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Ѱ$uLtѭa b0 ѐ a b ѐ"sɛLТ өy`ll  Xʽi<ȅЅlLLLLLLLILL?LLLiL{LULLPL~LL5L@L` L ӍL [֥ᅋ L LyЍzЩsyЎsЍzЩ өoЍwЍxЩrЭp s         13,27940,9509202:24:39:" ";:998:=940:]2:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"ddENTUM OF THIS SPACECRAFT OR ANY OTHER OBJECT CAN BE CALCULATED IF YOU KNOW ITS MASS AND VELOCITY.":900W$"THIS COMPLETES THE MOMENTUM PROGRAM. PRESS TO RETURN TO THE MENU.":900950:21:1:W$;24:39::" "; TIC COEFFICIENT DURING THESE TWO STAGES OF FLIGHT, THE HIGHER THE ROCKET WILL GO.":"GENERALLY, THE GREATER THE MASS PER SQUARE INCH OF FRONTAL AREA, THE HIGHER THE ROCKET CAN GO.":910jBK"MARSLANDERS,A$6000":BACK1:VIEW1::W$"THE MOM COASTING USES THE WEIGHT OF THE ROCKET AFTER ALL THE PROPELLANT IS GONE.":"COASTING BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: WI - WP CBC = ------- CD X A"V:"THE HIGHER THE BALLIS CD X A":"WI IS THE INITIAL WEIGHT OF THE ROCKET."::"WP IS THE WEIGHT OF THE PROPELLANT."::"THIS FORMULA USES THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF THE ROCKET DURING THRUSTING.":910Q:4:"THE BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT DURING SAME DURING THE THRUSTING AND THE COASTING PHASES OF FLIGHT. A DIFFERENT BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT IS USED FOR EACH OF THESE TWO STAGES OF FLIGHT."':"THRUSTING BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: WI - 1/2WP TBC = ----------DRAG FORM FACTOR IS DETERMINED BY MULTIPLYING THE DRAG COEFFICIENT (CD) (A MEASURE OF HOW EASILY A BODY MOVES THROUGH THE AIR) BY THE FRONTAL AREA (A)."::"DRAG FORM FACTOR = CD X A":910::4:"THE MODEL ROCKET'S MASS IS NOT THEG COASTING.":900 }::4 "THE BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT OF A MODEL ROCKET IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE HEIGHT IT WILL REACH. THE BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT IS THE RATIO OF THE WEIGHT OF THE ROCKET DIVIDED BY ITS DRAG FORM FACTOR.":"THE EED CAN 'COAST' UPWARD FOR A LONG DISTANCE DESPITE THE VELOCITY LOSS CAUSED BY GRAVITY AND DRAG.":900 sBK"PAYLOADERS,A$6000":BACK2:CP xW$"IF THE DRAG ON THE TWO ROCKETS IS THE SAME, THE ROCKET WITH MORE MOMENTUM WILLTRAVEL HIGHER DURINITY.":900 dW$"AT BURNOUT (THE MOMENT WHEN ALL THE PROPELLANT IS USED UP) THE MOMENTUM OF THE ROCKET IS MAXIMUM.":900 iW$"THE GREATER THE MOMENTUM AT BURNOUT, THEFARTHER THE ROCKET CAN 'COAST'.":900m nW$"A MASSIVE ROCKET MOVING AT HIGH SPCP` ZW$"THE MOMENTUM OF THE ROCKET BUILDS TO MAXIMUM AS THE ENGINE PROVIDES THRUST.":900 _W$"ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET IS LOSING A SMALL AMOUNT OF MASS AS ITS PROPELLANT IS BURNED AND EXPELLED AS HOT GASES, THE ROCKET IS GOING AT A HIGH VELOCELLANT BURNOUT TO THE ACTIVATION OF EJECTION CHARGE. THE EJECTION CHARGE ACTIVATES THE RECOVERY SYSTEM.":900 FW$"THE IMPULSE (FORCE) DELIVERED BY THE ENGINE PRODUCES A CHANGE IN THE MOMENTUMOF THE ROCKET.":900 PBK"ROCKET UP,A$6000":BACK2:_ (CP46806<2BK"ENGINE CLASS,A$6000":BACK1::VIEW1<W$"MODEL ROCKET ENGINES ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE TOTAL POWER (TOTAL IMPULSE), THE AVERAGE THRUST, AND THE DELAY TIME THEY PROVIDE.":900p AW$"THE TIME DELAY