' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]L L}BBL]$$8HIL,նh, ,`, ,`, , C,:/8` 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"_]` L/浍굺L  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?  1#"""  (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0EB H  @H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`HIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 VDP (ED Z $0x8x D- ܸDD# H8`?E Vk *f???0xE Hh D#-EEE8` D ܸx D - ܸx8`-0ݩ?ʥD EEE`   vLDcpq` [` ~  LӜu`".Q`pNФbptťܥm2<(-Py0\|e<6e<g< JJJJj귍hI  aUL@ kU8  L  Q^R(jQ0l^l\  wUuW ԧ H h@ [_ /QSIRb_L`LLLL`ª`LQLYLeLXLeLee ўQH\(h0L& Ꝥ$`( R \ZLl8 ўR HH\`\Z[YS6`LxQɿu3'RͲʎRʎ]]]ɍuL͟ɍ}RLRɍg^H8 ^hZLɍR LͲɊRR% QLܤͲ Z@ -^ ş\[Z QY\[Z8`l6Lş_Ȍb_Ͳ] )Y h( ֭ͲLɍ [LLĦ__ ^ 9 LҦ3 9 a   0LjLY u< (_9 ˭ɠuɠK_9 ?L ";STRING$:STRING$""1200:C::::"HERE IS YOUR INTERFACE CONTROL STRING: (CONTROL CHARACTERACK OVER TO THE BOOTING SIDE AND PRESS A KEY TO MODIFY PRINTER INFORMATION FILE.":A$:" "hAoꥫ60040At"OPEN PRINTER INFO":"READ PRINTER INFO":STRING$:"CLOSE PRINTER INFO"A~216,0A60070A216,0:"DELETE PRINTER INFO"AzB::D @60000n@::10:10:"STAND BY..."::15:"...GETTING THE MENU!":104,64:16384,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":t@@` PRINTING SECTION@j::"PRINTER SET-UP PROGRAM NOW LOADED. (THERE IS NO ROOM FOR IT ON SIDE A.)"\Am10:"FLIP THE DISK B     `o67>67>67>67>67>67>67>67>67>67>67>67>5-.-.-5--5---.---,--%--%--,-,%%=$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<$'<:?>>?6?>>676-6---.--,-%-,$%$?<<'?<'@  |@(0 Z@нй`)JJ & & f)`ɀ`w  (0 ѕнй`)JJ & & f)`ɀ` (0 Z` H  ` ` ` `h$``ɀwould like to see on":XX0:YY10:7:WDS$"the computer's simulated micrometer.":XX0:YY20:7*]ZWD$"(Only enter settings between 0.00 mm":XX0:YY50:7:WD$"and 17.00 mm.)":XX0:YY60:7:WD$"Press the 'ESC' key when you want to escape":XX0:YY90:7:WD::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AGAIN, TURN ON THE PRINTER, AND PRESS A KEY TO PRINT.":A$:" "s[<"PR#1":STRING$[F"PR#0"[PMODE$"NORMAL"3000[Z20015]\P×::WD$"In this part of the lesson you can enter":XX0:YY0:7:WD$"settings that you STRING$""Ģ10:"TURN ON THE PRINTER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":41020ZO10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY TO LOAD PRINTER INTERFACE COMMAND STRING.":A$:" "ZT"OPEN PRINTER INFO":"READ PRINTER INFO":STRING$:"CLOSE PRINTER INFO"][^R1COUNT3(R$,1)"0"ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:20020YVR1COUNT2(R$,1)"."ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:20020Y20031Y@ PRINTING SECTIONGZJ::"PRINTING COMMAND RECOGNIZED":7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:20020XJR1COUNT2(R$,1)"."ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:20020XKR1COUNT3(R$,1)"0"ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:20020WYL(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:20020WGR10COUNT3ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:20020WHR10COUNT4ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:20020WFR10R1COUNT3ĺ:INE10XSPOT23,52LINE10X::`UNLINE5:NUMBERS(R(R))1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1UN((A(NUMBERS100)(A(NUMBERS100)).5)).09((A(NUMBERS100)(A(NUMBERS100))).09)āX03:SPOT23,X50LINE10SPOT28,X50LINE10::20180VN:SPOTR504:(R(R).51).01(R(R)).01SPOTSPOT2^TN0:Y1393:SPOT,Y279,Y::3TNL03:270,0LSPOT30,0LSPOTL,13SPOTL,93SPOT30,103L270,103L:!UNLINE5:NUMBERS(R(R))1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1:X21:SPOT3,52L20:6:!SHNY5053:3,Y230,Y:NSRNN04:X50N50N3:X3,47X3,68::S\NN03:X50N2550N28:X3,68X3,88::SfNWD$"SETTI":XX0:YY130:6:WD$"NG = "R1$SpNR10R11WD$"NG = 0"R1$SzNXX55:YY130:6SN DRAW SCALES;TNRR1: GOTO 20020R?NER@NR1$(R1)" mm":R10(R11((R1))3)20038pRAN((B(R1(R1))))3WD$(R1):20036RBNR1$(R1)".00 mm":R1(R1)1R1(R1).01R1$(R1)"0 mm"RDN:Y1316:0,Y223,Y:0,Y77223,Y77:SFNN04:WD$(N)::XX50N:YY YOU WANT TO SEE?":10"Q7NR(R$)+Q8NR1RrQ9NR4.4Ģ22:(7);(7);"SETTINGS MUST BE LESS THAN 4.4!":20:20020Q:N90:OK20020Q;N70:30000 R>NIF NOT OK THEN PRINT : PRINT CHR$ (7); CHR$ (7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ": GOSUB 20 P'60000P'MODE$"NORMAL"&P':2P'START1MENU)";:23:"WHAT READING DO1)"."ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:3050O& R1COUNT3(R$,1)"0"ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:3050O 100O R1R:START0:3060O' NORMALP'::10:"SETTING UP NORMAL MODE...STAND BY."NOUGH DIGITS! ":20:3050N R1COUNT2(R$,1)"."ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:3050N R1COUNT3(R$,1)"0"ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:3050EO R1COUNT2(R$,NOT ENOUGH DIGITS! ":20:3050M R10COUNT3ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:3050M R10COUNT4ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS! ":20:3050-N R10COUNT4ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ECURRENT SETTING = ";X$:L STARTĢ21:29:"(ESC==>MENU)"jL 23:"WHAT READING DO YOU WANT TO SEE?":10vL R(R$)L R0R17ĺ:(7);(7);"SETTINGS MUST BE BETWEEN 0 AND 17!":20:3050L 90:OK3050L 702M R10R1COUNT3ĺ:(7);(7);"' TO RETURN TO THE MENU.":3071BK X$(R1)" MM":R11X$"0"X$pK (R1(R1)).001X$(R1)".00 MM":3070K (R110(R110))1X$(R1)"0 MM":R11X$"0"X$K R110(X$)8X$(X$,4)" MM"K R110(X$)9X$(X$,5)" MM"L :21:"00LINE5:180J:200gJWD$(A(NUMBERS)1000):(A(NUMBERS)1000)50WD$(A(NUMBERS)100050)JWD$"50"WD$"0"WD$" 0"JWD$"5"WD$" 5"JXXSPOT11:YY96LINE5J5J170JJ MAKE SETTINGSK :STARTĢ21:"PRESS 'ESC)1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1:SPOT,100LINE5SPOT5,100LINE5:ILINE5:NUMBERS(R(R))1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1J((A(NUMBERS100)(A(NUMBERS100)).5)).09((A(NUMBERS100)(A(NUMBERS100))).09)ēSPOT,100LINE5SPOT8,1T5,Y::3fHn30,100SPOT,100:X30SPOT10:X,100X,108::X30SPOT50:X,97X,108::X35SPOT10~HpR.5ēX,108X,114HqHs10,80SPOT,80SPOT,12510,125H220,70SPOT20,70SPOT,80SPOT,125SPOT20,135220,135GILINE5:NUMBERS(R(R)$)2,1)"9")ĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNITS ARE MM! ":20:OK0:tG`Gd DRAW SCALESGiSPOT30R101GjGkI0(R)5:WD$(I):XX27I10:YY85:(WD$)2XXXX3Gl5: Hm0:Y8393:SPOT,YSPOS(R$)1(R$,1)"0"COUNT3ı,FXOK1:>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ";DA$""ĺ" ":::10:15:"STAND BY...":63:33(R$):A$:A$""ĉ::10:10:"STAND BY...":60000:"RUN MICROMETER"xB A$""(R$)1R$"":23:33:" ":11B A$""(R$)1R$(R$,(R$)1):23:33:R$:11BA$" "ĺ"":BA$"0"A$"9"19BA$""A$""A$""1(CA$"."X7::232,Q1:233,Q2:AF(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXXX12::232,Q1:233,Q2:A232,0:233,8:0:1:100XX,YY:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::A R$"": INPUT SECTIONLB 2Q@A(X)(X.00051000)1000:B(X)((X.0005)1000)1000:STRING$"":50000g@ TEACHER OPTIONSy@A$""20000@A$""10000@A$""40000AF(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXX          ñ>>";::1:A$:24:1:" "; A$""ĺ" ":::10:10:"STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER" A$""Ģ21:1:958:(7);(7):22  I(1(1.":"RUN MICROMETER"A A$""(N$)1N$"":21:23:" ":11v A$""(N$)1N$(N$,(N$)1):21:23:N$:11 A$" "ĺ"": A$"0"A$"9"17 A$"."A$" "A$"M"A$"m"ĺ(7);(7);:11 N$N$A$:21:23:N$:11  WAIT F41002:A(X)(X.00051000)1000:50000:4000F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXXX7::232,Q1:233,Q2: N$"": INPUT SECTION 21:23(N$):A$:A$""ĉ::10:10:"STAND BY..     10:15:"STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER"G{A$""FRWD0:PAGEPAGE2u{A$""A$""A$""ĺ(7);(7):4021{2560{p0:Y045:0,Y279,Y::3:15:YY115:5:248,99248,112247,112247,99:Sz WAIT FOR SPACE BAR,LAST PAGE`z49168,0z23:958:23::1:"<< PRESS LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>";::23:39:A$:23:1:" ";({A$""A$""ĺ" ":::IL":XX15:YY140:5:50,14366,92:51,14367,92:WD$"SPINDLE":XX120:YY140:5:101,92116,144116,143101,91:WD$"BARREL":XX155:YY120:5:150,98150,125151,125151,98-z& WD$"SLEEVE":XX205:YY140:5:200,102200,144201,144201,102:WD$"RATCHET":XX2HT ARROW OR ESC >>";::23:39:A$:23:1:" ";x A$""ĺ" ":::10:15:"STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER"x A$""1000x A$""FRWD1:PAGEPAGE1x A$""A$""ĺ(7);(7):3021x 2014y