279,XH PXO Z5^ dX3001r nY((X30))25 x(X30),0(X30),Y X 2 X80120 20,X90,X X 4 X5079 14(80X),X16X,X X 0 X9A :(6:12);"T H E M O L E"N10:9);"BY: KEVIN VANDERWATER"}12:5);"DOWNERS GROVE SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL"14:11);"SCIENCE DEPARTMENT"16:11);"COPYRIGHT (C) 1981"Y11999:Y D100 ::21:12);"T H E M O L                 BER;" MILES";Y1D:Y%ZZ21NUMBERBX13000:XL::v21:8);"...HERE COMES...SATURN ???"&23:" -- WE'RE GETTING THERE!!! -- (SO FAR ONE/SIXTY MILLIONTH FINISHED!!!";02039,169:3DZ1300NX(1)0,10,18,34,0(| 28,34,2,28,32,34,28,0> 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0H:21x" "34,223:Z159NUMBER4500000052900000100000199,Z220,ZSHEETSNUMBER22176000 4);SHEETS;26);NUMX,YZ5$Y32328X(1024.1Y2)Q76X,83Y77X,83YXYcX05n"Y18u,C615536X,0@8496XC(Y),CJY,XT 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0^ 34,54,42,42,34,34,34,0h 8,20,34,34,62,34,34,0 r 30,34,34,3P*Z4);SHEETS;27);NUMBER;" MILES"8dY1D:YBnZZ2NxNUMBER_X13000:Xi::21:4);"...GOODBYE MOON...HELLO MARS!!!"23:"(NOW WE'RE ONE/ONE HUNDRED BILLIONTH!!!)";3Z1300X(1)280Y(1)1608,34,34,34,34,34,28,02 28,34,34,34,34,34,28,0O 34,34,38,42,50,34,34,0e 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0o :21" "34,22(Z1592NUMBER2000002790001000<199,Z220,ZFSHEETSNUMBER2217600028LX(784.1Y2)/V77X,83Y77X,83Y6`YAjX18KtC(X)R~X} 0,1024,2048,3072,4096,5120,6144,7168X05Y18C15536X,08496XC(Y),CY,X 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 34,54,42,42,34,34,34,0 2YZX13000:X#::V21:"...WE'VE LEFT THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE..."23:3);"(STILL ONLY ONE/ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY TRILLIONTH DONE SO FAR!)";3Z1300X(1)280$Y(1)160.X,Y8ZBY28ION YEARS !!!"990I(18):"WE HOPED YOU LIKED KEVIN'S NICE DEMO"n:"AND THE STOPWATCH GAME,TOO."ZZ1750:ZZ:(22):" BYE NOW!!"ZZ11000:ZZ:(23):"((RETURN))";ZZ$(23):" "Y1D:ZZ11000:ZZ%::"THUS WE HAVE"I10);".33 E15 SECONDS/BRIDGE"c8);"--------------"10);"(60 * 60 * 24 * 365) SEC/YEAR":"WHICH GIVES 1.04 E 7 YEARS.AND THAT ----":"IS JUST ABOUT 10 MILLT10);"300 SHEETS/SECOND"% YT ^"WHICH MEANS IT WILL TAKE .33E15 SECONDS"w h:"TO BUILD OUR PAPER BRIDGE" r990 |:"THERE ARE 60 * 60 * 24 * 365 SECONDS IN" :"ONE YEAR,YOU'LL AGREE." " THAT'S 3.15 E7 OR .315 E8 ." 6.0 E23" ZZ1750:ZZL ":"WE HAVE 6E6 OR 6 MILLION BRIDGES,SO IT'S"{ ,"6E23/6E6 = 1E17 PIECES OF PAPER/BRIDGE." 6990 ; @(10):"AT 300 SHEETS PER SECOND,WE HAVE" J:: M10);"1.0 E 17 SHEETS/BRIDGE" O8);"-----------" OF YOUR CHOICE HERE "; AA$[ AA$"E"ĺ"SORRY,YOU'RE WRONG.LET'S LOOK AT IT:":240 "RIGHT YOU ARE !!LET'S LOOK AT IT:" 990: " ONE MOLE IS" :"SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND BILLION BILLION" :"THINGS ...IN EXPONENTS,THAT'S THOSE BRIDGES ??? ---"1 x990:Y "HERE ARE SOME POSSIBLE ANSWERS":n " A. ONE HOUR" " B. ONE DAY" " C. ONE YEAR" " D. ONE CENTURY" " E. TEN MILLION YEARS" " F. A MOLE OF YEARS" :"TYPE IN LETTERTACKED UP." <990B F:"NOW WE HAVE SEEN THAT IT TAKES ABOUT"q P:"6 MILLION PAPER BRIDGES FROM EARTH TO" Z:"PLUTO TO GET A MOLE OF SHEETS STACKED." _ZZ1750:ZZ b(15) d"WANT TO GUESS HOW LONG IT TAKES TO MAKE"& n:"JUST ONE OF#*****CONCLUSION OF MOLE DEMO+:Z :"DO YOU REMEMBER THE STOPWATCH GAME WE":"PLAYED AT BEGINNING OF RUN?WE ASSUMED":"YOU COULD PILE PAPER AT A RECORD-SETTING"("300 SHEETS A SECOND. AND YOU ONLY GOT A " 2"FEW THOUSAND S         TIONSNUMNUM1s/ TIMING ROUTINE=TT1GGGNQQ(16384)_QQ1254100gTTq499916368,0:" OK !!"" HERE'S WHERE YOU TYPE IN YOUR"""SELECTION. IF YOU'RE WRONG,YOU'LL","GET JUST ONE MORE CHANCEY EXTENT."> P(A$(C,9))EH "WHEN STIRRED INTO WATER,SUBSTANCE"PR P$(P)Z\ 3590}f R$(1)"HAS A ":R$(2)"HAS NO "p R(A$(C,10))z "SUBSTANCE "R$(R)"DISTINCTIVE SMELL." 35904000TR1ī3599  COUNTER OF # OF QUESI-TETRAHEDRAL"! Q$(7)"PLANAR"K "ITS MOLECULAR SHAPE IS ESSENTIALLY"d Q(A$(C,8)):Q$(Q)n 3590 P$(1)"MAKES AN ACID":P$(2)"MAKES A BASE"* P$(3)"MIXES,WITH SOLUTION OF PH BETWEEN 5 AND 9" 4 P$(4)"JUST DOESN'T DISSOLVE TO ANSIFY IT AS A"Q T$(1)"IONIC":T$(2)"POLAR COVALENT":T$(3)"NON-POLAR COVALENT"k T$(4)"NETWORK SOLID" T(A$(C,7)):T$(T)" SUBSTANCE." 3590 Q$(1)"BENT":Q$(2)"STRAIGHT":Q$(3)"A RING":Q$(4)"PYRAMIDAL" Q$(5)"A CRYSTAL":Q$(6)"MULTST METALLIC ELEMENT IN THIS SUB-"Sv "STANCE HAS AN ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF "A$(C,5)] 3590 "ITS DENSITY AT STP IS ABOUT " A$(C,6); C113240 " G/ML (+ OR -.1 UNIT)":3250 " G/L (+ OR -.1 UNIT)" 3590  "MOST CHEMISTS CLASZ1750:ZZ<(19):"HERE'S KEVIN'S PROGRAM TO SHOW US!!"d"BE PATIENT WHILE IT LOADS,PLEASE"z(4);"RUN DEMO1"****RETURN PROMPTZZ11000:ZZ:(22):"((RETURN))";ZZ$(22):" " ZTEN TIMES LONGER"9:"...OR 100 TIMES..OR 1000...OR..."DD990:X" JUST HOW LONG WOULD IT TAKE TO PILE -----"]b"ONE MOLE OF PAPER,ANYWAY??"gZZ1500:ZZi(12)l:"AND HOW TALL WOULD THE STACK BE???" vZU JUST PAUSED FOR AN INTERVAL THAT"O:"LASTED ";I;" SECONDS. AT A RATE OF":"300 SHEETS PER SECOND YOU'D HAVE MERELY":300I" SHEETS IN YOUR PILE...AND":" THAT'S NOT A MOLE !!"&990+(10)0:" PERHAPS IF YOU WAITED .:" APPLE WILL TELL YOU HOW LONG A TIME"`:"WENT BY,AND HOW MANY PIECES OF PAPER YOU""GOT INTO THE PILE IN THAT INTERVAL."990(18):"ARE YOU READY??........"ZZ1750:ZZ:(22):(22):"GO":ZZ11000:ZZ:3#:"YO THE GUINNESS BOOK OF RECORDS !!!"- w990:Y |"NOW IN JUST A SEC THE SCREEN WILL GO" :"BLACK. WHEN YOU TAP RETURN KEY YOU WILL"  "SET A STOPWATCH GOING. WHENEVER YOU WISH" "TAP IT AGAIN,AND THE TIMER WILL STOP." ZZ1600:ZZ14):(31):"QUICK"* :(16):(36):"GAME"5 >990:d @"SUPPOSE YOU CAN STACK THE PAPER SO FAST" J:"THAT YOU PILE UP 300 SHEETS IN EACH" T:"AND EVERY SECOND !!" ^ZZ11000:ZZ:(16) h"CLEARLY THIS MAKES YOU WORTHY OF BEING"" r:"INSSED IT...." ? :"ONE MOLE";::" OF SHEETS OF PAPER."R ZZ11000:ZZ "(22):"PLEASE TAP RETURN KEY TO PROCEED";:ZZ$ ':(22):" " ,(10):" BUT BEFORE WE DO,PLAY " 6(12):(26):"THIS" 8(: " MOLEDEMO":F "WRITTEN BY KEVIN VANDERWATER,1981"i "MODIFIED BY DAVE OLNEY,1983"~ ZZ12000:ZZ: "IN THIS PROGRAM WE WILL (GRAPHICALLY)" :"STACK PIECES OF PAPER ATOP ONE ANOTHER" :"UNTIL THE PILE HAS...YOU GUE UNTIL BUTTON PRESSED X(A)- XB20; 16368,0A #Y %12:16:"COUNTING"a (C0w -: START COUNTING 2II1 4X(A) 5XBC1 7XBC180 F50 P Z8:15 \I.1(10I63) c16368,0 d190  2005****SUB ROUTINE TO ACTIVATE STOPWATCHKB16384:16368,0:QQ12827: KEYBOA RD=KB AND QQ=ESCAPE KEY****ADOPTED FROM PHYSICS GEMS BY DR. CARL RUTLEDGE,MODIFIED BY DJO FOR KEYBOARD USEA16384B127  : LOOP     SCREEN AND THEN"?"CURSOR PATIENTLY BLINKS AT YOU WAITING,"f"YOU SHOULD HIT THE RETURN KEY .":"WHY NOT TRY IT NOW!!"1900:"WONDERFUL!DO IT AGAIN!!":1900 DESCRIPTION OF GAME" NOW ABOUT THE GAME !!" :" APPLE H (16) SO2"-"(17) AMMONIA, NH3 (18) HCL"3Jp OPENING COMMENTSwz" WELCOME TO THE GAME CHEMICAL SEARCH":"BEFORE WE BEGIN,LET'S SHOW YOU HOW TO""CLEAR THE SCREEN WHEN NEEDED. WHEN YOU""SEE ";::"((RETURN))";::" ON THE DICHLORO BENZENE C6H4CL2"I"(2) IODINE (3)PURE ACETIC ACID(HCH3COO)"p"(4) NACL (5)DIAMOND (6) SULFUR""(7) SIO2 (8) NAOH (9) H2SO4""(10) NA2O (11) WATER (12) CO2 GAS""(13) METHANE,CH4 (14)ETHENE,C2H4" "(15) ETHANE, C2H6:"SORRY...YOUR UNKNOWN IN FACT IS":8040;1900:9500LNUM104320]35,24:7000sNUMNUM10:82101900:950035,24:80001900:9500 CHOICES FOR USER16" HERE ARE YOUR CHOICES""(1) PARA AT IT.",6"BUT IF YOU'RE RIGHT....WOW!!"