IS THE TIME FROM PROP  2:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"dd-920I:24:39:" ";:998:T940:{2:FADE9,2,1:::(4)"RUN MENU"d910'r998::(4)"RUN MOMENTUM A"-?:21:1:W$;S24:39::" ";h13,27940,950q920:24:39:" ";:998:940:2:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"d13,27940,950920:24:39:" ";:998:940:. PART OF THE ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED INTO POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE ROCKET AS THE ROCKET RISESHIGHER AND HIGHER."h"THE PORTION OF THIS ENERGY IN WHICH WE ARE MOST INTERESTED IS THAT WHICH IS TRANSFORMED INTO THE MOMENTUM OF THE ROCKET."mG GASES BY ITS COMBUSTION."^"PART OF THE ENERGY OF THESE EXPANDING GASES IS TRANSFORMED INTO KINETIC ENERGYOF THE ROCKET'S MOTION."uc"PART OF THE ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED INTO HEAT BY THE FRICTION OF THE ROCKET MOVING THROUGH THE AIRO:qT"ENERGY IS NOT CREATED OR DESTROYED. ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED (CHANGED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER)."$Y"THE CHEMICAL ENERGY STORED IN THE PROPELLANT OF A MODEL ROCKET ENGINE IS TRANSFORMED INTO THE MECHANICAL ENERGY OF HOT, EXPANDIN POINT AS COMPARED TO ROCKET B.":900tEW$"AT BURNOUT ROCKET A HAD TWICE THE MOMENTUM AS ROCKET B.":900JW$"THE HIGHER MOMENTUM OF ROCKET A ALLOWED IT TO COAST HIGHER DESPITE THE DECELERATION CAUSED BY GRAVITY AND DRAG.":900 ROCKET A WILL GO HIGHER THAN ROCKET B BECAUSE IT HAS TWICE THE MASS.":900:320,:SOUND9:22:1::" SORRY, PLEASE TRY AGAIN. "::30:270(@W$"MORE ENERGY WAS REQUIRED TO ACCELERATE THE MASS OF ROCKET A TO THE BURNOUT ALTITUDE? (A) ROCKET A (B) ROCKET B (C) THEY WILL REACH THE SAME ALTITUDE":21:1:W$;:24:39::" ";:65,66,67,27290,300,300,950280\"SOUND8:W$"RIGHT! $6000":BACK1;VIEW1rW$"ROCKET A HAS TWICE THE MASS OF ROCKET B.THEY ARE TRAVELING AT THE SAME VELOCITY.":900 W$"BOTH ROCKETS ARE AT THE SAME ALTITUDE WHEN THE PROPELLANT OF EACH IS USED UP (BURNOUT).":900W$"WHICH WILL REACH THE HIGHESTA) YOU CAN'T."::" (B) HALVE ITS SPEED."::" (C) DOUBLE ITS SPEED."]24:39::" ";:65,66,67,27250,250,250,95024521:1:SOUND4:"YOU CAN ONLY DOUBLE THE MOMENTUM OF THE ROCKET BY DOUBLING ITS SPEED.":910BK"PAYLOADERS,AR HOUR."24:39::" ";::49,50,27220,220,950C21521:1:SOUND4:"THE MODEL ROCKET TRAVELING AT 200 MILES PER HOUR WILL HAVE THE MOST MOMENTUM.":910::8"HOW CAN YOU DOUBLE THE MOMENTUM OF A MODEL ROCKET?"G:" (FASTER A MODEL ROCKET TRAVELS, THE MORE MOMENTUM IT POSSESSES.":910P::8p"WHICH HAS MORE MOMENTUM?":"(1) A MODEL ROCKET TRAVELING UPWARD AT 100 MILES PER HOUR."::"(2) THE SAME MODEL ROCKET TRAVELING UPWARD AT 200 MILES PE::6 "THE MOMENTUM POSSESSED BY AN OBJECT IS DETERMINED BY MULTIPLYING THE MASS OF THE OBJECT BY THE VELOCITY OF THE OBJECT." :" MOMENTUM = MASS X VELOCITY" ::"AN OBJECT GAINS MOMENTUM AS ITS VELOCITYINCREASES."E:"THE Y. THE BALL HAS NO VELOCITY SO IT HAS ZERO MOMENTUM. ALSO, MOMENTUM IS ALWAYS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF MASS AND VELOCITY.":900:120 SOUND8:W$"RIGHT! THE BALL HAS NO VELOCITY SO IT HAS ZERO MOMENTUM.":900 B) 100 (C) 100 FEET PER SECOND"c }:21:1:W$;:24:38::" ";: 65,66,67,27160,150,140,950 130 SOUND9:W$"SORRY. THE BALL HAS ZERO