WD$"ANV120:5:I12000::WD$"Then to see if you REALLY do know how to":XX0:YY140:5:WD$"read a micrometer, run part 3 for a test.":XX0:YY150:5w_ 4000w w WAIT FOR SPACE BAR,PAGE 1w 49168,0Tx 23:958:23::1:"<< PRESS LEFT OR RIGmillimeter.":XX0:YY70:5vP I12000::WD$"You should now go back to the menu.":XX0:YY90:5:WD$"Why don't you pick choice TWO and try":XX0:YY100:5:WD$"making a few different settings to see":XX0:YY110:5wZ WD$"what they look like?":XX0:YY:YY10:5:WD$"decimal place needed to specify that":XX0:YY20:5vF WD$"last bit of accuracy.":XX0:YY30:5:I12000::WD$"This lesson showed you how to read a":XX0:YY50:5:WD$"standard micrometer to the nearest":XX0:YY60:5:WD$"hundreth of a the mark.":XX0:YY30:5t2 WD$"When your reading doesn't exactly line":XX0:YY50:5:WD$"up, pick the closest setting.":XX0:YY60:5:20Bu< :WD$"If your micrometer had a vernier scale":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"you could use it to determine the extra":XX0Y172,Y::170,117175,117:170,92175,92^s WD$"0":XX184:YY113:5:WD$"5":XX184:YY88:5t( Y10:Y250:3:WD$"This STILL reads 13.53 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:I12000::WD$"In the REAL world, numbers don't always":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"come out exactly on 1000:r WD$"Right now this reads 13.53 mm.":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"(Reading 3 hundreths on the sleeve and":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"adding 50 hundreths to that)":XX0:YY40:5:20r FRWDPAGEPAGE1:2560)s 0:X167190:X,80X,120::3:Y821225:167,":I12000::2520q :WD$"This is set at 9.64 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"9.14 + .50 = 9.64 millimeters!":TRY1WD$"I'd say you have it figured out!"q XX0:YY20:5:20r R113.53:100:WD$"There is one final problem to watch for.":XX0:YY0:5:I1Y1:2520p TRY2(A$,(A$)1,2)"MM"(A$,(A$)1,2)"mm"ĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNITS ARE MM":I12000::TRYTRY1:2520p (A$,4)"9.14"ĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET TO ADD 50 HUNDRETHS!":I12000::2520q TRY3ĺ(7);(7);"LOOK CLOSER!I12500::WD$"That's all there is to it!":XX0:YY50:5:20To TRY0:R19.64:100o :TRYTRY1:21:1:"WHAT IS THIS SETTING? ":10:A$"9.64MM"A$"9.64 MM"A$"9.64mm"A$"9.64 mm"2530 p (A$)2ĺ(7);(7);"BETTER TRY AGAIN!":I12000::TRYTR05,10:20n R111.97:100:WD$"In the same fashion, this is the setting":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"for 11.97 mm. Notice that you can see":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"the half way mark, so add 50 to the":XX0:YY20:5=o WD$"47 hundreths on the sleeve.":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"Since we can see the half way mark, we":XX0:YY140:5:WD$"add 50 to the hundreths on the sleeve.":XX0:YY150:5m I12000: n WD$"+ 50 = 75 hundreths":XX130:YY96:5:170,93187,93187,105170,105170,93:200,10210,10210,9200,9:178,932"simply ADD 50 HUNDRETHS TO THE NUMBER.":XX0:YY150:5:20l R16.75:100:WD$"Take a look at the setting for 6.75 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:I12000:l 232,0:233,21:48:186,135:I130:186,135:J150:::186,135:98,11598,12590,125:100,120wm 0:5nk WD$"sleeve through one turn (and 50 hundreths":XX0:YY100:5:WD$"of a millimeter).":XX0:YY110:5k I12000::WD$"Since you are on the second turn of the":XX0:YY130:5;l WD$"sleeve--it takes TWO to move 1 mm--you":XX0:YY140:5:WD$Y40:5:WD$"on the sleeve don't go any farther.)":XX0:YY50:5Pj~ I12000:k WD$"That's what the HALFWAY MARKS on the":XX0:YY70:5:WD$"barrel are for. If you can see the half-":XX0:YY80:5:WD$"way mark, you have already turned the":XX0:YY90:YY20:5:20ij ::WD$"This seems pretty easy so far!":XX0:YY0:5:I11000::WD$"There is one complication, though.":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"What happens when there are more than":XX0:YY30:5@jt WD$"49 hundreths in a reading? (The numbers":XX0:YITS ARE MM":I12000::TRYTRY1:2401khe TRY2ĺ(7);(7);"NOPE! LOOK