_@:" TYPE IN NOW THE ";::"NUMBER";::" OF"J"YOUR CHOICE..NOT ITS NAME ";ANSTANSC4290hVVVVVV1rVVV14240|"NOPE!!ONE MORE SHOT AT IT."1900:499935,24NUM30+3:2:"";6>G$FHG$"E"ė:XRG$"C"ī820\23:1:" ";:800aXXU:OOU:PX(UDXNUH):P3(UDONUH)eM$(L)P$OOU:XXU:P3(UDONUH):PX(UDXNUH) 30:9:C$(X):30:11:C$(O):15:30:G$(PX):16:30:G$(P3)X1Ė34:20:"!!BIG!!!":800K(OUCXUH)UC:20:34:K 680*.42'P' TO PAUSE> "*L((8)N1)ET4T4UT:6:10:(T4)PP(8)wCK(16384):CKC2Ĺ16368,0:820M$(L)R$PP1M$(L)P$:750M$(L)P$PP2M$(L)R$:750680S15:A(16336):S:X(L):Y(L):M$(L)+M$(L)R$RR$:RR(RR$)"XRR0RR.0001_bRR9.99RR0Ė31:20:" ":(7);::560ql:14:4:">"v25:4:"<"21:16:"=";RR;" "20:23:"RATIO ";P$;"/";R$;"="P1RF10:P2RR1023:1:" ": 20:31, RF$:RF(RF$)? RF0RF.0001s RF9.99RF0:29:20:" ":(7)::460 :14:4:">" 25:4::"<": &20:16:"=";RF;" " 021:1 :"INT RATE <== RX (0.1 T0 9.9)" D21:29N(N)N2 P(8)/ PUHM$(N)R$:XX1:420B M$(N)P$:OOUY X(N):Y(N):M$(N)e N2:N1 PX(UDXNUH):P3(UDONUH) 9:30:C$(X):30:11:C$(O):15:30:G$(PX):16:30:G$(P3) 20:1 "INT RATE ==> RX (0.1 TO 9.9)" 110-> 2 4 6 8 10"( G$(0)" "L "N1110:N21N1:G$G$"X":N2k ,N210N11:G$G$" ":N2y 6G$(N1)G$ @G$"":N1 JN1219 TN2818 ^NNU:X(N)N1:Y(N)N2:N1$(N) h(N1$)U3N1$" "N1$:360 rC$(N)N1$ |X(N)N1:Y):S: 2:10:T2$E 4:11:R$;" => ";P$;" VS ";R$;" <= ";P$P P(8)c 6:4:"TIME:"z 23:9:R$;"'S = " 23:11:P$;"'S = " 29:7:"COUNT" 13:25:"BAR GRAPH" 15:23:"REAC ";R$ 16:23:"PROD ";P$ 17:23:"%X0) x\ T1$" COMPETING REACTIONS":T2$"COMPETING REACTIONS":B$" " T110:1:1:T1$:T1$" "T1$:3:21T:T2$:T2$T2$" ":T S15:A(16336):S T115:1:1:T1$:3:1:T1$:1:10:B$:3:10:B$:S15:A(16336  ****************2 PETER MOSKALUKF( 1983 CAMILLEV2 &h< HENRY{F DREYFUSPSUMMER INSTITUTEZ dU1:U22:U33:UH.5:UD10:UC100:P$":":R$"*":C2208:UT.1 nX(209),Y(209),M$(209),C$(209),G$(1     z#   ̠Ƞ*̠ííŠ ̮ΠííŠԠ Ƞ !̠Ԡ"Ƞ/ؠӠ Ϡ ϲ ϱ ŠŠѠŠԠ ̠ӠΠà ŧӠŠ̠ӠϠϠ ijŠĠנIˠӠ0: -#-% CLOSING MESSAGE6-!% NOT A SUBROUTINE<-0%Q-:%STU110025NUMe-D%STU1000ī9570p-N%SSTUz-X%9580-b%S1000-l%"YOU'RE SCORE IN THIS ROUND WAS "S-v%:-{%S1000ĺ"TOP SCORE!! FANTASTIC!!!":9700.%S900ĺ"THAT'S STUPEN CLUE#11(,2#:"STILL HAVEN'T GOT IT ?"S,<#"WE'LL GIVE YOU A CLUE...A PHRASE...",F#"THAT MAY HELP YOU TO IDENTIFY IT. IT'S",P#:" ";A$(C,11),Z#4000,_#NUM24,d#" OK, ONE LAST HELP",n#"WE'LL PRINT OUT ALL 11 FACTS FOR YOU."-x#190ITY AT STP IS "A$(C,6)8+N "7.IT'S A "T$(T)" SUBSTANCE"_+X "8.IT'S MOLECULAR SHAPE IS "Q$(Q)+b "9.IF STIRRED INTO WATER,IT "P$(P)+g "10.IT "R$(R)" DISTINCTIVE SMELL."+l "11.IT'S DISTINCTIVE PHRASE IS":" ";A$(C,11)+ ,(# ROUTINE TO GIVETS PROPERTIES"0* "1.IT HAS A "M$" OF "A$(C,1)]* "2.ITS MOLECULAR MASS IS ABOUT "A$(C,2)*& "3.THERE ARE "A$(C,3)" ELEMENTS IN IT."*0 "4.THERE ARE "A$(C,4)" DOUBLE BONDS/MOLECULE"*: "5.ITS MOST METALLIC ATOM HAS EN OF "A$(C,5)+D "6.ITS DENSX2):"NOW WE'LL SUMARIZE THE PROPERTIES OF"P)" ";::AA$(C):V)s)@ CONGRATULATORY MESSAGEy)J)T"CONGRATULATIONS !! ")^"YOU'RE CORRECT!! YOUR UNKNOWN INDEED IS")h" ";::AA$(C):)r35,24* " LET'S CHECK ILOW!I'LL FALL ASLEEP! 15 OR LESS":6350=(GGG(300K4.5)[(::"NOW WE CAN BEGIN!!"e(N1900k(W(X NEEDED TO ESTABLIS P$(P),ETC([" YOU'RE RIGHT!!"(]GGG60:"LET'S SEE ITS OTHER PROPERTIES."(b1900(j(lX110(v3000)PLAYERS MAY CHOOSE TO"A'"CHALLENGE THEMSELVES BY SPEEDING UP"V'"THE DISPLAYS!"':"PICK A DISPLAY TIME BETWEEN FIVE AND"'"FIFTEEN SECONDS."'"TIME IS TO BE ";K'K5ĺ"APPLE CAN'T WORK THAT FAST!! 5 OR MORE!":6350'(K15ĺ"TOO SAT,BUT SCORE GOES DOWN WITH";&"EACH NEW 'FLASH'.":1900A&`& USER SELECTS TIMING RATE&" NOW TO MAKE THINGS MORE INTERESTING"&"WE'LL LET ";::"YOU";::" SET THE RATE AT WHICH"&"THE QUESTIONS COME AT YOU!"'"MORE EXPERIENCED "/%~"WE'LL SHOW YOU ALL TEN FACTS TOGETHER,"^%"AND GIVE YOU EXTRA TIME TO WORK IT OUT."h%1900%"IF YOU GUESS RIGHT WITHIN FIRST FIVE"%"QUESTIONS,YOU GET A TOP SCORE OF 1000."%"GETTING IT WITH FIRST TEN QUESTIONS"&"IS STILL GRE"1$`"MORE CHANCE,AS FLASHING OF FACTS RESUME.";$e1900h$j" IF YOU STILL HAVEN'T HIT SPACE BAR,"$o"YOU'LL NOW SEE ON SCREEN A KEY WORD OR"$t"PHRASE THAT IS CLOSELY RELATED TO YOUR"%y"CHEMICAL.AND IF THAT ";::"STILL";::" DOESN'T HELPE"/#B"CLOCK.YOU'LL THEN BE ASKED TO TYPE IN"Q#G"THE NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE."]#L1900:#Q"IF YOUR CHOICE IS ";::"RIGHT";::" YOU'LL SEE A"#V"SUMMARY OF THE TEN FACTS,THEN YOUR SCORE"$[" BUT IF YOU'RE ";::"WRONG";::" YOU'LL GET ONE FLASH ONTO THE"="$"SCREEN FOR 10 SECONDS OR SO,ONE AFTER"i")"ANOTHER.YOU'LL SEE ALL TEN FACTS ONE""."TIME THROUGH,THEN A SECOND TIME THROUGH.""8" WHEN YOU THINK YOU KNOW THE CHEMICAL,"#="SIMPLY TAP THE ";::"SPACE";::" BAR TO STOP THE THE LIST OF THE 18 POSSIBLE"I! "CHEMICALS ON THE SCREEN CONSTANTLY."S! 1900!" NOW APPLE PICKS ";::"ONE";::" OF THOSE EIGHTEEN"!"AS YOUR UNKNOWN. THE GAME BEGINS!"!" WHEN YOU START THE CLOCK,THE FACTS"""FOR YOUR UNKNOWN WILLAS IN ITS MEMORY TEN FACTS"H "ABOUT 18 COMMON CHEMICALS.THESE FACTS"s "GIVE(FOR EXAMPLE)HOW MANY ELEMENTS," "ITS APPROXIMATE MOLECULAR MASS,ITS" "MELTING OR BOILING POINT,WHETHER OR NOT" "IT HAS ANY DOUBLE BONDS,ETC."!"YOU'LL SE(4);"BLOAD B"0(4);"RUN LOGO"] "SOME MISCELLANEOUS CHEMISTRY PROGRAMS":"FROM THE LIBRARIES OF THE ":" 1983 DREYFUS INSTITUTE"c f ANS(2,1)(1E14)(X10Y)M ((ANS(2,1)P)P).05A(2,1)710C:3990g TT1İ8000:ANS(2,1)q 3995 *****QUESTION#5(MIDDLE OF GRID) X(3(1)1):XX2:Y(3(1)1):YY2:Z2(3(1)2) ::"A CERTAIN WEAK ACID HX HAS A KA VAL TT1İ8000:ANS(1,3) * 3995BG *****QUESTION#4(MIDDLE LEFT)fH X(4(1)2):Y2((5(1)1))vM X3ĪXX5R ::"IN A CERTAIN SOLUTION THE (H+) CONCENTRATION"W "IS "X"E-"Y" .WHAT'S THE HYDROXIDE MOLARITY?"\ ::"YOUR ANSWER IS ";PR," " 1 1" C "IT MAKES A SATURATED SOLUTION."m "GIVEN THE KSP OF THIS SALT IS 1E";Yu : "THE (X+) CONCENTRATION HERE IS 10 RAISED TO ?" ANS(1,3)X "TYPE IN ANSWER HERE ";P ANS(1,3)PA(1,3)410C:3990%SWER HERE?";P% ANS(1,2)1(XYZ)I ANS(1,2)PA(1,2)910C:3990c TT1İ8000:ANS(1,2)m 3995 *****QUESTION#3(TOP RIGHT) X(4(1)2):Y2X1 "WHEN "X2" MOLES OF A CERTAIN SALT OF" "FORMULA X Y IS PUT INTO 1 L OF WATE(3(1)1):ZZ110ZC "A CERTAIN ACID DISSOCIATES AS FOLLOWS"_ " HX = H+ + X-" "AT EQUILIBRIUM, THE CONCENTRATIONS ARE" "(H+)=1E-"X" ,(X-)=1E-"Y" AND (HX)="ZZ ::"THE VALUE OF KA HERE IS 10 RAISED TO?"  "TYPE IN YOUR AN "10 IN A CERTAIN SOLUTION,THEN THE"TD "HYDROXIDE CONC MUST BE 10 RAISED TO ?"qN ::"YOUR ANSWER IS ";PX ANS(1,1)PA(1,1)210C:3990] TT1İ8000:ANS(1,1)b 3995 *****QUESTION#2(TOP MIDDLE) X(4(1)2):Y(3(1)1) Z::"HERE'S YOUR QUESTION":Z1200:ZK *****GO TO BOX SELECTED BY USER D3100,3200,3300,3400,3500,3600,3700,3800,3900 *****QUESTION#1(TOP LEFT) X(13(1)1):ANS(1,1)(14X)& "IF THE H+ CONCENTRATION IS KNOWN TO BE"0 " -"X': 104,64 16384,0> "PARDON US FOR A MINUTE"o#::"IT TAKES A WHILE TO GET THINGS GOING!"((4);"RUN EQUIL.MAIN"2E HAD FUN PLAYING THE GAME"A0R&" ";::"CHEMICAL SEARCH":S0\&" BYE NOW!!"Y0'S NAME"3/%"IN TIME.TOO BAD!!WHY NOT TRY AGAIN?!"?/%1900:a/%"REMEMBER,TOP SCORE IS 1000"/%"YOUR SCORE THIS TIME AROUND WAS "S/&:"WOULD YOU LIKE TO PLAY AGAIN?"/ &"INPUT Y OR N ";WW$/&(WW$,1)"N"ī9800/ &:::860H&"HOPE YOUDOUS !!":9700^.%S850ĺ"PRETTY GOOD! YOU GOT IT WITH THE FIRST ROUND OF QUESTIONS.":9700.%S600ĺ"NOT BAD!! YOU DIDN'T NEED THE FINAL HINT":9700.