VELOCITY SO IT WILL HAVE ZERO MOMENTUM.":900:120 SOUND9:W$"SORRCP sW$"MOMENTUM IS A PROPERTY OF A MOVING BODY.MOMENTUM IS DEFINED AS MASS TIMES VELOCITY. MOMENTUM = MASS X VELOCITY":900? xW$"WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF THIS BALL? (A) ZERO (ONAL FIELD.":900< dBK"BASEBALL/SPACE,A$6000":BACK2:CP iW$"DOES THIS BALL HAVE MASS NOW? YES. THE MATTER IN THE BALL IS THE SAME,EVEN THOUGH THERE IS NO STRONG GRAVITATIONAL FIELD NEARBY.":900 nBK"BASEBALL,A$6000":BACK2: MOMENTUM:23(CP46806O2BK"MOMENTUM TITLE,A$6000":46799t<VIEW1;FULL;PAGE1;BACK2:CP:20ZBK"BASEBALL,A$6000":BACK2:CP:MIX _W$"THIS BALL HAS MASS. THE MATTER IN IT HAS WEIGHT IN A GRAVITATI        gKEY155100 l2304 (222)6Ģ19:1:958p 198:19:1:"OOPS! YOU FORGOT TO TURN THE DISK OVER." P14000::602M4M5M6600  X198C Z19:1:958:19:1::N$(M): ]20:1:"IS ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THIS DISK. PLEASE OPEN DISK DRIVE DOOR, TURN DISK OVER, AND PRESS ." ^"PRESS TO CANCEL.":998 b370:KEY141KEY155610N$(M);:MM1:MTLM11 @:V(M):4:N$(M);::Q hH21((T$)2):V:H:T$:x r49152,128:KEY(49152):49168,0:  ACTION-REACTION,5,INERTIA,6,MOMENTUM,7,ACCELERATION AND ENERGY,8,STAGING,9,SATELLITES,10,TECH TIP,11,EXIT PHYSICS PROGRAM,13 :6 15:1:L110:D$;::V17:T$S$:360:240:500G :RP$;N$(M)` :V(M):4:N$(M);: 370:KEY136KEY139İ290 KEY149KEY138İ310 KEY141240  "V(M):4:N$(M);:MM1:M1MTL ,:V(M):4:N$(M);:: 6V(M):4: K700)PTL8:RP$(13)(4)"RUN"RZN$(TL),V(TL):J1TL:N$(J):V(J):dT$"PHYSICS OF MODEL ROCKETRY MENU":S$"<- OR -> TO SELECT THEN PRESS " xD$"____":::(21):M1:V2:T$T$:360:3:1:L110:D$;::J1TL:V(J):4:N$(J);39::" ";13,27940,950(920D:24:39:" ";:998:M940m2:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"d::(4)"RUN MENU"d4:39::" ";:13200&180::11:"THIS COMPLETES THE INERTIA PROGRAM. PRESS TO GO TO THE MENU."27208205:123:(4);"RUN MENU":21:1:W$; 24:65,66,67,68,27150,170,150,150,950+135v21:1:958:SOUND9:21:1::" SORRY, PLEASE TRY AGAIN "::20:11021:1:958:SOUND8:21:1:"RIGHT! (B) 20,000 MILES PER HOUR IS THE CORRECT ANSWER."2 (A) 0 MILES PER HOUR" }:"(B) 20,000 MILES PER HOUR (C) 240,000 MILES PER HOUR (D) 4,800,000 MILES PER HOUR" 24:39::" ";:"CK' IS TRAVELING THROUGH SPACE AT A CONSTANT SPEED OF 20,000 MILES PER HOUR. THERE IS NO OTHER BODY IN THAT REGION OF SPACE." x:"WHAT WILL THE BE THE SPEED OF THE 'ROCK'240 HOURS (EARTH TIME) LATER? MOTION.":900 dW$"A BODY AT REST WILL REMAIN AT REST, AND A BODY IN MOTION WILL CONTINUE IN MOTIONWITH CONSTANT SPEED IN A STRAIGHT LINE AS LONG AS NOT DISTURBED BY ANY FORCE.":900 n::4 s"AS OBSERVED FROM A GREAT DISTANCE AWAY, A LARGE 'ROW$"LET'S STATE THE FIRST PART OF THE FIRST LAW OF MOTION:":900 ZW$"A BODY IN MOTION WILL CONTINUE IN MOTIONWITH CONSTANT SPEED IN A STRAIGHT LINE AS LONG AS NO UNBALANCED FORCE ACTS UPON IT.":900 _W$"LET'S STATE NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF PLIED TO IT.":900 DFULL- FX402802E K6X,70:FLIP::d L:VIEW1;PAGE1:6110,70 PMIX:W$"THIS PROPERTY OF A MOVING BODY IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS ITS KINETIC INERTIA. KINETIC MEANS OF OR RESULTING FROM MOTION.":900A Uo INERTIA2(#-;HIMEM0.CP468062123:BK"SPACE,A$6000":BACK2:BACK1:COPY13:FULL;VIEW1;PAGE1:AC"INERTIA,A$6000": <MIX:W$"AN OBJECT IN MOTION WILL CONTINUE