MORE CLOSELY.":I12000::2401hf LAST30:150::Y10:Y240:3:WD$"This reads 3.07 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"The sleeve reads 7 hundreths or .07 mm!":TRY1WD$"EXCELLENT!"ih XX$"that the barrel reads 7 hundreths, not":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"70 hundreths!":2408gc TRY2(A$)2ĺ(7);(7);"BETTER TRY AGAIN!":I12000::TRYTRY1:2401'hd (A$)2ĭTRY2(A$,(A$)1,2)"MM"(A$,(A$)1,2)"mm"ĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNXX0:YY30:5:TRY0fa :TRYTRY1:21:1:"WHAT IS THIS SETTING? ":10:A$"3.07MM"A$"3.07 MM"A$"3.07mm"A$"3.07 mm"2406Rgb A$"3.70mm"A$"3.70 mm"A$"3.70MM"A$"3.70 MM"WD$"Almost! It is really 3.07 mm. Don't forget":6000:XX0:YY0:5:WDXX0:YY20:5:20eV :R13.07:100:WD$"One place you have to be careful is when":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"you get a reading like this one. Don't":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"forget that the numbers on the sleeve":XX0:YY20:5f` WD$"are HUNDRETHS of a millimeter.":(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNITS ARE MM":I12000::TRYTRY1:2370xdG (7);(7);"NOPE!":I12000::TRYTRY1:TRY32370dL WD$"The answer is 8.27 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"As you can see, the UNITS ARE IMPORTANT!":TRY1WD$"You are doing VERY well."eQ XX0:YY20:5:20"c8 R18.27:100,c= TRY0cB :TRYTRY1:21:1:"WHAT IS THIS SETTING? ":10:A$"8.27mm"A$"8.27 MM"A$"8.27 mm"A$"8.27MM"2380cC TRY2(A$)2TRY3:2380?dD (A$)2ĭTRY2(A$,(A$)1,2)"MM"(A$,(A$)1,2)"mm"ĺ(7);5 hundreths of a millimeter is read":XX0:YY40:5:WD$"from the sleeve.":XX0:YY50:5:20ab) c. R18.26:100:WD$"Here is 8.26 mm. See how the reading":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"from the barrel combines with the number":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"from the sleeve?":8.25:100:WD$"This is what it looks like if the":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"object being measured is a little bigger":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"than 8.00 mm in size. In fact, this shows":XX0:YY20:5[b$ WD$"a setting of 8.25 mm. Notice that the":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"2 MM":I12000::TRYTRY1:2300V` TRY2ĺ(7);(7);"LOOK AGAIN!":I12000::2300` WD$"The correct setting is 12.00 mm.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"Be sure to watch UNITS and the ZEROS!":TRY1WD$"You did just fine."` XX0:YY20:5:20` a :R1к"WHAT IS THIS SETTING? ":10:A$"12.00MM"A$"12.00mm"A$"12.00 mm"A$"12.00 MM"2310_(A$)2ĺ(7);(7);"BETTER TRY AGAIN!":I12000:::TRYTRY1:2300 `TRY2(A$,(A$)1,2)"MM"(A$,(A$)1,2)"mm"ĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNITS ARE"0":XX195:YY95:5:201^FRWDPAGE11:2225b^Y10:Y210:3:0:X151250:X,70X,135::3^250,7015120,70151,80151,12515120,135250,135:Y801205:151,Y156,Y::151,100159,100:WD$"0":XX165:YY95:5^TRY0Y_:TRYTRY1:21:1:95:5:20#]FRWDPAGE11:2225T]Y10:Y220:3:0:X181250:X,70X,135::3]WD$"Two more turns of the sleeve gives 15.00 mm.":XX0:YY0:5^250,7018120,70181,80181,12518120,135250,135:Y801205:181,Y186,Y::181,100189,100:WD$g the sleeve forward through":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"two turns, we get a setting of 16.00 mm.":XX0:YY10:5\0:X191250:X,70X,135::3 ]250,7019120,70191,80191,12519120,135250,135:Y801205:191,Y196,Y::191,100199,100:WD$"0":XX205:YYWD$"you to see more numbers on the barrel.":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"(Recall that they stand for millimeters.)":XX0:YY20:I12000::5:I11500:[WD$"This setting is 17.00 mm.":XX0:YY40:5:20[FRWDPAGE11:2225g\Y10:Y250:3:WD$"By turninX0:YY10:5:WD$"the barrel and sleeve.":XX0:YY20:5Z140,80182,80182,106140,106:139,79183,79183,107139,107139,79:138,78184,78184,108138,108138,78Z20Z:R117:100[WD$"The sleeve has been turned back to allow":XX0:YY0:5:e ratchet slips,":XX0:YY60:5:WD$"and stops advancing the spindle.":XX0:YY70:5:20YFRWDĺ" "::0,119:1,145:38263:31007ZY10:Y280:3:WD$"To find out