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":4);"* be launched by the Space Shuttle." ':4);"* be operated by NASA through the Goddard Space Flight Center." ,310250 1::"This program will introduce you"C 6:"to the..."] ;::9);"STRUCTURE,"x @::12);"ADVANTAGES" B::15);"and" E::18);"CAPABILITIES" T::" of the Hubble Space Telescope." ^31025 h16303,0::T$"-- MENU --":at right angles to the lightpath. These"Q'"sensors input data which aid in"x'"pointing the telescope.";:31310'31350:"One radial instrument, the WIDEFIELD/"'"PLANETARY CAMERA, is located at a right"'"angle to the path of incoming li3109'31350:"The 4 axial instruments are: the HIGH"c'"RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH, the FAINT"'"OBJECT SPECTROGRAPH, the FAINT OBJECT"'"CAMERA and the HIGH SPEED PHOTOMETER.";:31310'31350:"Three FINE GUIDANCE SENSORS are located"*'"f the light path. The"Et'"instruments are each located within a"z~'"separate module which allows removal.";:31310'31350:"Since the instruments are removable,"'"repair or replacement is possible"'"while the telescope is in orbit.":31)B'"diameter. Launch weight is about"XL'"11,000 kilograms (25,500 lbs.).";:31310~N'31350:"It is about as large as"P'"a school bus!":31310V':PIC$"EV.1":32000:31350`'"Four scientific instruments are located"j'"about the center o"Hubble Space Telescope."9R!"Soon it will open its"]\!"EYE ON THE UNIVERSE!";:31310c'i':~' CONSTRUCTION':':PIC$"HST":32000$'31350.'"The Hubble Space Telescope is 13.1 m"8'"(43.5 ft.) long and 4.27 m (14 ft.) in"year is"1L"about 6 TRILLION miles.";:31310;R:23b\"Space Telescope may even detect"f"planets around nearby stars."p"Is it possible that some of these"z"support life?????";:313104!:23>!"Learn all you can about the"H!"The instruments can make images"I"of objects in the universe or"o "analyze the energy which these"%"objects emit.";:31310*:234"The HST will be capable of seeing">"objects up to 15 billion light" H"years away! One light here"/"where a clear view of the sky is"H"possible.";:31310c:PIC$"LIGHTC":32000m:23"The telescope works by using a series""of mirrors to direct light into six""instruments at the focal plane.":31310:23$ conditions include temperature,"M"air pressure and dust. 'Cells' are"w"created, each of which changes, or""refracts, the light differently.";:31310:31350"The Hubble Space Telescope has the""advantage of being above the atmospor weather.";:31310::PIC$"SEECELLS":32000:31350e"A viewer on Earth must view the sky""through the atmosphere. Light passing""through the atmosphere undergoes change""caused by varying conditions.";:31310"31350:"These here are two antennas for"g"communication and two solar":"arrays for electrical energy.":31310:23:"Some major advantages of a telescope""in space are that it will not""have to see through the atmosphere""nor contend with po"scientific instruments and":"support equipment.":31310o:23:"The door at the end of the cylinder""is shown open for observing.""The door can be closed for protection""against bright objects like the Sun.";:31310:23:"T"HST":32000B:23:"This is how the Hubble Space Telescope"m"will appear as it orbits the earth.""The telescope will allow astronomers""to study vast areas of the universe.";:31310:23:"The cylinder contains the telescope,">311051 r6:I06:4::I;::2);M$(I)::Id |23:5::"ENTER THE NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE";:l N$ G(N$)1:(N$)48(N$)574220 G40000,7000,10000,13000,19000,22000,45000 4200 X: ] INTRODUCTION TO THE ST b:l:PIC$ght.";:31310D'31350:"The AFT SHROUD encloses the SCIENTIFIC"n("INSTRUMENTS, FINE GUIDANCE SENSORS"("and the PRIMARY MIRROR.";:31310 (:PIC$"EV.2":32000(31350:"The OPTICAL TELESCOPE ASSEMBLY includes"("the primary mirror and main ring, the">(("main light baffle, the metering truss"p2("and the secondary mirror assembly.";:31310<(31350:"The METERING TRUSS is constructed of"F("graphite epoxy which expands or"P("contracts only slightly when subjected" Z("to e focused light reaches the focal"K*04"plane by passing through a hole"h*:4"in the center of the "*D4"primary mirror.";:31310*X4:23:"Science instruments, located around"*b4"the focal plane, analyze this light."