IN THESAME DIRECTION AND AT THE SAME SPEED UNLESS A FORCE IS AP    940:::(4)"RUN MENU">2:FADE9,2,1:::(4)"RUN MENU"ddHE OBJECT WILL REMAIN MOTIONLESS UNLESSA FORCE ACTS ON IT.";S`24:39::" ";:ib13,27360,1000rc354h998::(4);"RUN INERTIA2":21:1:W$;24:39::" ";13,27940,1000920:24:39:" ";:998:39::" ";:"b13,27360,950+c354Lh998::(4);"RUN INERTIA2"Rd:21:1:W$;x24:39::" ";13,27940,950920:24:39:" ";:998:9402:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"dd(4)"RUN MENU"dU"dU"P65,66,67,27350,340,340,950*Q335rTSOUND9:22:1:958:22::" SORRY, PLEASE TRY AGAIN "::20:305^SOUND8:21:1:958:21:"THAT'S RIGHT! THE OBJECT WILL REMAIN MOTIONLESS UNLESSA FORCE ACTS ON IT."; `24: (A) THE OBJECT WILL REMAIN MOTIONLESS UNLESS A FORCE ACTS ON IT."E:"(B) THE OBJECT WILL BEGIN ACCELERATING TOWARD THE CLOSEST OBJECT."J:"(C) THE OBJECT WILL BEGIN ACCELERATING TOWARD THE LARGEST OBJECT."O24:39::" ";:!::46"A SMALL OBJECT IS MOTIONLESS IN SPACE, MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS FROM ANY OTHER OBJECTS. THE OBJECTS AROUND IT ARE EQUALLY SPACED AND OF EQUAL MASSES."H;:"WHAT WILL BE THE MOTION OF THE OBJECT? SS.":900x'W$"THE OBJECT POSSESSES 'STATIC INERTIA'. THIS IS THE INERTIA POSSESSED BY A NON-MOVING BODY.":900,W$"THIS PART OF THE FIRST LAW OF MOTION IS OFTEN STATED: A BODY AT REST WILL REMAIN AT REST.":90018:W$"GOOD! GRAVITATION IS THE CORRECT ANSWER.ALL OBJECTS IN SPACE ARE 'BONDED' TOGETHER BY GRAVITATION.":900998:BK"ASTEROID,A$6000":BACK2:CP "W$"BEFORE THIS OBJECT IS ACTED UPON BY THE GRAVITY OF ANOTHER BODY, THE OBJECT IS MOTIONLE OBJECT HAS FOR ANOTHER OBJECT? (A) PLANET (C) SEX (B) GRAVITATION (D) VELOCITY";24:39::" ";:65,66,67,68,27270,280,270,270,950 260:SOUND9:22::" SORRY, PLEASE TRY AGAIN "::20:250t:SOUNDLL PROBABLY SWING AROUND CLOSE TO THE PLANET AND HEAD BACK TO SPACE.":900W$"THIS TYPE OF TRAJECTORY (CURVED PATH OF AN OBJECT MOVING THROUGH SPACE) MAY BE A PARABOLA OR A HYPERBOLA.":900m::21:"WHAT IS THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION WHICH EVERYS AN ATMOSPHERE.":900W$"IF THE PLANET HAS NO ATMOSPHERE, THE OBJECT WILL PROBABLY STRIKE THE SURFACE AT A VERY SHALLOW ANGLE.":900:438,13JW$"IF THE OBJECT JUST MISSES THE PLANET (AND ITS ATMOSPHERE, IF IT HAS ONE), THEOBJECT WIECT BURNING UP AS IT ENTERS THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. THESE AREBETTER KNOWN AS 'METEORS'.":900r:538,33W$"IF THE OBJECT IS HEADED SO THAT IT JUST TOUCHES THE EDGE OF THE PLANET, IT PROBABLY WON'T MAKE IT TO THE SURFACE IFTHE PLANET HAVERY DESTRUCTIVE.":900W$"IF THE PLANET HAS AN ATMOSPHERE, THE OBJECT MAY NEVER REACH THE SURFACE. IT MAY VAPORIZE DUE TO THE HIGH HEAT GENERATED BY ATMOSPHERIC FRICTION.":900aW$"WHEN YOU SEE A 'SHOOTING STAR', YOU ARE WATCHING AN OBJ THE OBJECT MIGHT MISS THE PLANET. THE OBJECT MIGHT 'BURN UP' IN THE PLANET'S ATMOSPHERE.":900W$"IF THE OBJECT HEADS STRAIGHT DOWN TO A PLANET WITHOUT AN ATMOSPHERE, IT WILL STRIKE IT. IF THE OBJECT IS QUITE LARGE,THE IMPACT WILL BE SE TRY AGAIN "::20:157W$"YOU ALREADY KNOW THAT THE OBJECT WILL MOVE FASTER BECAUSE IT IS CLOSER TO THE PLANET. LET'S SEE WHAT ELSE CAN HAPPEN AS THE OBJECT NEARS THE PLANET.":900:240,75lW$"THE OBJECT MIGHT STRIKE THE