how to take a reading, we":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"must look more closely at the scales on":X be measured.":XX0:YY10:5:I12000:XWD$"By turning the ratchet, the sleeve spins":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"and moves the spindle toward the piece":XX0:YY40:5:WD$"and anvil. When the proper amount of":XX0:YY50:5XYWD$"tightness is reached, th4,78184,108138,108138,78:3:182,102184,102:182,84184,84:140,98137,100WFRWDē140,85138,85:150,98150,125151,125151,98W3WY10:Y260:3(XWD$"To make a measurement, the anvil is held":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"firmly against the part to40:5:WD$"make consistent measurements.":XX0:YY50:5?V20`VY277:3:16:0:1255,65:3VWD$"RATCHET":XX215:YY115:5:248,99248,112247,112247,99NWFRWDĒ0:140,80182,80182,106140,106:139,79183,79183,107139,107139,79:138,7818ed a":XX0:YY0:5:0,1848,18:WD$"RATCHET. It is really more like a":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"friction clutch. When used to turn the":XX0:YY20:57VzWD$"sleeve, it slips when a particular":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"tightness is reached. This helps you":XX0:YYYY40:5:140,49240,49:20:16:1190,60:WD$"SLEEVE":XX205:YY140:5hT]Y280:3:16:0:1190,60:3T^WD$"SLEEVE":XX205:YY140:5T`200,102200,144201,144201,102TaY10:Y282:3Tp16:1255,65UuWD$"This little knob on the end is call0:YY0:5:0,1842,18:WD$"SLEEVE. It has the numbers from 0 to 45":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"on it. Two turns of the sleeve will":XX0:YY20:5GT\WD$"advance it one millimeter on the barrel":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"scale. In other words, 1 turn = 0.50 mm":XX0:CWD$"taking a reading.":XX0:YY40:5/RH20ZRIY260:3:16:0:1160,60:1190,60:3RJWD$"BARREL":XX155:YY120:5:150,98150,125151,125151,98RMY10:Y250:3RR16:1190,60:0:1255,65:3SWWD$"This part that turns is called the":XXXX120:YY140:5:101,92116,144116,143101,91AQ9Y10:Y262:3SQ;16:1160,60Q>WD$"The BARREL is marked in millimeters and":XX0:YY0:5:25,867,8:WD$"half-millimeters.":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"It is the part you look at first when":XX0:YY30:5'R"This is the SPINDLE. It should also be":XX0:YY0:5:68,8114,8:WD$"clean. It moves toward the anvil until":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"it contacts the object being measured.":XX0:YY20:5P420P5Y250:3:16:0:1190,60:1105,62:3/Q6WD$"SPINDLE":d be clean and held squarely":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"against the part to be measured.":XX0:YY30:5hO20OY250:3:16:0:176,62:3OWD$"ANVIL":XX15:YY140:5:50,14366,92:51,14367,92O Y10:Y250:3O%16:1105,62:0:1160,60:3P*WD$Y240:3:WD$"Here is a typical micrometer.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"Let's look at its different parts.":XX0:YY20:5:20NY10:Y240:3N16:176,62:0:1105,62:3`O WD$"This little piece is called the ANVIL.":XX0:YY0:5:182,8215,8:WD$"It shoulTER!":4MI12000::YYYY10:WD$"This lesson will teach you to read a standard":4:WD$"metric micrometer to 1/100 of a millimeter,":4:WD$"still a pretty good trick!":4M20MM" "M:0,119:1,145:38263tN16:0:176,62:3:Y10: allow you to read":4LWD$"to 1 / 1000 of a millimeter (in other words":4:WD$"a millionth of a meter).":4:I12000::YYYY10:WD$"To use the proper metric prefix, a vernier":4MWD$"micrometer can measure down to the nearest":4:WD$"MICRO-MEd correctly.":4:WD$"If it is not properly zeroed you will have to":4:WD$"correct for what it erroneously reads at":4:WD$"zero every time you use it.":4:3000L:WD$"Some metric micrometers come with vernier":YYYY10:6:WD$"scales that actuallyand should be used with care.":41JI12500:JWD$"Never overtighten a micrometer or spin":YYYY10:4:WD$"it closed so fast that it clamps down on":4:WD$"whatever is being measured.":4:I12000:KYYYY10:WD$"Also be sure it is calibrate0I:I:10:"PLEASE STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER"PI