%S500ĺ"WHEW!!JUST MADE IT!!WHY NOT TRY AGAIN?!":9700/%"OH-OH....YOU DIDN'T DISCOVER IT' AND HENRY DREYFUS"B :" INSTITUTE DURING THE SUMMER,1983."q :" **********************************"| 1:20 , " N12000 NN1 N& 4 16303,1> 4:3h "**********************************"s 11:5 " THIS DISK CONTAINS" :" SOME OF THE COMPUTER WORK" :" PRODUCED BY THE MASTER TEACHERS" :" OF THE CAMILLE 24600<2 SET SHAPE TABLE START ADDRESSG<232,0SF233,96^OH24jPI180qTHxZI\I50ęI]H4ī159i1140,80jI32n1140,80IH761:24 " 1983 DREYFUS INSTITUTE  1500:ZZ:1999,b"O WINS!!":ZZ1500:BdZZ16:(7):ZZZfZZ1500:ZZ:1999k"NO WINNER""GAME'S OVER.HOPE YOU HAD FUN!": *****DETERMINE IF X OR O IS PLAYING,SET C EITHER 1 OR 2 N2(N2)3010 C1:3020 C2& GA(I,J):G1741990RJ:I-SN131990]T***** 1875 TERMINATES GAME AFTER 13TH MOVEU*****OTHERWISE GAME CONTINUESV"HIT RETURN KEY,PLEASE";AA$:1000W*****PRINT FINAL MESSAGESX"X WINS!!":ZZ1500:ZZZ16:(7):ZZ\ZZ)/@*****LOOK FOR WINNING ROW,COLUMN,DIAGNOL:AK18[C*****IDENTIFIES X AS WINNERsDB(K)45SS1:1000H*****IDENTIFIES O AS WINNERIB(K)75SS2:1000NKO*****IDENTIFIES ALL BOXES FILLED,NO WINNERPG0:I13:J13QGGIC SQUARE TOTALS/B(1)A(1,1)A(1,2)A(1,3)M B(2)A(2,1)A(2,2)A(2,3)kB(3)A(3,1)A(3,2)A(3,3)B(4)A(1,1)A(2,1)A(3,1)B(5)A(1,2)A(2,2)A(3,2)!B(6)A(1,3)A(2,3)A(3,3)&B(7)A(1,1)A(2,2)A(3,3)+B(8)A(1,3)A(2,2)A(3,1BOX ALREADY WON#xD3I3J:3000Fy*****USER-ASSIGNED BOX 1....9P1800v*****DRAWS X OR O IN CORRECT BOXH,LH10,L10H10,LH,L10?@H2,LH7,LH10,L3H10,L8H8,L10H2,L10H,L7H,L2H2,L*****GET MAINPUT ROW AND COLUMN NUMBERS,ERROR ROUTINESTO LIMIT TO 1,2,OR 3ZkI3I1I(I)ī1385lX1200:X:"WHICH COLUMN?INPUT 1,2,OR 3 ";JmJ3J1J(J)ī1388nA(I,J)10ĺ"ALREADY TAKEN!!":QQ11000:QQ:1340o*****LINE 1390,CAN'T TRY AGEdSS11880!eSS218907fN2(N2)ī1384wg"TOP ROW EASY,BOTTOM ROW HARDEST":"IT'S X 'S TURN":1385h"TOP ROW EASY,BOTTOM ROW HARDEST":"IT'S CIRCLE'S TURN NOW."iX1200:X:"WHICH ROW DO YOU WANT?INPUT 1,2,OR 3 ";I?j*****20,9220,9525,9525,92:20,9920,9525,9525,99C <936:(22)n E*****PRINTS X OR O IF BOX ALREADY WON FI13:J13 KL30I:H50J PA(I,J)10ī1378 ZA(I,J)20İ1500:1378 _A(I,J)30İ1600:1378 bJ:Ic*****GO TO WIN MESS110,11115,176 118,17121,10124,17:120,14122,14] 161,5161,17:166,6161,11166,17 169,17173,17173,13169,13169,9173,9 176,17176,9180,9180,13176,13 24,3020,3020,3724,37:20,3324,33 20,6920,6223,6526,6226,693 43,55195,55" 43,85195,856 43,115195,115H 43,2343,115Z 95,2395,115n $145,23145,115 .195,23195,115 K*****SKETCH LABELSON GRID L60,560,17:65,660,1165,17 V67,1070,1773,1476,1779,10 ~110,5110,17:115,63):ANS(3,3):B(8)7 *****CHOICE OF ANSWER APPEARINGe "DO YOU WANT CORRECT ANSWER WHEN WRONG?" "INPUT Y OR N ";BB$ (BB$,1)"Y"TT1 *****STARTS COUNTER OF PLAYS,SET UP GRID NN1::3 43,23195,23 43,25195,25IN SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF RELOCATING THE HIMEM FOR GRAPHICSA Zi d:10);"EQUILIBRIUM TIC-TAC-TOE": n"DO YOU NEED INSTRUCTIONS?";ZZ$ s(ZZ$,1)"N"140 v*****LOADS FROM DISK TEXT PROGRAM xD$(4) }D$;"RUN TIC-TAC-TOE TEXT" A(3, 2::)<" EQUIL TIC-TAC-TOE"TA:"AN EDUCATIONAL GAME BY DAVE OLNEY"|F" LEXINGTON(MASS) HIGH SCHOOL"KZZ12000:ZZ:ZZ0L; P*****THANKS GO TO DAVE MASTERMAN(JACKSON HOLE,WYOMING AND THE 1983 DREYFIUS INSTITUTE) FOR HELP        `,>UESTION#6(MIDDLE RIGHT))X(5(1)9)U::"GIVEN A STRONG,BUT ONLY SLIGHTLY"y"SOLUBLE BASE OF FORMULA XOH."$"AT A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE,A SATURATED ")"SOLUTION OF THIS BASE SHOWS A PH OF".X".0 .WHAT IS ITS KSP AT THIS TEMP?")8UE OF"/ X"E-"Z" .IF THE MOLARITY OF HX IS"] Y" MOLES/L, WHAT IS (H+) CONCENTRATION?" ZZ(X10Z)Y:ANS(2,2)(ZZ) ::"WHAT'S YOUR ANSWER? ";P ((ANS(2,2)P)P).05A(2,2)510C:3990 TT1İ8000:ANS(2,2) 3995*****Q5) L 2600&` E(MBVBNNA)(VBN)7j F(E)(10)Vt PX(C).01(100(14F).5)v( C,.01(100VBN.5),PX(C)}2 C< Q13200 "MOLES OF ACID IN SAMPLE="NA1000 "MOLARITY OF BASE SOLUTION ADDED="MB" M" "IONIZATION CONSTANT OF ACC118 NI.1C, NAMBVBN0ī2350L AKA(NAMBVBN)(MBVBN)a PX(C)(A)(10)$ PX(C).01(100PX(C).5)) 2600. NAMBVBN0ī24008 B(NA1E14)(KAVBN)= B(B)B D(B)(10):PX(C)14DG PX(C).01(100PX(C).f:"#","TOT VOL","PH"/k"","BASE ADDED"CpPH(30):PX(30)NN1InAKA(NAMBVBN)(MBVBN)PH(N)(A)(10)PH(N).01(100PH(N).5)N,VBN,PH(N)N:"TO SEE REMAINDER OF THIS TITRATION""TYPE GO.";A$O 10 ML) ";VB"\INA(MBVB)12^PP1İ3500@_Q12150v`"YOU HAVE A SAMPLE OF "NA1000" MOLES OF A WEAK"b"ACID OF KA= "KA" IN A BEAKER AND YOU"d"WILL ADD STRONG BASE THAT IS "MB" MOLAR"e"FROM A BURETTE IN INCREMENTS OF "VB" ML"CID WITH A STRONG BASE."F4"SELECT VALUE OF KA FROM RANGE OF"`9"1E-4 TO 9E-8 ";KA>"MOLES OF ACID(FROM .01 TO .02)";NACNA1000NAH"INPUT M OF BASE (FROM .2 TO .5)";MBR"SELECT INCREMENT SIZE OF BASE ADDITION"W"(FROM 5 TPX(M)-NR,S,PX(M)2N'x3600L"HIT ANY KEY TO GO TO START";B$T80*****EXPERIMENT #2 STRONG BASE VS WEAK ACID::3400:"THIS SECTION WILL SHOW THE RESULTS""OF TITRATING A SAMPLE OF A SOLID,WEAK""MONO-PROTIC A2.5RVB20b"TYPE GO TO SEE TABLE OF PH VALUES USING SMALL INCREMENTS NEAR END POINT";A$" # ";16);"TOTAL VOL";33);"PH"16);"BASE ADDED"N0VBR#SZVBN(1125)M(NR.01)*PX(M).01(100PH.5)+PX(M)145)/ ]PH(N)14PH(N):PH(N).01(100PH(N).5)> ^N,S,PH(N)E `NO b1300b eBMBS:AMA50u jX(AB)(VAS) lABī1164 t(AB)0ī1170 yY(X)(10) ~PH14Y 1180 PH7.00:1180 Y(1X)(10):PH1Y Z(T1)HERE WILL BE 50.0 ML OF "MA" ACID"Q "IN BEAKER.WE'LL ADD "MB" MOLAR BASE IN"~ ""INCREMENTS OF "VB" ML FROM A BURETTE." $"#","TOT VOL","PH" )" ","BASE ADDED" QT(2MAVA(MBVB))1 VN0T XSNVB [1125 \PH(N).01(100PH.ACID VS STRONG BASE ' ::3400= PH(103):PX(103)b "MOLARITY OF BASE(.1 TO .5)";MB "MOLARITY OF ACID(.1 TO .5)";MA "VOLUME OF BASE SOLUTION INCREMENT" "(FROM 5 TO 10 ML FOR FIRST RUN ) ";VB VA50 PP1İ3500# :"T MOLARITY AND KA VALUE CHOSEN BY USER"S "(3)RESULT OF TITRATION OF STRONG BASE"w "VS WEAK ACID OF UNKNOWN KA ." "USER CALCULATES VALUE OF KA FROM DATA." "INPUT 1,2,OR 3. ";RR RR1000,2000,3000 *****EXPERIMENT #1 STRONG ONE OF THREE TYPES HERE."E n"(1)SEE A TABLE OF PH VALUES FOR THE"s s"TITRATION OF A STRONG ACID WITH STRONG" x"BASE,AT MOLARITIES CHOSEN BY USER." "(2)SEE A TABLE OF PH VALUES FOR THE" "TITRATION OF WEAK ACID WITH STRONG BASE"& "AT:(6):(17):"ACID3"@#:(10):"A LAB SIMULATION OF A"h$:(10):"POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION"r%(20)("WRITTEN BY DAVE OLNEY"-" LEXINGTON (MASS) H.S."0ZZ12000:PZ" TITRATION CURVES": d"YOU MAY CHOOSE      CHANGE."#*"PLEASE BE PATIENT."-41120;>20:40)cH20:"THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE."}R21:40):40):40)\21:"WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE TABULAR (1) OR"f"'GRAPHIC' (2) RESULTS? OR DO YOU WISH"p"TO START OVER (3) OR QUIT (4)"vAE(I)410!FN01960*18041820;ICF0VE(5)E(1)E(2)iE(6)E(3)E(4)r510FN02050T1T1N218017802070 224020:"IT MAY TAKE A MOMENT OR SO TO COMPUTE"  "THE RESULTS OF THIS1801580I#14G"FOR THE FINAL STATE, WHAT IS"TIN3N4`T1I12T1:N2);"THE ENERGY IN BODY ";IN2;" (IN H-NU)";&N$0CKN3:610DFN11820NE(I)(N$)XN(I)N(I2)bSP(I)SP(I2)lBSP(I) EVEL SPACING (IN H-NU)?";N$%6CKN8.@610=JFN11580MTSP(I)(N$)Z^T1T1N1hT1:N2:"THE ENERGY OF THE BODY (IN H-NU)?";N$rCKN2|610FN11640E(I)(N$)BSP(I)AE(I)410FN01760T1T1N1SFER" 11'"BETWEEN TWO BODIES".4T"FOR THE INITIAL STATE, WHAT IS"aIN1N2pT1IN4N1T1:2);"THE # OF OSCILLATORS IN BODY ";I;N$CK14610FN11510N(I)(N$)"T1T1N1,T1:2:"THE ENERGY LMLOMLFACN(I)N11330?