PLANET. :W$;:24:39::" ";:365,66,27170,180,950<165:SOUND8:W$"GOOD! INCREASES IS THE CORRECT ANSWER. THE CLOSER THE MASSES ARE TO EACH OTHER,THE GREATER IS THE GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION.":900:190:SOUND9:22::" SORRY, PLEA,A$6000":BACK2:CP:COPY13:AC"INERTIA,A$6000":;VIEW1;PAGE1:340,75:MIX :W$"AS THE OBJECT APPROACHES THE PLANET, THEVELOCITY (SPEED) OF THE OBJECT______. (A) INCREASES SELECT THE (B) DECREASES CORRECT ANSWER"21:1T THEY ARE, THE SMALLER IS THE ATTRACTION.":900 FULL:BK"M1 X M2,A$6000":BACK2:CP:COPY13:AC"INERTIA,A$6000":;VIEW1;PAGE1:40 7200,180:27150,1000:15 13,27150,1000::13,27150,1000:15:140O :BK"EARTH/ASTEROID MASSES OF THE TWO BODIES.":900 W$"THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO BODIES IS ALSO PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO BODIES.":9000 W$"THIS MEANS THAT THE LARGER THE BODIES, THE GREATER IS THE ATTRACTION. THE FARTHER APARVE. THE GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF THIS PLANET PULLS ON THE OBJECT.":900[ s140,75 xW$" THE PLANET ATTRACTS THE OBJECT. THE OBJECT ATTRACTS THE PLANET.":900! }W$"THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO BODIES IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THEELSE. IT IS JUST 'SITTING' THERE. IT WILL CONTINUE THERE UNTIL SOME FORCE ACTS ON IT.":900 h998:BK"EARTH/ASTEROID,A$6000":BACK2:CP:COPY13:AC"INERTIA,A$6000":;VIEW1;PAGE1M nW$"THE GRAVITY OF A NEARBY OBJECT CAN CAUSETHE OBJECT TO MO INERTIA("-;HIMEM/.CP468062123:BK"INERTIA TITLE,A$6000":VIEW1;FULL;BACK2:CP:BK"NEBULA,A$6000":BACK2:20:CPU30_BK"ASTEROID,A$6000":BACK2:CP:COPY13:20:MIXa dW$"ONE LONESOME OBJECT, FAR FROM ANYTHING              80 :FULL::(4)"RUN MENU"523:39::" ":J13,27470,480S450[:s::(4)"RUN MENU"::(4)"RUN MENU"(4)"RUN MENU"SCAPE FROM EARTH ARE COVERED. ORBITAL HEIGHTS, VELOCITIES, AND PERIODS ARE EXAMINED.":440J9:"<< TECH TIP >> HOW TO CALCULATE 'G' FORCES FOR MODEL ROCKETS IS EXPLAINED.":440:4 -- MOMENTUM CHANGE -- IS EXPLAINED.":44067:"<< SATELLITES >> SATELLITES, PRIMARIES, AND ORBITS ARE COVERED."`@"ELLIPTICAL AND CIRCULAR ORBITS, SUB-ORBITAL LAUNCHES, AND E INVESTIGATED. BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVEACCELERATION ARE EXAMINED."""THE EFFECT OF MASS UPON ACCELERATION IS COVERED. HOW AND WHY ROCKETS ARE STAGED IS EXPLORED."+,"SATELLITES ARE STUDIED. THE SECOND LAW OF MOTION INE IS STUDIED.""THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC IMPULSE AND WHAT IT MEANS ARE STATED. THE FORCE EQUATION IS EXAMINED.":440G5:"<< STAGING >> BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES ARE BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ACCELERATION ARE EXPLAINED. DRAG AND THE COEFFICIENT OF DRAG ARE INVESTIGATED.""MOMENTUM AS WELL AS KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY ARE COVERED. THE TOTAL IMPULSE DELIVERED BY A MODEL ROCKET ENGENERGY ARE DISCUSSED.""THE TOTAL IMPULSE DELIVERED BY A MODEL ROCKET ENGINE IS EXPLAINED. BALLISTIC COEFFICIENTS DURING THRUSTING AND DURINGCOASTING ARE INVESTIGATED.":440~5:"<< ACCELERATION AND ENERGY >> T LAW OF MOTION -- INERTIA -- IS STATED.":4406:"<< MOMENTUM >> MASS IS EXPLORED. CALCULATING MOMENTUM IS EXPLAINED. SOME FORMS OF