INSTRUCTIONS!J:232,0:233,21:WD$"A micrometer is a device that allows":6:WD$"you to measure the size of very small":4:WD$"objects. It is a precision piece of":4:WD$"equipment S100)(A(NUMBERS100))).09)ēSPOT,100LINE5SPOT8,100LINE5:180RH:200HWD$(A(NUMBERS)1000):(A(NUMBERS)1000)50WD$(A(NUMBERS)100050)HWD$"50"WD$"0"WD$" 0"HWD$"5"WD$" 5"HXXSPOT11:YY96LINE5H5I17SPOT,125SPOT20,135250,135GLINE5:NUMBERS(R(R))1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1:SPOT,100LINE5SPOT5,100LINE5:GLINE5:NUMBERS(R(R))1004(R(R))1004:LINELINE1GH((A(NUMBERS100)(A(NUMBERS100)).5)).09((A(NUMBER85:(WD$)2XXXX3Fl5:CFm0:Y8393:SPOT,YSPOT5,Y::3Fn30,100SPOT,100:X30SPOT10:X,100X,108::X30SPOT50:X,97X,108::X35SPOT10FpR.5ēX,108X,114FqFs10,80SPOT,80SPOT,12510,125G250,70SPOT20,70SPOT,80E 23:A$(I):/E(I(1(1)10):I0I1040@E*23:B$(I):_E2I(1(1)10):I0I550pE423:C$(I):E<16297,0:16304,0:16300,0:16301,0:: HGR/MEd DRAW SCALESEiRR1:SPOT30R101EjFkI0(R)5:WD$(I):XX27I10:YYAGE1:FRWD0+DA$""PAGEPAGE1:FRWD1WDA$""A$""A$""ĺ(7);(7):20DPAGE2010,2014,2030,2050,2071,2101,2121,2141,2182,2210,2225,2236,2260,2280,2320,2345,2360,2390,2410,2460,2490,2510,2560,2580,2620DI(1(1)10):I0I1030:11C WAIT FOR SPACE BAR,C49168,0C23:958:23::1:"<< PRESS LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>";::23:39:A$:23:1:" ";CA$""ĺ" ":::10:15:"STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER" DA$""PAGEP"STAND BY...":"RUN MICROMETER"MB A$""(N$)1N$"":21:23:" ":11B A$""(N$)1N$(N$,(N$)1):21:23:N$:11BA$" "ĺ"":A$N$:BA$"0"A$"9"17BA$"."A$" "A$"M"A$"m"ĺ(7);(7);:11CN$N$A$:21:23:N$WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:AF(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:100XX,YY:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:AYY10:4:A N$"": INPUT SECTION!B 21:23(N$):A$:A$""ĉ::10:10:;c@37238:A(X)(X.00051000)1000:X10:X2279:"BLOAD MIKE,A$9177":"BLOAD SQUEEZE,A$9577"y@:3:1:0:PAGE1@2000@0:YY1Y2:X1,YX2,Y::3:.AXX0:YYYY10:F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:100XX,YY:Q1(                        R)AY"Y` DYpqprX|hH)H+xVVV/(/VV/(/V UV *VWPWV *VAUQQQX*j U (U UU *U PU *UQQQUAXj* @`  ``H~BBB~ @0V@`Vp`Dxx@?D~D @@D `D`? ? @@@  Z@0 V@@ R@8al| @@Q@KHB@ `U WE?@V~U8<S`D@ `@@ @E@H@ K`Q)A]"[`@DZ@qpX ((,W (U    6:216,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":q |:10:"I CAN'T FIND THE MENU. INSERT DISK A AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":5010Y2UN MIKE SET" +  RANDOMIZE SETTINGS5 TRY0K "RUN MIKE READ"Q \ 5500 ::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ": ::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":"VERIFY MAIN MENU" 1023,"3"A$"4"ĺ(7);(7):::9:"PRESS ONLY 1,2,3, OR 4!";:1030O " ":" " 21:31:A$:22:1:958:23:12:"PLEASE STAND BY..." (A$)2000,3000,4000,5000  INSTRUCTIONS "RUN MIKE INSTRUCTIONS"  MAKE SETTINGS "R: 9:10:"1. INSTRUCTIONS"::10:"2. YOU MAKE SETTINGS"::10:"3. YOU READ SETTINGS"::10:"4. RETURN TO EQUIPMENT MENU" 1:21:" WHAT IS YOUR CHOICE? [ ]"::" (NO NEED TO PRESS 'RETURN')":21:31:A$A A$"1"A$"2"A$r1002:38400< (1021)255ĺ"BLOAD LETTERS,A$800"J1021,255[:: MENU232,0:233,21:X10:X2279:230,32 :5:" ":5:" READING A METRIC MICROMETER ":5:" " I)R---u -1-3vu?M13M1smNM13MN 5M13  NMMq-M13M1?w ?M .----N) 3vu666n*N >iNI---5??7--5??7--5??7--u@@@C?.- ??N -5?*m ->??w- --u7RMJ?I??MI vRR-53M1smN56-3M13-u mR-3v-NI1*-n -u?R-3---u 3?w6N R-53M1?w ?M >6-3M13Mq)66N 56o )6M.nq)566-N5-n n N -n1nq)R-3M1s-N-3M?7nIR-53M1?w n5 76N6-uM17 n n NIM13m1n)n N )3M13M1s-N -3M?76NI )3M13 mN -3M?7 n N )3M:w -N --66vIMM13M13M1s-N M13M13MN IM13M1n >7MqM1s  3MqJM1s 6vI---.-uJ--;.>.>.-u5rVw-->.>.>*.)3M1?w *uIR >RMIN---ޛ-- *NI.)s N )3 >n-uM M13--n N -3M?7M13-u J)36Ms-N -n1n1-u J--n?76--NJ--n?76NII)36M5s-uJM13M1??n n N -66-N I166s-N Mn7 n N 66 ? ?wqImmw M:N)N-n mN-6R 6N56N 5 --NN n:?w1VIM7R?RINIVI 5)3M5.M-Nm1w6-N)sI.-u-->N-N>I> 3--v 5--.-6s-N -޻M:?n -N.--6NI))3M?M1s-Nd )/9BS^ent'2=HYk|&7EWhx *8BSbm}&3BO_lv}" 66N nR>i----nN> ?       ...GETTING MORE OF THE LESSON!":1023,1:"RUN GRAPHS B"4<:10:"I CAN'T FIND THE MENU. CHECK THE DISK AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":1010(lJ::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":3mR::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... 3ƫ10003H1500Q3J::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":3R::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":1023,1:"VERIFY MAIN MENU"3\216,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":94::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... data for a longer time span, if possible.)":YYYY10:15M2Ű100:BACK505502ő:WD$"Congratulations! You have finally reached the end of this lesson. Press either the ''ESC'' key or the right arrow to return to the menu.":YY40:15:100:BACK50640ys) be rounded to:":YY60:15:WD$"m = 0.4 0.2 m/s":XX85:YY90:5:TX130:TY90:600:30082WD$"The best way to decrease the uncertainty is to spread apart the points used to calculate the slope. (Do this not only on the graph, but also by collecting 0ő:WD$"So the slope with its error is:":YY10:15:WD$"m = 0.43 0.2 m/s":XX85:YY20:5:TX140:TY20:600:300:WD$"This means that the ''true slope'' is probably between 0.23 and 0.63 m/s.":YYYY10:15Z1Ű300:WD$"This would often (but not alwa42,97192,97:WD$"+":XX133:YY94:5/WD$"m =":XX35:YY94:5:TX25:TY96:900:1:32:233,22:165,118:0:1192,80:WD$"(0.43)":XX205:YY94:5:3000Ř0:233,3:2:WD$"m = 0.167904762 --> 0.2 m/s":XX35:YY144:5:TX25:TY146:900:100:BACK50480"+":XX128:YY44:5.WD$"m =":XX35:YY44:5:TX25:TY46:900::1:32:233,22:170,68:0:1192,30:WD$"m":XX205:YY44:5:300.WD$" 0.25 +0.25 0.1 + 0.1":XX41:YY87:5:WD$"2.50 - 1.00 6.0 - 2.5":XX68:YYYY15:5$/œ66,97127,97:1 y + y x + x":XX40:YY35:5:WD$" y -y x -x":YYYY15:5-TX75:TY37:900:TX104:900:TX145:900:TX175:900.œ70,47121,47:140,47190,47:289,40:1117,40:2160,40:1188,40:289,58:1106,58:2159,58:1177,58:WD$5) = 0.43 m/s":YY120:15:L45:100:BACK50410,vř2:233,3::WD$"The uncertainty in distance was 0.25 m. Let's assume that the uncertainty in time was 0.1 s (we are pretending anyway!).":YY10:15:TX198:TY0:600:TX30:TYTY20:600T-WD$" 02105:X,60:X,30::Y601005:100,Y:170,Y::WD$"y = 2.50 m":XX220:YY27:5:2227,32+bWD$"y = 1.00 m":XX220:YY57:5:1227,62:WD$"x = 2.5 s x = 6.0 s":XX80:YY105:5:186,110:2155,110/,lŰ300:L48:WD$"The slope is (2.50-1.00)/(6.0-2.L11:WD$"Progress of Boat #1":XX60:YY2:5:L45:54,0123,0123,2054,2054,0:TX70:TY70:800:TX130:TY50:800:TX190:TY18:800*NTX70:TY70:820:TX130:TY50:820:TX190:TY18:820\+Xœ50,80200,18:X1001702:X,60::Y60302:170,Y::X172::50,050,80200,80:L7:WD$"Dist. (m)":YY20:15:WD$"Time (s)":XX210:YY85:L45:5):ŁY1003020:47,Y2050,Y20:(100Y)2040,Y22::X5020020:X,80X,83:(X50)20X1,88::Y208010:X5020010:X,Y:::X13020010:X,0:X,10:*Dens that there is more error involved in reading from the graph than there was in the experiment itself! If this is the case, be sure to use the uncertainty in graphing the data points for the ABSOLUTE ERRORS."(&YY80:15:100:BACK50350Z)0Ř0:233,3:2159,58:1177,58:WD$"+":XX128:YY44:5'Ű300:0:Y3560:30,Y65,Y::3:WD$"m =":XX35:YY44:5:TX25:TY46:900::1:32:233,22:170,68:0:1192,30:WD$"m":XX205:YY44:5:10,25220,25220,7510,75'œ10,25:300(WD$"NOTE! It often happ:YY35:5:WD$"m y -y x -x":YYYY15:5&TX75:TY37:900:TX105:900:TX145:900:TX175:900:TX38:TY37:900*'œ30,4753,47:70,47121,47:140,47190,47:WD$"=":XX59:YY44:5:289,40:1117,40:2160,40:1188,40:289,58:1106,58:OLUTE ERROR in y .":YY120:15:TX8:TYTY20:900\%Ĕ222,155:2192,155:100:BACK50330%ę2:233,3::WD$"To solve the last equation for the ABSOLUTE ERROR in the slope, just multiply it by m.":YY10:155&WD$" m y + y x + x":XX40"=":XX89:YY94:5:2119,90:1147,90:2190,90:1218,90:2119,108:1136,108:2189,108:1207,108:WD$"+":XX158:YY94:52%TX30:TY132:900:WD$"The means the uncertainty or ABSOLUTE ERROR in a particular value. For example, y is the ABSATIVE ERROR of the slope:":YY40:15:WD$" m y + y x + x":XX70:YY85:5:WD$"m y -y x -x":YYYY15:5#TX105:TY87:900:TX135:900:TX175:900:TX205:900:TX68:TY87:900~$ē60,9783,97:100,97151,97:170,97220,97:WD$33,3:2:0::WD$"The slope is given by:":YY10:15:WD$"m =":YY20:XX80:5:WD$"(y -y )":XXXX30:YYYY7:5:2121,18:1138,18:XX,YY12XX38,YY12:WD$"(x -x )":YYYY15:5#Ĕ2121,33:1138,33:300:WD$"Doing a little calculus results in the RELut we need to review the basic mathematics of a straight line graph.":YY10:15!