(T(I)SP(I)(((LOMLOM(I)))K1)E2T<CN41370pFDSK1(LOM(N2)LOM(N1))vPZLOM(N5)LOM(N1)LOM(N2)dLOM(N6)LOM(N3)LOM(N4)nDSK1(LOM(N6)LOM(N5))xCN49"THERMAL ENERGY TRANjIN1C&tQ(I)((E(I)SP(I)).05)9~NQ(I)N(I)N1B970RLOM(I)LFACbNQ(I)N(I)k970xLOMLFACNN(I)N1970LOM(I)LOM(I)LFACLOMLOMLFACNQ(I)970LOM(I)LOM(I)LFACNQ(I)N1 970 LO:40):890(:Y1410,4780,6320,9460.7KN1FN291000OKN2`K1020,1090fv FACTORIALFAC1NN01070JN1N$FACFACJ:.LFAC(FAC)8B STIRLING'S APPROXLLFACN(N)N(N1)V` L ENERGY CONVERSION TO "0R8:"LIFT A WEIGHT"\\4:"(3) TRANSFORMATION OF A SUBSTANCE"xf8:"BETWEEN TWO FORMS"p4:"(4) QUIT"z15:"WHICH IS YOUR CHOICE (BY NUMBER)";Y$Y$""890Y(Y$)YN1YN2YN3YN4950 15N1ı CK12ı 280' FN1ı4 CK14ı= 310I FN1ıO ] FN1790c k : IN1N6:T(I)1E32: *5:"YOU HAVE FOUR CHOICES:" 47:4:"(1) THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN" >8:"TWO BODIES"H4:"(2) THERMA  100! E(5)E(6)ı' / &20V 0"YOU HAVE VIOLATED THE FIRST LAW"\ : D"CHECK YOUR VALUES AND START AGAIN" NFN1 X b TO CHECK INPUT VALUES lFN0 v110 FN1ı 130 FN1ı CKN8ı 230 F"GO ON (1) OR CHANGE INPUT (2)";:Y. rY1ıA |Y2400:180L FN1:_ 23:40):360e n 100 (((AB).01)AB).01ı  20 "ENERGY IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE SPACING"  "PLEASE REENTER YOUR VALUES" FN1 210  100( ((N$))(N$)ıZ "20:"A NON-INTEGER # OF OSCILLATORS IS":210` ,i 6100x @(N$)1ı J20:"THE TEMPERATURE OF A SINGLE OSCILLATOR" T21:"SYSTEM IS UNDEFINED; OTHER FUNCTIONS" ^22:"ARE CALCULABLE."# h23: 20:"SORRY, I CAN'T INTERPRET YOUR INPUT."P 22:"PLEASE TRY AGAIN.":FN1k T1:ET119:40)::{ (N$)0ı 20:"A NEGATIVE NUMBER IS" :21:"PHYSICALLY MEANINGLESS.": 170 100 (N$)0ı 20:"A ZERO VALUE IS":G  ::N00:N11:N22:N33:N44:N55:N66:N77:N88CN99S(K11.38E23h2IN1N6:C(I):|< 15,11,5,2,8,6F8070P780ZdJN0N3:(20J):40)::n100xN$""FN1:100((N$))N$190(N$)N0ı.                         OP ROW ";:/ y"EASY QUESTIONS,SIMPLE MATH"F |:"MIDDLE ROW";:k ~"MEDIUM DIFFICULTY, SO-SO MATH" :"BOTTOM ROW";:: "HARDER,CALCULATORS USEFUL" :"LEFT COLUMN ";: "QUESTIONS ON KW,(1E-14)" :"MIDDLE COLUMN";: "ONONLY IF YOU CAN"? ^"CORRECTLY ANSWER THE QUESTION.IF YOU'RE"h c"WRONG,YOUR OPPONENT ";::"MAY";: f" CHOOSE SAME ONE" h"AND GET A SIMILAR QUESTION, OR HE/SHE" m"MAY OPT FOR A DIFFERENT SQUARE." r" HERE'S STRUCTURE OF GRID" w:"T.@:" EQUILIBRIUM TIC-TAC-TOE":]E" IN THIS GAME YOU AND AN OPPONENT WILL"J"PLAY TIC-TAC-TOE,BUT WITH A DIFFERENCE!"O"FOR ONE,IN THE SQUARE YOU CHOOSE IS A "T"QUESTION ABOUT EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS.YOU" Y"CLAIM THE SQUARE @"$"SORRY,YOUR ANSWER IS WRONG"($W$?*****PRINTED ONLY IF TT=1,CHOSEN BY USERSv$@:"CORRECT ANSWER IS ";: @TA TO FIND KSP OF COMPOUND."B#i"(A CALCULATOR MIGHT BE HANDY!)"`#n::"YOUR ANSWER IS ";P#x((ANS(3,3)P)P).05A(3,3)810C:3990#}TT1İ8000:ANS(3,3)#3995#*****REINFORCEMENT OF INPUTTED ANSWER$"THAT'S RIGHT! GOOD!!":3999(2(1)1)$"AZXY:ANS(3,3)4Z3S"F::"A CERTAIN SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE SOLID OF""K"MOLECULAR WEIGHT "Y" AMUS AND FORMULA OF""P"TYPE XY MAKES A SATURATED SOLUTION""U" 2":"Z"WITH ".1X" GRAMS DISSOLVED IN 100 ML."#d"USE THIS DAS PH = "X" ?"8!"(A CALCULATOR MIGHT PROVE HELPFUL!)"U!::"YOUR ANSWER IS ";Pr!ANS(3,2)(110Y)(2E5)!((ANS(3,2)P)P).05A(3,2)110C:3990!TT1İ8000:ANS(3,2)!3995!;*****QUESTION#9(BOTTOM RIGHT) "<X(4(1)2):Y505A(3,1)610C:3990/ TT1İ8000:ANS(3,1)9 3995] *****QUESTION#8(BOTTOM MIDDLE)~ X.5(6(1))10:Y2(X14) ::" THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF NH4OH" "(AMMONIA WATER) IS 2E-5" "AT WHAT CONCENTRATION OF NH4OH DOES" !"ITZ(Z)2.3035::"SUPPOSE THAT "X" MOLES OF KOH"f"IS DISSOLVED INTO "Y" LITERS OF SOLUTION.""TO NEAREST TENTH,WHAT'S ITS PH ?"::"WHAT'S YOUR ANSWER?(A CALCULATOR HELPS!)"PANS(3,1).1(10ZZ.5) ((ANS(3,1)P)P).0Y2(14X):Y(Y.2)1:ANS(2,3)110YSB::"TYPE IN YOUR ANSWER,PLEASE ";PL((ANS(2,3)P)P).05A(2,3)310C:3990QTT1İ8000:ANS(2,3)V3995s*****QUESTION#7(BOTTOM LEFT)tX.1(30(1)1):Y(3(1)2) ~Z1E14(XY):ZMINUTE = ";M .:. 8"STARTING HOUR = ";GF B"NEXT MINUTE = ";FN LC0z V"PRESS RETURN AT START OF MINUTE :";A$ `936 a(22):"ALARM IS SET FOR "H":"M jdAT197(F0):T 110! F ALARM AND STOP WATCH ENDINGSL \ (7);:230f (7)o 250u   SET UP CLOCK  936 "SET ALARM (Y,N)? ";A$ H99 A$"N"1070 A$"Y"1000 "SET HOUR = ";H $"SET <F1000P1Z THE MAIN CLOCK LOOP7dAnCC1VxC599FF1:C0jF59GG1:F0xG12G116:10:10G;":"F;":";C10;" "(16384)127240HGMF230(C10)10CX(16336):X(16336):X(0)   OT TRY IT NOW!" 9000B "VERY NICE!! NOW LET'S GET GOING!!"N 9000:f  "A FEW MORE NOTES"  "(1) X WILL ALWAYS PLAY FIRST,SO IF"  " PLAYING SEVERAL GAMES,REVERSE ROLES." ! " -3" & "(2)A NUMBER SUCH AS 4*1 ACID/BASE CONSTANTS KA"2 :"RIGHT COLUMN";:U "ON KSP SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS" " FROM TIME TO TIME,WE'LL WANT YOU" "TO CLEAR SCREEN.OUR PROMPT WILL BE THIS:" :"((RETURN))";: "JUST HIT RETURN KEY TO GO ON." " IN FACT WHY N & DELAY&D12000 &D&&,'D'"HAVE A NICE DAY."J' ;R ARROW#%23,2821:24,20:24,22)%H% ORIGINAL CONCEN-LOWER EQU&Z1821` &4,7Zm&16,19Zz &32,35Z*&Z4&H& INCREASE H2R&14,2116:14,2117\&18,2114:18,2115f&18,2120:18,2121p&14,2122:14,2123z& d#32,35Xn#X% PLUS8&%11,6:10,127:11,8H0% TOP ARROWa:%23,285:27,4:27,6sD% LOWER ARROWN%23,289:24,8:24,10X%% LOWER EQ% PLUS%11,18:10,1219:11,20% TOP ARROW%23,2817:27,16:27,18% LOWEV0`32,3421j9/t18,21:20,2135~D@ EQUATIONf^"N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 + 44KCAL"lr4! RETURN SUBROUTINE>!"PUSH RETURN TO CONTINUE."H!A$R!(# ORIGINAL CONCENTRATIONS2#<#9F#X69P#4,7XZ#16,19X17,2221 934,3617# 1 DECR H280P16,1918:16,1921h19,2016:19,2019n SHIFT FOR DECR H2018,1935919,2016:4,7179900$0.20,213589B16,1721:17,193L99007400850017107X SHIFT FOR INCREASED H2>b0Tl4,518:14,2116[v9i18,2131s9900z06,718:14,2123918,2136990004,521:17,2214931,3317990006,721:2."N9700:9600:7300#X8500-b8000Ul"THE REVERSE REACTION IS FAVORED."`vX16lN145s023,2821:24,20:24,22N923,2821:24,20:24,22X85008000"THIS IS THE EFFECT OF THE SHIFT." OF THE SHIFT." 7000# 8500- 8000\ "COMPARE ORIGINAL VS NEW CONCENTRATIONS."f 8500l t 50  CONCEN IS DECR 9000 9500 &"THESE ARE THE ORIGINAL CONCENTRATIONS." 08500 :8000D"THE STRESS IS REMOVAL OF HESS IS ADDITION OF H2", 9700:9600:98006 8500@ "8000h ,"THE FORWARD REACTION IS FAVORED."s 6X16 TN145 ^0 h23,2817:27,16:27,18 rN t9 v23,2817:27,18:27,16 |X 8500 8000 "THIS IS THE EFFECT"(3)QUIT" .::= 8"TYPE THE NUMBER AND PUSH RETURN."D BBS LB1ī1130b VB2ī1800q [B3ī9998{ `1020 j CONCENTRATION IS INCREASED t9000 8000 "THESE ARE THE ORIGINAL CONCENTRATIONS." 8500 8000 "THE STR 8500 29 <"CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING REACTION:"A F:h H"N + 3H = 2NH + 44 KCAL" J" 2(g) 2(g) 3(g)" Z: "HOW DO YOU WANT THE HYDROGEN ":"CONCENTRATION TO CHANGE?"  "(1)INCREASE" $"(2)DECREASE" )A QUALITATIVE WAY" E "A SET OF ORIGINAL CONCENTRATIONS WILL"t "BE PICTURED AT THE TOP OF THE SCREEN.": "THE RESULTS OF CHANGING THE HYDROGEN" "CONCENTRATION WILL THEN BE PICTURED" "BELOW THE ORIGINAL CONCENTRATIONS." :::L (:"THIS PROGRAM WAS PREPARED BY:"2::E"TED GAYLORD"e"SARANAC LAKE HIGH SCHOOL""SARANAC LAKE, NEW YORK 12983":::::::::::8500 "THIS PROGRAM WILL VISUALLY REPRESENT":"LECHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE IN      AUSE IT HAS DIATOMIC MOLECULES.) 7000/ @ "QUESTION 7F o "HOW MANY MOLES IS 69 GRAMS OF NO ? " 2"  "(1) 1 "(2) 1.5"(3) 3"(4) 0.5$A.A2ī366088000B3520 a %f "NO, THE ANSWER IS (3)+p Tz "ACCORDING TO AVOGADRO'S LAW, EQUAL "VOLUMES OF DIFFERENT GASES (UNDER THE "SAME CONDITIONS) CONTAIN THE SAME  "NUMBER OF MOLECULES.  "SAMPLE B CONTAINS TWICE AS MANY ATOMS "BECIN THE BOTTLES?  E "(1)1:1 MOLECULE RATIO AND 1:1 ATOM RATIOt "(2)1:2 MOLECULE RATIO AND 1:1 ATOM RATIO* "(3)1:1 MOLECULE RATIO AND 1:2 ATOM RATIO4 "(4)1:1 MOLECULE RATIO AND 2:1 ATOM RATIO> C AH A3ī3425R 8000\ 3 2 IDENTICAL BOTTLES (SAMED "VOLUME, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE).m "BOTTLE A CONTAINS HELIUM (HE) GAS. "BOTTLE B CONTAINS OXYGEN (O ) GAS. " 2"  "FOR A:B, WHAT IS THE RATIO OF MOLECULES "AND ATOMS 8000& 32300 2: "NO, THE ANSWER IS (4).8D VN " 1 MOLE 0.5 MOLEuX "----------- = ----------b "22.4 LITERS X LITERSl v "OR  "X = .5 X 22.4 = 11.2 LITERS 7000  "QUESTION 6  "CONSIDER 6 X 10 = 30 X 107000#4 "QUESTION 5:*f "WHAT IS THE VOLUME (IN LITERS) OF 0.5 "MOLE OF NITROGEN GAS AT S.T.P.?  "(1) 7 "(2) 14 " 23 "(3) 3 X 10 "(4) 11.2  A A4ī3120 jA2ī1150t8000!y2075'~E" NO, THE ANSWER IS (2).Ki" 1 MOLE 5 MOLES"---------- = -----------" 23"6 X 10 X MOLECULES"OR" 23 23" "X = 5 X------ = .5 MOLE#" 2 GRAMS-70003D"QUESTION 4Jx"HOW MANY MOLECULES IN 5 MOLES OF ARGON "GAS ?$)" 23."(1) 5 X 103" 238"(2) 30 X 10B"(3) 112L"(4) 200V`A  "(4) 6 X 10*,A*4A1ī8504>8000>H1010DRa\"NO, THE ANSWER IS (1).gf"1 MOLE H X MOLES" 2"-------- = --------"2 GRAMS 1 GRAM"OR" 1 GRAM"X = -- = ---------& l" 71 G. X G.- v"6 "OR< Z " X = 2 X 71 = 142 GRAMSd 7000j { "QUESTION 3  "HOW MANY MOLES IS 1 GRAM OF HYDROGEN "GAS ?  "(1) 0.5 "(2) 1.0 "(3) 22.4 " 23 "(3) 71 "(4) 142! ( A7 A4ī550A 8000J 700P &m 0"NO, THE ANSWER IS (4).s : D"NOTE: CHLORINE GAS (CL )IS DIATOMIC. I" 2" N" X"1 MOLE CL 2 MOLES [" 2 ]"--------- \" 23' ^" 1.5 X 10G h"X = --------- = .25 MOLESY z" 23i |" 6 X 10s 7000y  "QUESTION 2  "WHAT IS THE MASS (IN GRAMS) OF 2 MOLES "OF CHLORINE GAS AT S.T.P.?  "(1) 18 "(2) 35.55" "(3) 1.5" "(4) 4"% A4 A1ī250> 8000G 410M j "NO, THE ANSWER IS (1).p  "1 MOLE X MOLE ""------- = ------ 4" 23 23 6"6 X 10 1.5 X 10 8"MOLECULES MOLECULES @ J"ORM, TYPE3 P"THE NUMBER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER AND K R"THEN PUSH RETURN.Q ZW \] ^i _:::s d7000y x "QUESTION 1 " 23" "1.5 X 10 MOLECULES REPRESENTS HOW MANY "MOLES? "(1) 0.25 "(2) 0.& MOLE CONCEPT TUTORIAL PROGRRAMH CREATED BY T. GAYLORD, 1982j SARANAC LAKE CENTRAL SCHOOLsC0y("MOLE CONCEPT TUTORIAL PROGRAM24<"YOU WILL BE GIVEN 10 MULTIPLE QUESTIONS. F"AFTER YOU HAVE SOLVED EACH PROBLE     3:9000$ "(I-) = ";:V9II:9000A "(I2) = ";:V9I2:9000G d "FOR YOUR EQUILIBRIUM,"j  "I2 + I- <===> I3-" H K1I3(I2II) ," (I3-)" " K1 = ","-------- ="; V9K1:9000 ,"(I2)(I-)""AND O "EQUILIBRIUM = ";"T II0.20I3EU CONCN OF IODIDE ION, AQUEOUSU^ V9II:9000]c :gh 8000 "LET'S LIST THE CONCENTRATIONS FOUND SO" "FAR THAT WILL BE USEFUL IN CALCULATING" "THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT:"  "(I3-) = ";:V9I` I3IAI2.a CONCN OF I3- IN AQUEOUS LAYER>e V9I3:9000Fj :st "AND THE I- CONCENTRATION IS FOUND BY "y "SUBTRACTING THE I- USED TO FORM I3-"~ "FROM THE STARTING I- CONCENTRATION." : "FROM YOUR DATA, THIS GIVES AN I- AT"E CAN FIND THE CONCENTRATION OF"J"I3- AND OF I- IONS IN YOUR AQUEOUS"]"SOLUTION.":"I3- CONCENTRATION IS FOUND BY SUBTRAC-""TING AQUEOUS I2 FROM THE SUM OF""AQUEOUS I2 PLUS I3-.""FOR YOUR DATA, THIS VALUE ""IS: "; M: ":,"I2(HEXANE)";"I2(AQUEOUS) =","----------"K," 35"Q}""FROM YOUR DATA, THE CONCENTRATION OF","I2 IN YOUR AQUEOUS LAYER IS ";lI2IH35m CONCN OF I2 IN AQUEOUS LAYERvV9I2:9000:8000 "NOW WIS"xIATAVAMT.508y CONCN OF I2 + I3- IN WATERHV9IA:9000NX8000x"FROM THE K2 VALUE OF 35,""FOR THE DISSOLVING,""I2(HEXANE) <==> I2 (AQUEOUS):"THE CONCENTRATION OF I2 (AQUEOUS)""IS FOUND FRO LAYER IS GIVEN BY:"H"ML. S2O3= M S2O3= 1 MOLE I2 OR I3-"u"--------- X X ---------------""ML AQUEOUS 2 MOLE S2O3=":"FROM YOUR DATA, THE TOTAL I2 PLUS I3-""CONCENTRATIONS IN YOUR AQUEOUS LAYER V9IH:9000: 8000;"FROM THE REACTIONS:"i"2 S2O3= + I2 ==> S4O6= + 2 I- (AQUEOUS)x:"AND":"2 S203= + I3- ==> S4O6= + 3 I-","(ALSO ALL AQUEOUS)""THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF I2 AND I3- IN""YOUR WATER"ML. S203= M S203= 1 MOLE I2"P"--------- X X------------"{"ML HEXANE 2 MOLE S203="!&"FROM YOUR DATA, THE I2 CONCENTRATION"IHTHVHMT.50 CONCN OF I2 IN HEXANE"IN YOUR HEXANE LAYER IS ";)2)0 T"MOLARITY OF YOUR SODIUM THIOSULPHATE"B Y"SOLUTION ";J ^MTT 8000v  DISPLAY CONCN OF I2(HEXANE)|  "GIVEN THE REACTION:"  "2 S2O3== + I2 --> S4O6= + 2 I- (AQUEOUS)" " THE I2 CONCENTRATION IN HEXANE IS:" & SAMPLE"; T2 C "ML. OF THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION USED TO"j "TITRATE FIRST HEXANE SOLUTION ";r "T3x ' ,"ML. OF THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION USED TO" 1"TITRATE SECOND HEXANE SOLUTION "; 6T4 ; @TAR((T1T2)2) JTHR((T3T4; W1 3 "ML. OF AQUEOUS, 2ND SAMPLE ";; W2A V VAR((W1W2)2) "ML. OF THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION USED TO" "TITRATE FIRST AQUEOUS SAMPLE "; T1 "ML. OF THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION USED TO " "TITRATE SECOND AQUEOUSPUT YOUR DATA,"; x"PLEASE ENTER ONLY THE NUMERIC VALUE,"` "NOT INCLUDING UNITS. THANKS."f "ML. OF HEXANE, 1ST SAMPLE "; H1 "ML. OF HEXANE, 2ND SAMPLE "; H2 VHR((H1H2)2) "ML. OF AQUEOUS, 1ST SAMPLE "2R(V)(100V.5)100& <L$"* * "1 FJ13A PL$L$L$:JI Z:t d"THIS PROGRAM WILL HELP YOU FIND THE" e"EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT USING YOUR LAB" f"DATA FROM THE I2 + I- <==> I3-" g"EQUILIBRIUM EXPERIMENT. i n"WHEN ASKED TO IN I2EQ PROGRAMa C F EGAN - CAMILLLE & HENRY DREYFUS CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE, PRINCETON, NJq JULY 1983( A (SOMEWHAT NEATER) VERSION WRITTEN IN MICROSOFT-86 BASIC IS AVAILABLE- FROM: C F EGAN, KIMBALL UNION ACADEMY, MERIDEN, NH 03770         ID="KA PP1İ3600 A "HIT ANY KEY TO GO TO START";B$I 80} *****EXPT #3 STRONG BASE VS UNKNOWN WEAK ACID ::3400 Q1 G(9(Q)1)& H(4(Q)4)0 J(20(Q)10): KAG10H? KK1D NAJF "BE SURE YO(RETURN))";::AA$::' 0 GO BACK TO THE": "DISK AND RESUME THE PROGRAM TITLED"T "EQUIL TIC-TAC-TOE " "HOPE YOU AND YOUR OPPONENT DO WELL !!"4! WOULD IT PAY TO GIVE ANSWERS IN LINES 3000- IN MAIN PROGRAM?"D$(4)"D$;"RUN EQUIL TIC-TAC-TOE"'#(#:"(N CHOICE OF"6q "SEEING WHAT THE COMPUTER THINKS IS"av "THE CORRECT ANSWER,IF YOU HAPPEN TO"{ "BE WRONG.YOU AND YOUR OPPONENT SHOULD" "DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT THIS IS A GOOD" "IDEA FOR YOUR GAME PLAN." 9000: "NOW YOU'RE READY TO0 (= .004 )"= 0 " WILL OFTEN APPEAR AS 4E-3 AND CAN BE"a : " ENTERED THAT WAY AS WELL." D "(3) QUESTIONS IN ANY ONE BOX WILL BE" N " SIMILAR,BUT WITH SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT " X " NUMBERS,OR SIGNS,OR..." l :" AT OUTSET,YOU'LL BE GIVES$(N);"?___________"E:.01(100((D1023(61023))FW(N)).5)O::dINDER STATEMENT:"RECORD ALL ANSWERS TO THREE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. SHOW ALL WORK!!!"II110::IIZZl1)2)Ph:"HOW MANY MOLECULES ARE THERE IN ";C;" GRAMS OF ";N$(N);"?________"m:(.01(100(CFW(N)61023)(1023).5));" X 10 ^23"r1680|D(3(1)1)60:"HOW MANY GRAMS OF ";N$(N);" ARE THERE ""IN ";D;" X 10 ^23 ATOMS OF ";B60(6(1)1)C:"HOW MANY MOLES OF ";N$(N);" ARE THERE "{"IN ";B;" X 10 ^23 ATOMS OF ";S$(N);"?___________":.01(100(B1023(61023)).5)"::@ QUESTION #3 GRAMS<>ATOMSJX(2(1)1)TX1630,1660^C10(5(__":5FW(N)::@ QUESTION #2 MOLECULES<>ATOMSRX(2(1)1)cX1530,1550uA(5(1)1):"HOW MANY ATOMS ARE THERE IN ";A;" MOLE(S) OF ";N$(N);"?___________":.01(100A(61023)(1023).5)" X 10^23"1570(2(1)1) X1430,1450N :"HOW MANY MOLES OF ";S$(N);" ARE THERE IN "x "100 GRAMS OF ";N$(N);"?___________" :.01(100(100FW(N)).5) 1490 :"HOW MANY GRAMS OF ";N$(N);" ARE THERE ""IN 5 MOLES OF ";S$(N);"?