ENERGY AND SOME TRANSFORMATIONS OF OF MOTION -- ACTION-REACTION -- IS EXPLAINED.":440 7:"<< INERTIA >> GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION IS INVESTIGATED. STATIC AND KINETIC INERTIAARE EXPLAINED.">"THE FIRSDISK.":440 7 "<< ACTION-REACTION >> THIS PROGRAM EXAMINES THE PARTS OF A ROCKET AND THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS."8 "THE OPERATION OF THE ROCKET'S MOTOR IS EXPLAINED. THE THIRD LAW ND GO TO THE MENU BY PRESSING WHEN THE BLINKING CURSOR IS ON THE SCREEN. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS ON THE SCREEN." 440:10:"THE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF THE PROGRAMS CONTAINED ON BOTH SIDES OF THISS ON THIS SOFTWARE PRODUCT WILL TELL YOU ABOUT ROCKETS." :"WHEN THE BLINKING CURSOR APPEARS IN THE LOWER RIGHT CORNER OF THE SCREEN, YOU MAY PRESS TO ADVANCE TO THE NEXT SCREEN.":440 9 "YOU MAY EXIT THE PROGRAM YOU ARE IN A1:1:"PLEASE BE SURE IS LOCKED. PRESS FOR INTRODUCTION. PRESS TO GO TO THE MENU." 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" 怆ٷ怆㏘ہ怆氀߀氆氆Ù߀ƟßÙߟ_{,'y߃߃߃߃׃׃׃׃,*,Ã+׭$,烇!2.9ϟߞߌ+ץ&1׃y~~~~߇|߇x~/_}_{Ɵߟ氆氆󘀆߀ũ4%! 2+)պ#׈+*$Á&)++$1*$׫"0,(ÁĂ4%(Á&0*)Ãܤ׀,+߳ߣ(*߳2&1ׂ0(@1--ݲר0( ߳`,,@%"@(,*!׋竽 ǎ߇؋߃灼ܑǃێߏËל׋ׇߧV Y. F U K׏ ߇     /}ׁ߫߫ߪׁך ׁ竍ׁ ׆ׁׁׁ߫ ׁ׷ ׁכ ׁߏׇׁ   ׫ݪ׺պ׫׫׫׫׫ߪ߫߫׫ ׃߫׃߫ܪߪՆߛ߫߷߃߃߃߃߇ׇ  ן ׳׿۪ ߻     ׏׶߇߇ ߏߟ߿ׇ׃ ׁ ׁ!׷ ׁ"כ ׁ#ߏׁ,ׇ-.ם0 9 : ;כ<׏=Fo{׃׃׃׃׃׃߃߃߃׫׫ߪ߫߫׫ ׃߫׃߫ܪߪՆߛ߫߷ׁ߫߫ߪׁך ׁ竍ׁ׆ׁ׺ׁ߫׎ ן׏ ׇ ׇ ߃׏  ۪ ߻ ׫ݪ׺պ׫׫׫߿߃߇߇߃׿烼  ߃߇ &        '׏ׁ,ׇ-.ם0 9 : ;כ<׏=FWxǏ׃׃׃׃׃׃߃߃߃߫߫׫ ׃߫׃߫ܪߪՆߛ߫߷ׁ߫߫ߪׁך ׁ竍ׁ׆ׁ׺ׁ߫׎ׁ ׁ!׷ ׁ"כ ׁ#      瀾 YY      ׺ ׻ NבYY Ώ ߳*  7Qkjl{m|C߁L={氆熳JEY` 怆ఘ ఘƱÙ `YGEJƙ  Oz"Oz*G|Oz*A #׋ ׼׋ףӧ ޚߟ߯;[ ׃׃׃߃߃ߏ ߟ׏׻翀߻׃ׇׇ ߚו׃߇ׇá ׏׏ߏߟߏߏ׃ ߃߃߇ J ׎    ߃ߏՄ߇Յ߃߃߃߇߃߃߃߃߃߃ׇׇ׃׃燸߃ߏ߃׏߿׏ן׎ ׁׁ THE _______? (1) PAYLOAD (2) PROPELLANT (3) ROCKET MOTOR":1100"T::(4)"RUN ACTION2":21:1:W$;24:39::" ";13,27940,950920:24:39ROCKET MOTOR":1100"#A50:B2877 A$"PROPELLANT",W$"B IS THE _______? (1) PAYLOAD (2) PROPELLANT (3) ROCKET MOTOR":1100"1A49:B3053A$"PAYLOAD"@W$"C IS BASIC PARTS OF A ROCKET.":900:T110,70:15100,100:1450,36:13220,40cA51:B282yA$"ROCKET MOTOR"W$"A IS THE _______? (1) PAYLOAD (2) PROPELLANT (3) OND TO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER IS A VERY TRICKY BUSINESS.":900W$"MOST SPACE LAUNCH ROCKETS USE LIQUID PROPELLANTS BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE MUCH MORE POWER THAN AN EQUAL MASS OF SOLID PROPELLANT.":900"W$"NOW LET'S SEE IF YOU REMEMBER SOME OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER IN CAREFULLY CONTROLLED AMOUNTS AND RATIOS.":900W$"THE MOST POWERFUL LIQUID PROPELLANTS ARE VERY COLD AND CAN BE SEVERAL HUNDREDDEGREES BELOW ZERO.":900>W$"MOVING THESE VERY COLD FUELS AT HUNDREDSOF GALLONS PER SECICH IS FAR MORE COMPLEX THAN A SOLID PROPELLANT SYSTEM.":900W$"THIS IS BECAUSE LIQUID PROPELLANTS CONTAIN THE FUEL AND OXIDIZER (OXYGEN) IN TWO DIFFERENT AND ISOLATED TANKS.":900KW$"THE FUEL AND OXIDIZER MUST BE BROUGHT TOGETHER INLET'S LOOK AT A TYPICAL LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET.":900:512,10:26,70:66,107:7212,97:1995,65:19160,651090,55:2130,53:2310,86:120,35:80,128AW$"THE LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET USES A PROPELLANT SYSTEM WHEY WILL NOT BURN UNTIL A SPECIAL IGNITER