+l4"There are six instrumenich"1)3"comes to a focus behind the primary"a)3"mirror at the focal plane.";:31310::23)4"If you held a piece of paper at")4"the focal plane, you would see")4"an image of what the telescope") 4"is viewing.";:31310)4:23$*&4"Th1310(3:23:(3"Incoming light energy from stellar"d(3"objects strikes the primary mirror"(3"and is concentrated back to the"(3"secondary mirror.";(331310(3:23(3"Light from the secondary mirror")3"narrows to a small beam wh)":31105;'^3T$"Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)":31105F'h331025c'm3:PIC$"MIRRORS2":32000'323:"HST uses a 2.4m (94in) primary mirror"'3"and small 30cm (11in) secondary mirror"'3"to guide light to the"(3"scientific instruments.";:3h Speed Photometer (HSP)":31105U&,3::T$"CAMERAS WHICH PRODUCE IMAGES":31105:&63T$"Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WFPC)":31105&@3T$"Faint Object Camera (FOC)":31105&J3::T$"COLOR ANALYZERS":31105: 'T3T$"High Resolution Spectrograph (HRSidered":31250:T$"scientific instruments.":31250j%219:T$"The six instruments are...":31105:31025%3:::T$"INSTRUMENTS WHICH MEASURE":31105%3T$"LIGHT DIRECTION AND INTENSITY":31105:%3T$"Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS)":31105"&"3T$"Hig----- --- ------------":31105:5J$2"The Hubble Space Telescope uses"m$2"five scientific instruments"$2"to study the light and":"other energy collected by":"the primary mirror."4%213:T$"The Fine Guidance Sensors":31250:T$"may also be consare made of solar cells"F#*"attached to one side of thin plastic"s#*"material which allows the array to be"#*"stored like a window shade.";:31310#2#2:#2 INSTRUMENTS#2:#2#$2T$"INSTRUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS":31105:T$"------7")"the planet Mercury cannot be observed.";:31310k"):23:"The SOLAR ARRAYS provide an average of"")"2400 watts of electrical power to the"")"spacecraft and for energy storage by"")"the onboard batteries.";:31310#):23:"The arrays e Sun, Earth, and Moon so"F!)"the scientific instruments are not"r!)"damaged by a flood of light.";:31310!):23:"While in operation, the telescope will"!)"not be turned within 50 degrees of the"")"Sun. As a result of this precaution,"31310< "):23:"The HIGH GAIN ANTENNAS are used in the"h ,)"transmission of data to the TRACKING" 6)"and DATA RELAY SATELLITE(S) (TDRS) for" @)"relay to ground stations.";:31310 |):23:"The APERTURE DOOR shields the telescope"!)"from thnd control modules. Most compartments"\("have doors for access by astronauts.";:31310(:23:"The SSM Equipment Section also contains")"the REACTION WHEEL ASSEMBLIES which are")"used for pointing and stabilizing" )"the spacecraft.";:RT SYSTEMS MODULE (SSM) provides"E("the spacecraft with power,"r("communications, pointing and control,"("and thermal protection.";:31310(:23:"The SSM EQUIPMENT SECTION is made of"("ten compartments which house electronic"(("aextreme temperatures.";:31310Pd(31350:"This allows the metering truss to"}n("keep the distance between the PRIMARY"x("and SECONDARY MIRRORS stable. This"("keeps the telescope in focus.";:31310(:PIC$"EV.3":32000#(:23:"A SUPPOts, including":+v4"the Fine Guidance Sensors.";:31310c+{431350:"The area which can be seen"+4"by the telescope is about as"+4"large as the full Moon.":31310+4:PIC$"FOCAL.PLANE":32000+4:23,4"This is a diagram of the focal plane"1,4"of the HST. The plane is divided into"T,4"8 sections, each for use by",4"an instrument or Fine Guidance Sensor.";:31310,4:23,4"The total field of view is 28 minutes",4"of arc. You can see in the graphic"-4"how