______________:"THE SYMBOL, ATOMIC NUMBER, AND ATOMIC "K "WEIGHT FOR ";N$(N);" ARE:"c (:"SYMBOL: ";S$(N)} 2:"ATOMIC #: ";AN(N) <:"ATOMIC WEIGHT: ";FW(N);" GRAMS/MOLE" A:"6 X 10^23 ATOMS/MOLE ";S$(N) F:: x QUESTION #1 GRAMS<>MOLES X10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,180 `K118:AN(K):K6 jX  READ IN FORMULA WEIGHT DATA  1.0,4.0,6.9,9.0,10.8,12.0,14.0,16.0,19.0,20.2,23.0,24.3,27.0,28.1,31.0,32.1,35.5,40.0 L118:FW(L):L ::  PROBLEM DATA N(18(1)1)* R","CHLORINE","ARGON"+ I118:N$(I):I1 K  READ IN SYMBOL DATAn $ "H","HE","LI","BE","B","C" % "N","O","F","NE","NA","MG" & "AL","SI","P","S","CL","AR" .J118:S$(J):J 8 L READ IN ATOMIC DATA V 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,"B. MOLES<>ATOMS":15006 <:"C. GRAMS<>ATOMS":1600@ F1700[  READ IN ELEMENT DATA  "HYDROGEN","HELIUM","LITHIUM","BERYLLIUM","BORON","CARBON","NITROGEN","OXYGEN","FLUORINE","NEON","SODIUM","MAGNESIUM","ALUMINUM","SILICON","PHOSPHORUS","SULFU % WORKSHEET - 7/23/83 M. HUGHESF N$(20),S$(20),AN(20),FW(20)SZZ125o1000:1050:1100:1200:"NAME:___________________":"DATE:__/__/__":"SINGLE AND DOUBLE CONVERSIONS"1300(:"A. GRAMS<>MOLES":1400 2:     XPX1934Z108dX,Y:X,Y10:X,Y20:X,Y30GnN110:NNx0oX,Y:X,Y10:X,Y20:X,Y30vXY8(1)1X3519110X,Y:X,Y15:X,Y30N110:N0X,Y:X,Y15:X,Y30XX1961ALLS 7Y138"X15+X,Y5X:Y<1HY138a SHOWS MOVING BALLSnX3539wX,YX:YY8(1)1 X3197X,Y:X,Y10:X,Y20:X,Y30(N110:N20<X,Y:X,Y10:X,Y20:X,Y30FAM THROWS BALLS TO ILLUSTRATE"E:"HOW AN EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED"n:"BALLS ARE THROWN BACK AND FORTH":"AT DIFFERENT, BUT CONSTANT RATES"::::"PUSH SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE"Z$:(Z$)324070: DRAWS MASSES OF B N1100 4+ Y140Y:(2.5X)1,Y12& X`0 "EQUILIBRIUM CURVES IF THERE IS INITIAL": "REACTANT BUT 0 PRODUCT & EQUAL RATESD "PUSH SPACE BAR TO GO ON"I Z$:(Z$)323145N   INTRO EXPLANATION:HOME::"THIS PROGR",:::" PUSH SPACE BAR TO GO ON"4Z$H(Z$)322210NTlZ$:(Z$)322300r  SAMPLE RUN :HOME :1 Y139:X0:X,Y:Y X138:Y39:X,Y:X 2 X015.4 2 Y192X19:(2.5X)1,Y I);PJ);PC$/R38:RC19:P62:PC18@4G);RH);RCI);PJ);PCbH::"EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED"R:"THE NUMBER OF BALLS EXCHANGED IS EQUAL"\:"NOTE,HOWEVER,THE CONCENTRATION OF "f:"OF REACTANT BALLS AND PRODUCT BALLS IS"k:"NOT EQUALCONTINUE"!Z$:(Z$)322030'S " REACTANTS RC PRODUCTS PC"jG9:H17:I27:J35R100:RC0:P0:PC0 G);RH);RCI);PJ);PC"R50:RC25:P50:PC15$G);RH);RCI);PJ);PC%R40:RC20:P60:PC18 *G);RH);RCTHER RUN?,Y/N,";A$(A$"Y"9:::::::M::"GOODBYE"bN12000:N::l9999::"HERE IS A SAMPLE SUN USING 100 BALLS AS REACTANT AND ZERO BALLS AS PRODUCT":"RF IS SET AS .5, RR IS .3" :"PUSH SPACE BAR TO " BALLS CHANGE"Qv:"AT EQUILIBRIUM PRODUCTS/REACTANTS IS ";P1;"/";R1;"."x:"THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IS P/R =";((PR100).5)100z:"NOW TRY THE SAME BALL TOTAL, BUT INITIALLY DISTRIBUTED DIFFERENTLY."{"DO YOU WANT ANO EQUILIBRIUM ";PC;" BALLS CHANGE":N13000:N6 m:g n:::"YOU CHOOSE ";RS;" INITIAL REACTANTS" p:" ";PS;" AS INITIAL PRODUCT" r:" ";FR;" AS FORWARD RATE" t:" ";RR;" AS REVERSE RATE"u:"AT EQUILIBRIUM ";PC1;00 3000 < :::"R=NUMBER OF REACTANTS(BALLS)"b :"P= NUMBER OF PRODUCTS(BALLS)" :"RC=NUMBER OF 'REACTANT'BALLS THROWN" :"PC=NUMBER OF 'PRODUCT' BALLS THROWN" ":"FR=FORWARD RATE,RR=REVERSE RATE" $2000 .10. l"ATRCPC)11900+ PCRC.9PCRC1.11900C RRRCPC:PPPCRCZ Z$:(Z$)32200c 120  SAMPLE RUN(2000),INTRO GR(3000),INTRO EXPLA(4000),THROWING GR(5000)  ::: " EQUILIBRIUM SIMULATION" N12000:N 40:50C <::"REPEAT UNTIL EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED"Y FZ$:(Z$)3270c x5000} }R1(R.5):P1(P.5) RCRFR:PCPRR RC1(RC.5):PC1(PC.5) " REACTANTS RC PRODUCTS PC" 5);R115);RC123);P131);PC1::(P PSP:RSR #P040B %:"THESE ARE REAL BALLS !!!":30k (:"ENTER FORWARD RATE (<1)---- ";FR} *FR1FR050 ,:" RATE MUST BE <1 AND >0":40 2:"REVERSE RATE (<1)---- ";RR 7RR1RR060 9:" RATE MUST BE <1 AND >0 !!!!!"60001000# :p ::::"NOW YOU ENTER YOUR OWN DATA AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS"::"INITIAL NUMBER OF BALLS(REACTANTS)..";RR030:"THESE ARE REAL BALLS!":20 :"INITIAL NUMBER OF BALLS (PRODUCT)..";       :5);"Alright then; good-bye.".5:"END":VTUU:I(4MM(NSSPPQQ)(NUUPPPP)J4BB(QQUUPPSS)(NUUPPPP)P4ñV4ñ\4y4z ***** DERIVATIVE CALCULATION *****4{4`I1N14jDX(I).5(XX(I)XX(I1))4tDY(I)(YY(I1)YY(I))(XX(I1)XX(I))4N(I)I.5:I45::OR OFF5R "IS THERE A PRINTER ATTACHED AND WORKING"UW :"AT THIS POINT? ";ZZ$l\ (ZZ$,1)"Y"PP1f ZZ1400::"THANK YOU":ZZ12000:p   (4);"PR#1" (9);"80N" (9);"I" (4);"PR#0":Z^ S(2)G:S(4)H:S(6)J` *b X165d S(X);<f XBg Hl x :"WITH THIS DATA YOU CAN DEDUCE BOTH THE" "MOLECULAR MASS AND IONIZATION CONSTANT" "OF THIS SOLID,WEAK ACID.GOOD LUCK!" PP1İ3600 3999H *****PRINTER ON U HAVE A COPY OF DATA !!")G PP1İ35003I 3152iK "THERE ARE "(H3)"."G" GRAMS OF ACID IN SAMPLE."sN 2120P "YOUR UNKNOWN'S CODE NUMBER IS ";S L(H3G10):K1000LJX S(1)(K100)Z S(3)(K10)10S(1)] S(5)(K100S(1)10S(3))ICE-HALL CHEMS 3RD EDD FOR FURTHER PROGRAM REMARKS LIST 300-335:SOLUTION.+^ K(A)=[FE+3][FESCN+2]/[SCN-]1cSh K(B)=[FESCN+2]/[FE+3][SCN-]Ym|r K(C)=[FESCN+2]/[FE+3]+[SCN-} THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM 'CHEMISTRY WITH A COMPUTER' BY PAUL CAUCHON MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR THE PRENTENT INPUT TO THE PROGRAM CONSISTS OF THE FOUR PAIRS OF LIQUID HEIGHTS WHICH MAKE A COLOR MATCH.O LIST 340- TO SEE THE REST OF THE REMARKS T THE PROGRAM WILL THEN PRODUCE CALCULATED VALUES FOR THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS OF THE THREE SPECIES IN PROGRAM FOR THE CHEMS EXPERIMENT DEALING WITH THE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE SYSTEM.S1u6 FE(SCN)++ = FE+++ + SCN-{;@ STUDENTS SHOULD RUN THROUGH ALL THE COMPUTATIONS DESCRIBED IN THE CHEMS LAB MANUAL BEFORE USING THIS PROGRAM.E_J STUD:* "ANYMORE DATA TO RUN(Y OR N)";:Z$8 Z$"Y"3B :: "IT HAS BEEN MY PLEASURE HELPING YOU, ";N$;" WITH THESE CALCULATIONS." "I HOPE THAT WE WILL BE ABLE TO WORK TOGETHER AGAIN SOMETIME SOON." M, DATA ANALYSIS(I).5)7 D(I);:" ";:E(I);:" ";:G(I)= R I140:"-";:I{ " A B C" I25 B1(I);:" ";:C1(I);:" ";:A1(I) I140:"-";:I ::00000E(I).000005)# xG(I)BD(I)L yG(I).000001(1000000G(I).000005)g }A1(I)D(I)(E(I)G(I)) ~A1(I).00001(100000A1(I).00005) B1(I)E(I)D(I)G(I) B1(I).00001(100000B1(I).00005) C1(I)D(I)(E(I)G(I)) C1(I).1(10C1 AI25 FA(I)A(I1).4% KI0 PB.001: Z::j ["----------------------------------------" \"[FESCN+2]","[FE+3]","[SCN-]" dI25 nD(I)BH1(I)H(I) oD(I).000001(1000000D(I).000005) sE(I)A(I)D(I) tE(I).000001(10 THE HEIGHT"R )"OF THE LIQUID IN TUBES 2-5 AND THE CORRESPONDING HEIGHT" *"IN TUBE 1 TO PRODUCE A COLOR MATCH FOR EACH.":: -I25 2"HEIGHT IN TUBE ";I; 3H(I) 7"HT. IN TUBE #1 WHICH MATCHES ";I; 8H1(I) :I <A(1).1F : "DATA ANALYSIS ON EQUILIBRIUM EXPERIMENT"::@ ` "FE+3/FESCN+2 EQUILIBRIUM"f "THIRD EDITION-PRENTICE HALL"::"PLEASE TYPE YOUR NAME";:N$S1S2S30W12000 ("YOUR DATA SHOULD BE ORGANIZED TO SHOW       (10)(R)"*";$L(30)-(R)7"*";>xRX@(16):(9):"ROSIE'S"p(18):(12):"RING" (19):(15):"RULE"l V12000:V : TO 190 WHEN YOU CAN PREDICT ROSIE'S NUMBER"M"TEN TIMES IN A ROW, THEN YOU KNOW"h"ROISIE'S RING RULE."q255wp GENERATES TITLE, ENTER FROM 180Q10308(5)(Q)"*";d(19)(Q),"*";QR519 WHAT IT IS."1)6"KEEP TRYING!"/;A@"GOOD LUCK!"JJ255PTahC25ī4300jr100|"CONGRATULATIONS FOR MAKING IT THIS FAR!""BY NOW YOU EITHER KNOW ROSIE'S RING RULE""OR YOU ARE REALLY HOOKED ON THE PROBLEM."$""DON'T GIVE UP!"#4J11000:J=255CSC104200\ 100"ROSIE IS STILL FOLLOWING THE SAME SIMPLE RULE. WHEN YOU HAVE FIGURED OUT THE RULE, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO PREDICT ROSIE'S NUMBER BEFORE YOU ASK ROSIE t .