STARTS COMBUSTION.":900W$"THE NOZZLE CONTROLS THE VELOCITY AND THEDIRECTION AT WHICH THE HOT COMBUSTION GASES PRODUCED BY THE BURNING PROPELLANTESCAPE FROM THE ROCKET MOTOR.":900A179<W$"NOW KETS IS THE PROPELLANT ITSELF.":900W$"A SOLID PROPELLANT IS A MIXTURE OF A RUBBER-LIKE FUEL AND A CHEMICAL WHICH CONTAINS A VERY HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN.":900EW$"SOLID PROPELLANTS CAN BE STORED SAFELY FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME. THT.":900W$"THE PROPULSION SECTION OF THE ROCKET INCLUDES THE ROCKET PROPELLANT, THE NOZZLE, THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, AND THE ROCKET MOTOR OUTER STRUCTURE.":900%W$"AS WITH LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKETS, MOST OF THE MASS OF SOLID PROPELLANT ROCFROM THIS PICTURE THAT THE ROCKET PROPULSION SECTION IS MUCH LARGERTHAN THE PAYLOAD.":900W$"IT IS ALSO QUITE A BIT HEAVIER THAN THE PAYLOAD. NOW A RATIO OF ABOUT 1,000 POUNDS OF ROCKET THRUST IS REQUIRED TO PLACE 1 POUND OF SATELLITE INTO ORBI THE ROCKET ARE NEEDED TO GET THE PAYLOAD TO WHERE YOU WANT IT.":900 xW$"JUST AS WHEN YOU DRIVE A CAR TO GET SOMEWHERE, YOU ARE THE PAYLOAD AND THE THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF CAR IS JUST THE VEHICLE TO DELIVER YOU THERE.":900[ }W$"YOU CAN SEE E ON A LARGE SCALE.":900 nW$"THE ABOVE PICTURE SHOWS THE BASIC PARTS OF A SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET WHICH MIGHTBE USED TO LAUNCH A PAYLOAD INTO SPACE.":900G sW$"THE PAYLOAD IS WHAT YOU ARE ACTUALLY TRANSPORTING TO SPACE. ALL THE OTHER PARTS OFALLED, ACTION-REACTION ===============":900 iW$"THE MODERN ROCKET WHICH WE USE TODAY TO LAUNCH PAYLOADS, SUCH AS SATELLITES OR ASTRONAUTS, USES THE ACTION-REACTION PRINCIPL97F \19150,67:1190,57:2076,50:960,40:1916,65:80,55 _VIEW1;MIX:W$"BECAUSE EARTH SCIENTISTS DO NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTAND ALL THE FORCES WHICH CAN BE USED TO LAUNCH US INTO SPACE...":900w dW$"WE ARE LIMITED TO USING A FORCE C} ACTION-REACTION&(:;HIMEMB2123:CP46806:CB46799<BK"AR TITLE PIC,A$6000":VIEW1;PAGE1;BACK2:CP:BK"ROCKET POWER,A$6000":BACK2F20:CP:20 ZAC"AR.ENGINES,A$6000":23:COPY23:CP:412,10:110,70:610,107:7216, MEANS MULTIPLIED BY.)":"THE FORCE PRODUCED BY THE ROCKET'S ENGINE CAN BE APPROXIMATED AS THE MASS OF THE HOT GASES PRODUCED TIMES THE VELOCITY OF THOSE GASES AS THEY EXIT THEROCKET NOZZLE."910:BK"AR.AR,A$6000":BACK2:CBFULLO MOTION TO HOWEVER MANY FEET PER SECOND THE GASES ARE MOVING AT WHEN THEYLEAVE THE NOZZLE."m910::5"F = M * A"::"F IS THE FORCE APPLIED"::"M IS THE MASS OF THE OBJECT (HOT GASES)"::"A IS THE ACCELERATION (CHANGE IN SPEED)":"( *EAVE THE NOZZLE.":"THE GASES ARE GENERATED FROM THE MASS OFPROPELLANT AND OXIDIZER BURNED. WE CAN APPROXIMATE THE MASS OF THE GASES GENERATED BY MEASURING THE MASS OF THE PROPELLANT USED."