this field e.";:831310:832120":>(:8J:7:=J IMAGING=:BJ:C:GJ[:LJ:PIC$"I.1":32000f:VJ31350:`J"Light concentrated by the optical":jJ"system of the Optical Telescope":tJ"Assembly passes through a 60cm (24 in.)" ;~J"opening in the primaryased telescopes.">98:"...will observe quasars and their"[984)"mysterious 'jets'."f9831020q9832140|983135098"Each instrument will see"98"with a clarity that is impossible to"98"obtain beneath the veil of":8"Earth's atmospherh8310208m858r8"The FAINT OBJECT SPECTROGRAPH"]8w85:"...will gather the spectra of"8|84)"extremely faint stars and galaxies."88:"...will study comets, such as Halley"884)"and others, when they are beyond"984)"the grasp of Earth-btraviolet light that ground"A7J84)"telescopes can't detect."q7O8:"...will study the atmospheres of other"7T84)"planets in our Solar System."7Y8:"...will study the composition of stars."7^8:"...will study exploding galaxies."7c832100 8GH RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH"L6"8"and the FAINT OBJECT SPECTROGRAPH split"v6'8"light into spectra that reveal the"6,8"composition of stars.";618313106686;8"The HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH"6@85:"...will be able to observe the"7E84)"ule European Space Agency (ESA)."Q57:"...will detect stars too faint for the"|574)"largest ground-based telescopes."57:"...will search for planets"574)"outside our Solar System."583210058310205832140583135068"Both the HI47"The Faint Object Camera uses mirrors,"S47"filters, and a small telescope"y47"to guide light to intensifiers"47"which can strengthen faint light.";:3131047:"The FAINT OBJECT CAMERA..."476:"...was developed and built by"!574)"thar's headlights":4)"at a distance of 2500 miles!"b36:"...will study the surface of Pluto."36:"...will observe volcanoes on":4)"Jupiter's moon Io."36:"...will search for planets around other stars.":32100:310203x7321404731350-mages.";:31310B2L6:"The WIDE FIELD AND PLANETARY CAMERA ..."r265:"...will produce spectacular images of"264)"JUPITER, SATURN and other planets."26:"...see 10 times more detail than":4)"Earthbound telescopes."536:"...can separate a c*154)"in star brightness as short as"c154)"1/100,000 of a second!:GOSUB 32100 :GOSUB 31020u1632140:313501$6"The WIDE FIELD/PLANETARY CAMERA uses"1.6"a series of mirrors"186"to guide light into sensors"2B6"for wide field or detailed illar objects:"G05:"BRIGHTNESS and CHANGES in brightness.";:31310n05:"The HIGH SPEED PHOTOMETER ..."055:"...will study variable stars."05:"...will observe."054)"interplanetary dust."15:"...will detect very rapid changes":3125054)"times more accuracy than on Earth."Z/f5:"...will record the positions of faint"/p54)"moons orbiting Jupiter, Saturn"/z54)"or other planets.":32100:31020/532140::23/5"The High Speed Photometer measures two"05"features of ste:"The FINE GUIDANCE SENSORS ..."R.*55:"...are the 'navigators' for the HST.".45:"...could lock on and hold the image".>54)"of a dime over Washington, D.C.".H54)"from as far away as Boston.".R5:"...will record star positions with 10"+/\is shared; the Wide"G-4"Field Camera has the best 'seat'.";:31310o-4:23:"The area which can be seen"-4:23:"The Fine Guidance Sensors"-4"accurately locate reference stars"-5"so that the HST can be kept"- 5"on target.";:31310#. 5 mirror.";;J31310";J31350P;J"A pickoff mirror centered in the light"~;J"path behind the primary mirror directs";J"the light through a shutter and one of";J"48 possible filters.";;J31310;J31350 TO PROCEED.";:16368,0:J$:zJMyJ$"M"J$"m"ī4200JNyJ$(13)31052JOy34,6:J{y:J|y CENTERINGJyTA(40(T$))2:TA);T$:Jy:Jz R. JUSTIFYKz40(T$)1:T$:rol by"-IfX"astronomers during critical "QIpX"observation periods.";:31310WIa^Iy uIy USEFUL ROUTINES{I"y:I,y CONTROL LINEI1y24:7::"PRESS TO PROCEED.";:16368,0:J$::J$"M"J$"m"4200I2yJ$(13)31025I6yJ7yTape data storage is available on"OHW"the HST for delayed transmission