( X2,Y7:X2,Y8:X2,Y8:X3,Y8V2 X6,Y7:X7,Y8:X7,Y7:X8,Y8y COMMENT & REINFORCEMENT LOOPCC1C54100100"ROSIE DOES FOLLOW THE SAME SIMPLE RULE EVERY TIME, EVEN IF IT DOES NOT LOOK LIKE IT."$ GENERATES SPOTS ON DICEL4X4,Y7:X5,Y7:X4,Y8:X5,Y8R>zX2,Y3:X2,Y4:X3,Y3:X3,Y4X6,Y11:X6,Y12:X7,Y11:X7,Y12` X6,Y3:X7,Y3:X6,Y4:X7,Y4j X2,Y11:X2,Y12:X3,Y11:X3,Y12LL AGAIN PRESS ;";"TO QUIT TYPE IN .";Y$PY$"STOP"ī1300Z::d4000m 440"THANKS FOR PLAYING ROSIE'S RING RULE WITH ME. COME BACK AGAIN.":( THROWS FIVE DICEN15D(N)((1)5)1N00:S(I)2(.D(I)4İ2200:2400:S(I)0MBD(I)5İ2200:2400:2100:S(I)4rVD(I)6İ2200:2400:2600:S(I)0`TTS(I)tI"TO SEE THE NUMBER PRODUCED BY""ROSIE'S RING RULE, PRESS .";Z$"ROSIE'S NUMBER IS ";T"TO RO,3123R22,3138"\23,37220f23,3831K PRINTS SPOTS ON DICEST0^I15oI1X2:Y2I2X15:Y2I3X29:Y2I4X8:Y23I5X22:Y23D(I)1İ2100:S(I)0D(I)2İ2200:S(I)0 D(I)3İ2100:222,172 2,1711&  DRAWS D(2)3 15,242A 15,2417N 2,1715[ 2,1724l  DRAWS D(3)y 29,382 29,3817 2,1729 2,1738  DRAWS D(4) 8,1723 8,1738 *23,388 423,3817 > DRAWS D(5)H22 m "IF YOU PROMISE NEVER TO TELL ROSIE'S SECRET, TYPE IN AND WE'LL CONTINUE."s { W$ W$"I WON'T TELL"ė:380 1500 X DRAWS BOXES FOR DIE FACES b g DRAWS D(1) l15 v2,112 2,1117 . J"ROSIE'S RING RULE IS AN ANCIENT GAME." T"LIKE ALL OF THOSE WHO HAVE PLAYED THIS GAME BEFORE, YOU MUST PROMISE NEVER TO TELL ANYONE WHAT ROSIE'S RING RULE IS." ^ |"THE ONLY WAY TO LEARN ROSIE'S RULE IS TO FIGURE IT OUT FOR YOURSELF."ING RULE "( "TO DETERMINE A NUMBER.". U "WHEN YOU ASK ME, I'LL SHOW YOU " "THE NUMBER I GOT USING ROSIE'S RULE.  ""YOUR JOB IS TO FIGURE OUT WHAT" ,"ROSIE'S RING RULE IS." 1 6"WHEN YOU'RE READY, PUSH .";Z$ @4 "DO YOU WANT TO SEE INSTRUCTIONS? (Y OR N)";I$: K I$"N"ī320Q W "THE RULES OF THIS GAME ARE VERY SIMPLE." "I WILL THROW FIVE DICE AND SHOW YOU" "HOW THEY LOOK AFTER THE THROW." "I WILL THEN FOLLOW ROSIE'S RZd ROSIE'S RING?n AN EXERCISE IN THE DEVELOPMENT_x AND TESTING OF HYPOTHESES ***** WRITTEN BY JOE BEATTY ****  DREYFUS INSTITUTE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY JULY, 1983C06050 :::     ELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRESSURE VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE?"H::"IF YOU WANT TO TRY IT PRESS Y. IF YOU WANT TO STOP PRESS N."K$K$"N"999936 ::"I AM GOING TO SUPPLY YOU WITH DATA":A"YOU TELL ME I NO ";U$#::::5U$"NO"ī220HU$"YES"ī145Z::::::"WELL ";X$;" THAT WAS A STRUGGLE BUT YOU DID FINE!":::"BY THE WAY ";X$"WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE SOME GUESSES">"ABOUT THE RWW.1(10W.5)6:"FIND THE PRESSURE."::e"OK ";X$;" WE WILL WAIT FOR YOUR ANSWER."mY${::::"YOUR ANSWER IS "Y$"MY ANSWER IS ";WW;" ATMOSPHERES."::::::"IF YOU WANT TO CONTINUE PRINT YES ORIS AS FOLLOWS"*"NUMBER OF MOLES = ";QK"VOLUME USED = ";G;" LITERSs"TEMPERATURE OF SYSTEM = ";P;" K."{:"USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW P V = N R T":"AND REMEMBERING THAT R = O.0821 ATMOSPHERE LITERS PER MOLE DEGREE KELVIN":0"THE VOLUME OF THE GAS YOU MEASURED ";GR" ";G;" LITERS \::"THE TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS ";P" ";P;" DEGREES KELVIN"I12000::::::WQ.0821PG:::::"YOUR DATA 25::::!::::E"OK "X$;" YOU HAVE ELECTED TO"^"USE YOUR OWN DATA"j:::|::::::"THE FIRST PIECE OF THE DATA WE NEED IS"::"THE NUMBER OF MOLES ";Q" ";Q;" MOLES": WILL NEED TO REWORK THIS PROBLEM."?}:::::x~"LET'S TRY AGAIN. WE WILL WAIT FOR YOUR ANSWER ";A:PP:" ATMOSPHERES""COMPARE YOUR ANSWER WITH THE COMPUTERS WHEN YOUR READY TRY AGAIN HIT ANY KEY"Z$:TS OF ATMOSPHERES TO THE NEAREST TENTH.":o"THE COMPUTER WILL WAIT FOR YOUR ANSWER ";QQp:::sPN0.0821TVx:::::yPP.1(10P.5)z100(QQPP)QQ2ī25/|"SORRY ";X$;" YOUSEE HOW YOU DO!"f::Ti"KNOWING THAT PV=NRT CALCULATE THE PRESSURE. "^j::k"REMEMBER NUMBER OF MOLES EQUALS ";N:l"THE VOLUME WAS ";V:m"AND THE TEMPERATURE WAS ";T+n::"PLEASE NOTE YOUR ANSWER MUST BE GIVEN IN UNITHE UNITS FOR THIS TEMPERATURE? ";T$C T(T$,1)"K"ī96Y U(T$,1)"K"ī87i W::::: Z"DID YOU FORGET THE UNITS THAT MUST BE USED WHENEVER WE USE THIS GAS CONSTANT?" _78 `:::: a::::::d"OK ";X$" LET'S 3 4(V$,1)"L"ī46/ 5(V$,1)"L"ī55? 7:::::W <T10(100(1)1)] @ A"THE TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS IS ";T B F:::: K"KNOWING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE UNITS" L"USED IN THE IDEAL GAS LAW" N:. P"WHAT ARE "THE VOLUME OF THE GAS WE HAVE IS ";V2 .::: /"IF YOU REMEMBER IN THE IDEAL GAS LAW THE CONSTANT R HAS VERY SPECIFIC UNITS" 0"R = 0.0821 ATM. LITERS PER MOLE DEGREE K" 1:: 2"THEREFORE WHAT UNITS SHOULD THE VOLUME BE IN ? ";V$ 2 ";X? C4C0L X1ī25Z X2ī145e CC1o ::{ C" "; C415 N.1(100(1)1) : #"WE BEGIN THIS PROBLEM WITH ";N" MOLES." $:::: (V25(10(1)1)& -YPE IN YOUR NAME ";X$ ::A "OK "X$" LET'S GET STARTED"U ::::::: "IF YOU WOULD LIKE ME TO SUPPLY THE VARIABLES TYPE IN THE NUMBER 1" :2 "IF ON THE OTHER HAND YOU WANT TO SUPPLY YOUR OWN VARIABLES TYPE IN THE NUMBER t::::::::g"THIS PROGRAM WILL ASK YOU TO SOLVE FOR PRESSURE THREE TIMES USING:y:::::: " THE IDEAL GAS LAW " P V = N R T" :::::: "IN ORDER TO BECOME BETTER ACQUAINTED T      MOLAR"<l:"YOU MUST CHECK TO SEE IF THIS VALUE IS"av"MORE THAN 5% OF THE MOLARITY.":"(IF IT IS, YOU MUST SOLVE""A QUADRATIC EQUATION.):"- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -":15);"(APPROXIMATE H ION)"""CALCU" X 10 )(";ML1;" X 10 )"$ ::M::"WHEN YOU HAVE AN ANSWER":1500cAPRXH(KAMOLAR)o&DAPRXHy03000:APRXHD:MAHROUND:EAHED"THE APPROXIMATE HYDROGEN ION"N"CONCENTRATION IS"X10);" ";EAH b10);MAH;" X 10);ML1;" X 10 - X"E:"TO FIND AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION, ASSUME"r"THAT X IS SMALL COMPARED TO MOLARITY.":"WHEN YOU'RE READY TO CONTINUE,":1500::"NOW SOLVE":::7);"2 ";EK;" ";EM6);"X = (";K1;---------------------"=13);"(MOLARITY OF HA) - (X)"::g"WHERE (X) REPRESENTS THE AMOUNT OF""DISSOCIATED HA":::"FOR THIS PROBLEM:":28);"2"15);EK;" X"6);K1;" X 10 = ---------------"30);EM21--------"@21);"(HA)"::KJ"NOTICE THAT EVERY HA THAT DISSOCIATES"sT"YIELDS ONE H ION AND ONE A ION":^:"WHEN YOU ARE READY TO CONTINUE":1500h"THEREFORE THE KA EXPRESSION CAN BE":"WRITTEN AS"r20);"(X) (X)"|6);"KA = -GEN CONCENTRATION">"OF A WEAK ACID SOLUTION, FIRST WRITE"g"THE EQUATION FOR DISSOCIATION:"::z20);"+ -"14);"HA = H + A ":"THEN WRITE THE KA EXPRESSION:"::"21);"+ -",19);"(H )(A )" 611);"KA = --((10MANTISSA)100))100+ DROUND10(E)1 7 = CIt SUBROUTINE TO OBTAIN H CONCENTRATIONz"THAT'S THE PROBLEM""THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IS":"INCORRECT.":J11500J"TO FIND THE HYDROCHECK THE PH CALCULATION."7Z ROUTE FOR INCORRECT PHCd 5000:qn "CONGRATULATIONS, ";N$;"! THAT'S RIGHT."x RIGHTRIGHT1:   SUBROUTINE TO ROUND OFF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION L(D)(10) E(L) MANTISSAL(L) ROUND(RCENT DIFFERENT THAN MINE.":H( "WHAT IS YOUR VALUE FOR HYDROGEN ION"d2 "CONCENTRATION? ";H2:3 INCORRECT H ION CONCENTRATION ROUTE< ROUTE FOR INCORRECT H IONF 100((H2HYDROGEN))HYDROGEN5İ4000:P "THAT IS CORRECT."Q "LET'S OUTE APPROPRIATELY: HYDROGEN(KA(KA24KAMOLAR))2I DHYDROGENS 3000p HYDROGEND:MHROUND:EHE COMPH(HYDROGEN)(10) COMPH((100COMPH))100 100((COMPHPH))COMPH52670  "SORRY, YOUR ANSWER IS MORE THAN" "5 PE)))100 KAK110EK< "THE VALUE OF KA FOR YOUR ACID"J "IS ";KAb *EM1((4(1)1)) 4ML1((100(10(1)1)))100 >MOLARML110EM H"THE MOLARITY IS ";MOLAR;" MOLES PER LITER.": R S  SUBROUTINE TO CHECK PH AND R CORRECTLY."