_:"THE ACCELERATION OF THE GASES IS FROM ZER900XW$"THIS UNBALANCED FORCE PRODUCES THE THRUST WHICH MOVES THE ROCKET.":900c::5"THE FORCE PRODUCED BY THE ROCKET'S ENGINE CAN BE DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE MASS OF THE GASES PRODUCED AND THE ACCELERATION WITH WHICH THEY LAT THE FRONT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER PUSH AGAINST THE FRONT OF THE ROCKET MOTOR.":900W$"THIS FORCE IS NOT BALANCED BY A FORCE AGAINST THE OPPOSITE END OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER SINCE THAT END IS OPEN PERMITTING GASES TO ESCAPE.":ES RUSHOUT OF THE NOZZLE.":900M:32,76:670,58:570,87:486,76W$"THE HOT GASES ESCAPE THROUGH THE NOZZLE.THE HOT GASES STILL IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER PUSH AGAINST THE SIDES AND FRONTOF THE CHAMBER.":900\W$"THE EXPANDING GASES STION CHAMBER.":900; }:576,26:3120,77:676,119 W$"THE STRENGTH OF THE SIDES AND FRONT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER PREVENT THESE GASES FROM ESCAPING.":900W$"THE ONLY OPENING THROUGH WHICH THEY CAN ESCAPE IS THE NOZZLE. THE HOT GASR HEAD. WHY NOT LET THE ROCKET'S MOTOR MOVE THE ROCKET?":900 sAC"AR.MR.ENGINE,A$6000":;2;PAGE2;14,50:CP:VIEW1:PAGE1:COPY13:270,30 xW$"THE COMBUSTION PROCESS PRODUCES LOTS OF VERY HOT GASES. THESE GASES ARE TRAPPED IN THE SMALL COMBU WILL MOVE THE ROCKET, BUT THIS IS PROBABLY NOT WHAT IS DESIRED. THIS TYPE OF FORCE WILL NOT GET YOU VERY FAR.":900:70 n2;PAGE2;440,15:CP> pW$"THIS FORCE WILL LIFT THE ROCKET, BUT THIS IS NOT GOING TO GET THE ROCKET MUCHHIGHER THAN YOU110,1000 R80* Z2;PAGE2;240,0:CP \W$"A SMALL FORCE PUSHING DOWN ON THE ROCKETPROBABLY WON'T MOVE THE ROCKET. IF THE FORCE IS BIG ENOUGH, THE ROCKET MAY BE CRUSHED!":900:70 d2;PAGE2;340,17:CP} fW$"APPLYING A FORCE IN THIS MANNERMUST BE APPLIED IN THE PROPER DIRECTION.":900 F:21:"WHICH FORCE WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRY? (A) PUSH DOWN ON THE ROCKET (B) PUSH SIDEWAYS ON THE ROCKET (C) PICK UP THE ROCKET"; K24:39::" ";: P65,66,67,2790,100, ACTION2(:;HIMEM4-CP46806:CB46799_2AC"AR.PUSH,A$6000":;FULL;VIEW1;MIXz<2;PAGE2;140,17:CP>W$"PROBLEM: HOW WOULD YOU MOVE THIS ROCKET?":9000 AW$"ANSWER: TO MOVE THIS ROCKET YOU MUST APPLY ENOUGH FORCE. THE FORCE         :20:d"::20B282ī282(B287ī2878B305ī305{:SOUND8:22::"GOOD, ";A$;" IS THE CORRECT ANSWER"::20:dd0:d ANSWER"::20:d282ī282B287ī287B305ī305:SOUND8:22::"GOOD, ";A$;" IS THE CORRECT ANSWER"::" ":94002:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"RL:21:1:W$;:24:39::" ";xV49,50,51,271200,1200,1200,950`1110A(49152)A51B2821300A50B2871300A49B3051300:SOUND9:22::" SORRY, PLEASE TRY AGAIN ߿ ۷߿⊊ȉ珔ϟޜR 䊔̓ȲɱŮ ۷߿$ŕϟϟϟ奕̘𘪰(??{;; :;'߿մՔԪ'۷߿޼ʊ-__}_Ì˷ϟ ۷߿σ̟zzn..n +#3Ԕ՜}]ܨ)Ì˷ϟ@nko ..nn::ĕ#߿۷ϐ [wwߨŘաݩwt}̳̲̓ͳǯ߿ ۷߿兕S[ťՕGՔ n. njkko/?ЀȪSwwհ  ⊘{Ъ߿ت ]]\ 噕؀Ԁո- ꊊܪԔȅ WwWԀ߿Օ%՜̠;;?;̪ʀ8՜Ԡ]]Ġ )lࠤ)gՕ ̳Ϸ)dՕ՜)XՔձ̯ۮ۾)QԀ=ܿ   50 O330#:21:1:W$;724:39::" ";L13,27940,950U920q:24:39:" ";:998:z9402:CP:::(4)"RUN MENU"dd:900;::7@"SIMPLE SUMMARY OF THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION: FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION."E::"PRESS TO GO TO THE MENU."J279 (B) HE WILL MOVE BACK (C) HE WILL MOVE FORWARD"T21:1:W$;w"65,66,67,27300,300,300,950'290,:260,0:350,150:4130,60:6130,90:50,906W$" HE WILL MOVE BACK!"190,0:350,150W$"THIS BOY IS SITTING IN A SWING HOLDING A HEAVY CONCRETE BRICK. THE SWING IS STATIONARY. THE BOY IS ABOUT TO THROW THE BRICK FORWARD.":900DW$"WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE BOY'S POSITION? 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