to"zHX"Earth. The data storage system has"H X"a capacity of over 3 billion bits.";:31310HHX31350HRX"The HST communication system will" I\X"even allow interactive contsmit 4,000"7GW"bits of data each second but it is"[GW"capable of sending 1,000,000"{GW"bits per second.";:31310GW:23GW"At this rate, about"GW"70 images from the Wide Field"GW"Camera can be sent each day.":31310GW31350$HW"smitted to Earth."FW31310)F:W:23PFDW"The Goddard Space Flight Center"wFNW"receives all data from the HST."FXW"Personnel at Goddard relay the science"FbW"data to the HST Science Institute.";:31310FlW:23 GvW"Usually, the HST will tranignals.":31105BEV15:T$"Computers process these data":31105rEVT$"into useful information.":31105:31020EV:PIC$"DT":32000:EV:23EV"Data are sent from the Space Telescope"EW"to a TDRS satellite. From there the"FW"data are tranomputer data.":31105ODV8:T$"Computer data represents information":31105DVT$"by a sequence of zeros and ones.":31105DV11:T$"These zeros and ones, called bits,":31105DVT$"are transmitted to antennas on Earth":31105EVT$"using radio son the ground would be unable":31250YC|VT$"to direct the observations of the":31250CVT$"HST and the HST would be unable to":31250CVT$"report its findings.":31250CV31025CV:5:T$"Information collected by HST":31105DVT$"is binary c60B6V"Communication between scientists and"RB@V"engineers on Earth and the"yBJV"computers which control the HST"BTV"is essential to the success of the"B^V"Space Telescope mission."BhV::T$"Without communication, scientists":31250'CrVT$""and Saturn are expected to be equal to"YAL"most images made by the Voyager probes"AL"which traveled near these planets.";AL31310AUAU:AU COMMUNICATIONSAU:AUAV:T$"COMMUNICATIONS":31105A"VT$"--------------":31105B,Vlements (pixels)",@JL"( 4 x 640,000 ).";7@^L31310B@hL31350m@rL"Color images are made by combining "@|L"data gained by a series of exposures"@L"through proper filters."@L31310@L31350@L"Images of planets as distant as Jupiter"+ALan image processor"=?K"'paints' each of the points with"d?L"the proper intensity of light.";o?L31310?L:PIC$"J.1":32000?"L31350?,L"Four CCD's are used to construct each "?6L"image, thus there is a total of "@@L"2,560,000 picture e>K313508>K"The CCD acts as an 'electronic film'."d>K"The intensity of light striking each">K"point can be read electronically and">K"expressed as a number.">K31310>K31350>K"The numbers are transmitted to a"?K"computer where a Charge Coupled Device (CCD).";-=2K31310G=PK:PIC$"CCD.1":32000R=ZK31350=dK"Each CCD is a flat plate with 640,000"=nK"separate light sensitive points."=xK"The points are arranged in 800 lines"=K"with 800 points per line.";>K31310 KCz:)KDz GRAPHICS USER CONTROL LINEeKNz24:39:"M";:24:39:16368,0:J$:J$"M"J$"m"4200zKOzJ$(13)31310KXz:Kvz:K{z Position cursorKz:23:Kz:K}:K } LOAD PICTUREK}D$;"BLOAD";PIC$;".PAC,A2304"L}0,0:1,09:2048L}L2}:Ld}:'Ln} Text page 1ALx}16303,0:16300,0:GL}:aL} HiRes page 1 mixedL}16297,0:16304,0:16300,0:16301,0:L}:L} Termination if incorrect load occurredL}:L}LA(104):SA(16384)L}LA64SA0ī32290M}D$ '  &" ""*""H"*""" "M" """"">))">""&2")Zz|(""6*" Հ ""! >  (<2<  ( > (='( ;Ѐ&? Հ (+p<"" ">")lx"" "">")p<>>'"&2"'>>= "" """ "   """ " <2<  " "dfghijЀՀ'`p``@ՀՀԀՀ(l<ՀԁՀՀՀ;ՀՀՀ&~> ` Հ(p<"!p< to proceed."oO̜:"* You may also press 'M' to"O֜" return to the menu."O" An 'M' in the lower, right corner"OꜺ" of the screen reminds you of"O" this option.":31025P?u study"+N|" sections 1 through 7 on"WN" the main menu in sequence, but you"N" can select topics in any order."N:"* Most of the time you will use the"N" key to control the flow"O" of information. Study each screen(4):103,1:104,64:16384,08M}(4);"RUN HST.INTRO">M"~DM@:VMJ DIRECTIONSMT::T$"DIRECTIONS":31100:T$"----------":31100M^4:"* This program is an introduction to"Mh" the Hubble Space Telescope." 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