@ ::"DO YOU WANT TO DO ANOTHER 5? (Y OR N) ";A3$R DA3$"Y"ī200 N:"BYE NOW, ENJOY THE REST OF YOUR DAY.":   A SUBROUTINE TO GENERATE RANDOM VALUES OF KA AND MOLARITY  EK1((10(1)1)) K1((100(10(1)1ENT.":( L"I WILL KEEP AN ACCOUNT OF"P V"HOW MANY YOU ANSWER CORRECTLY.":f `"GOOD LUCK."::l j "PRESS THE KEY";CLRSCN$::    SUBROUTINE TO END PROGRAM &:"OUT OF 5 PROBLEMS, YOU HAVE" 0"ANSWERED ";RIGHT;" NAME? ";N$ . N$;" YOU WILL BE GIVEN"U "TEN PH PROBLEMS, ONE AT A TIME."[  "I WILL GIVE YOU THE MOLARITY" $"AND THE KA VALUE.": ."ALL THE ACIDS ARE MONOPROTIC.": 8"YOUR ANSWER MUST AGREE WITH MINE" B"TO WITHIN 5 PERC@  A PROGRAM OF PH PROBLEMSC USING RANDOM KA AND MOLARITYISd1000^I15"WHEN YOU ARE READY FOR A PROBLEM":15002000::"WHAT IS THE PH? ";PH::2500I1800 "HELLO, WHAT IS YOUR FIRST               :36:"3"H(DE)(2F)*V9H:90004H1V9:G22:"-"t"SO THE (I )(AQ) + (I )(AQ) FOR YOUR "10:"2";:21:"3""DATA IS ";::H1;::" MOLES PER LITER."::"PRESS WHEN YOU ARE READY TO CONTINUE." + I ) ="*24:"2";:29:"3 (AQ)"T:"THE CONCENTRATION OF THIOCYANATE"iX132:"-";:Xv36:"X"15:"2"18:"VOLUME OF THIOCYANATE"18:X122:"-";:X:37:"-"19:"VOLUME OF (I + I )" 31:"2";ENTRATIONS OF THE I AND I TOGETHER"=21:"2";:28:"3"Cs"SINCE THEY ARE BOTH PRESENT IN THE WATER":"SOLUTION TITRATED. THEREFORE,"::"PRESS TO CONTINUE"A$:93629:"-""THE CONCENTRATION OF (IILLILITERS OF SODIUM THIOCYAN-ATE DID YOU USE TO TITRATE THE IODINE IN WATER?"WpE_z:"WHAT IS THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SODIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTION (IN MOLES PER LIT- ER?"D:"WE MUST CALCULATE THE CON-"29:"-"&"C READY TO CONTINUE."A$&936M4 ================================t> (I2)(AQ) + (I3-)(AQ) CALCULATIONH ================================R"HOW MANY MILLILITERS OF IODINE IN WATER SOLUTION DID YOU USE?"\Fa:Pf"HOW MANY MRATION OF IODINE =".:18:"2-";:38:"2-"Q3:E;:6:" LITERS S O X";o25:D;:28:" MOLES S O"16:"2 3";:36:"2 3""----------------------------------------"10:"2 X 1000 X .025 LITERS":"PRESS WHEN YOU ARES PER LITER"LD::"WAS CALCULATED BY THE EQUALITY OF MOLES STATEMENT..."eGPAUSE13000:PAUSE:"(VOLUME THIOCYANATE) X (CONCENTRATION THIOCYANATE)"19:"=":"(VOLUME IODINE) X (CONCENTRATION IODINE)":"THEREFORE THE CONCENT2(F1000))3V9G:9000$4G1V9f8"THE CONCENTRATION OF IODINE IN HEXANE,":"(I )(HEXANE), = "r93:"2"z::;:15::G1;::" MOLES PER LITER."<:"PRESS TO CONTINUE"=A$:936B10:"THIS VALUE" C::7:G1;" MOLEOLUTION?"Eq::"WHAT IS THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SODIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTION (IN MOLES PER LI- TER)?"xD::$ ============================% CALCULATION OF (I2)(AQUEOUS)& ============================ .G(D(E1000))(A SHEET, PLEASE INPUT THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION. PRESS AFTER ENTRY."V : "HOW MANY MILLILITERS OF IODINE IN HEXANEDID YOU USE?" F : "HOW MANY MILLILITERS OF SODIUM THIOCYAN-ATE DID YOU USE TO TITRATE THE IODINE INHEXANE S5:"PROGRAM WRITTEN BY DONNA BOGNER"> +PAUSE14000:PAUSED 0f  ===========================  CALCULATION OF (I2)(HEXANE)  ===========================N "I WILL HELP YOU WITH YOUR CALCULATIONS FOR THIS TITRATION LAB. FROM YOUR DATEACTION" % 17:"-";:27:"-"I 7:"I (AQ) + I (AQ) = I (AQ)"_ 8:"2";:26:"3"e  3:"A LABORATORY CALCULATION PROGRAM" 14:14::"DEVELOPED BY" : 6:"DREYFUS INSTITUTE PARTICIPANTS" : &18:"1983":% ': (I2)(AQ) + (I3-)(AQ) = A + C = (D*E)/28 h H1 = INT HQ r K1 = INT (C/(B*A))` | K2 = G/A|  R = PERCENTAGE ERROR  R1 = INT R  = YES OR NO FOR MORE DATA  3:"DETERMINATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM"  7:"CONSTANT FOR THE R===============" A = (I2)(AQ)3  A1 = INT AF  B = (I=)(AQ)W  B1 = INT Bk " C = (I3-)(AQ)| , C1 = INT C 6 D = (S2O3 -2)(AQ) @ E = VOLUME S2O3 -2 IN MILLILITERS J F =VOLUME I2 IN MILLILITERS T G = (12)(HEXANE)' ^ H =7bd DETERMINATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR THE REACTION (I2)(AQ) + (I-)(AQ) = (I3-)(AQ)n CHECK THE VARIABLE DICTIONARY FOR THE DATA TO BE INPUT FOR CALCULATIONS. =========================== VARIABLE DICTIONARY ============!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! Y(80),X2$(80),DX(80),N(80)65);"Enter your data:"<]7);"POINT";18);X$;30);Y$cmII1}8);I;19)"";X2$(I)X2$(I)"END"X(I)(X2$(I))X2$(I)"END"İ20000:1270(31):998:"";Y(I)I5(I5)İ20000our data, type END as the final"Q8"'value' for ";X$;". Make no mistake with"B"this, because after typing END no more"L"data can be entered."`j5);"Hit RETURN to proceed.";t"";S$~::X(80),Y(80),Z(80),XX(80),YY(80),D"the table as it appears below. The"R"values of "X$" must be successively"}"increasing through the table. Data""will be reviewed for correction after""every fifth entry.$5);"When you have finished entering" ."all yN: ";:J6(36):J7(37)""";J$3J$"Y"ī530DJ$"N"ī960m198:998:36,J6:37,J7:868:925s ***** ENTERING THE DATA *****::11);"ENTERING THE DATA":5);"Enter your data point by point into"')*5);"You are now set to enter these"64"data:"JH:"X VALUES":mR5);X$;" to the nearest 1/";Af:"Y VALUES":z5);Y$;" to the nearest 1/";B5);"Please review your entries. Do you""wish to make corrections? Y or a name of not more than six"3"characters: ";Y$9f"The ";Y$;" data are to be plotted to ""the nearest (choose one by number):"10000"";B B1B10B100B1000ī800198:998:36,X6:37,X7:868:770 ::-l"The ";X$;" data are to be plotted to "Xv"the nearest (choose one by number):"^i10000s"";AA1A10A100A1000ī690198:998:36,X6:37,X7:868:660::5);"Please label the y (vertical) data""with !7);"AND SETTING ITS PRECISION"+&:Z05);"Please identify your x data (whose ":"function will be plotted horizontally)"D"with a name of not more than six"N"characters (e.g., 'pH', or '[C]aq', or"X"'VOLUME', etc.): ";X$b"may find that you have to do some hand"T"calculations before proceeding with"i"this program."o5);"If ready to proceed, hit RETURN.";"";S$   ***** INITIAL DATA ENTRY ***** ::12);"NAMING THE DATA"#stands for either coordinate,"K "x or y, and as mentioned above, these"m "functions can be composed."s  5);"Think now about the graph you wish" "to create, and decide whether or not" "your data are in a proper form. You")"choose functions from this list:"( "< ,5);"Z itself"Z 65);"log (base 10) of Z"k @5);"ln(Z)"} J5);"exp(Z)" T5);"Z to the power N ^5);"Z + N, for constant N" h5);"Z times N, for constant N"  "where Z f are functions, perhaps composed"O "functions. This program will do the"| "necessary calculations for you for up" "to 80 input data pairs." :5)"Hit RETURN to proceed."; "";S$ : 5);"To use the program, you must"" ph of a first"= "derivative; and for linear plots it can"e "supply a least-squares analysis."k 5);"Your data should already exist as a" "list of paired values (x,y). You wish" "now to plot g(y) against f(x), where g"# "and- F"of data. Tables can be prepared which"Z P"list either the direct data, or func-" Z"tions generated from them, such as the" d"reciprocal or the logarithm." n x5);"In addition, the program can supply" "a data table for the gra0-  :7"SCREEN OUTPUT IN THIS PROGRAM REQUIRES"X"AN APPLE IIE. BE WARNED!!"}"PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE ";VV$10);"CONSTRUCTING A GRAPH"(:25);"This program tabulates ordered"<"pairs useful in the graphical treatment""" " " " " """""""""