İ300:WD$"We will call the two points you are using to find the slope (x ,y ) and (x ,y ).":YYYY10:15:2:1101,75:1117,75:2170,75:2186,75:100:BACK50320"Ĺ2ress ''ESC'' to return to the menu unless your instructor has told you to continue.":YY70:15:100:BACK50270P!đ:WD$"Sometimes you need to be a bit more exact in your determination of the error in the slope. The formula really isn't too difficult, bLAST40:150:WD$"The actual value for the data point x,y would probably be found somewhere inside the box formed by the bars.":YY10:15:100:BACK50050o đ:WD$"That's about all there is to that way of handling graphical errors. You should now p20,TY10:TX20,TYTX20,TY:TX20,TY10TX20,TY10rİ300:WD$"The vertical bar indicates the possible range for the y and the horizontal bar shows the uncertainty in the x.":YY110:15:300|āX1201603:X,60:X,100::Y601003:120,Y:160,Y:ues then put in horizontal error bars.":YY10:15:300:WD$"You would get something that looks like this (only hopefully not as big!):":YYYY10:155hTX140:TY80:800:TX10,TY20TX10,TY20:TX,TY20TX,TY20:TX10,TY20TX10,TY20:TX20,TY10TXu are using error bars to estimate the uncertainty, just find the best slope and the slopes of the ''worst possible fit'' lines that still touch 2/3 of the error bars.":YY90:15Tİ100:BACK50030^đ:WD$"If there are also uncertainties for the x val160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"Our slope now becomes 0.4 0.1 m/s. Still not great, but with more data we could bring the uncertainty down even farther.":YY90:15:TX164:TY100:600:300@İ100:BACK50030EĒ0:Y100160:0,Y279,Y::3JWD$"So if yoWhat does that do to the uncertainty in the slope?":YY90:15:300"TX100:TY60:800:820:TX160:TY35:800:820:300:X502002:X,86.293X::X732002:X,121.559X:,WD$"That looks a little better!":YY130:15:100:BACK500306Ē0:Y100WD$"Isn't there ANY way to reduce the uncertainty?":YYYY20:15Vİ100:BACK50030Ē0:X902002:X,140.665X::X502002:X,80.2X:BĒ0:Y100160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"Sure! Just take more data. Let's say we have two more data points. 300SWD$"In fact, this line matches that ''good fit'' criterion also!":YYYY10ð15:X902002:X,140.665X::100:BACK50030AÒ0:Y100160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"This gives us a slope value of 0.4 0.2 m/s!":YY90:15:TX210:TY100:600:300:ars that touch the line, we have a ''reasonably good fit'' to the data.":YYYY10:15jð100:BACK50030Ò0:Y100160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"But we can also draw this line that touches 2/3 of the error bars.":YY100:15:300:X502002:X,80.2X:::X,45::100:BACK50030Ò0::X124522:X,55:X,45::Y110160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"This looks like the ''best line'' representing the trend of the data points.":YY90:15:50,80200,18Uð300:WD$"If at least 2/3 of the data points have error bat the 4 second mark could be any distance from 1.25 to 1.75 meters. (In other words our raw data was 1.50 0.25 m.)":YY100:15:TX27:TY140ð600:1:233,21:0:1103,35:32:1157,64:300:300:300:1157,64:0:1103,35:233,3:2:X124522:X,55the distance measurements was 1/4 meter, we can indicate that with these ERROR BARS.":YYYY10:15:TX118:TY140:600TX70:TY70:820:TX130:TY50:820:TX190:TY18:820:100:BACK50030Ò0:Y110160:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"For example, the data X13020010:X,0:X,10:L11:WD$"Progress of Boat #1":XX60:YY2:5:L45:54,0123,0123,2054,2054,0:TX70:TY70:800:TX130:TY50:800:TX190:TY18:800xWD$"Here are the imaginary results.":YY100:15:300:WD$"If our uncertainty in each of :100:BACK50000wù233,3:2::50,050,80200,80:L7:WD$"Dist. (m)":YY20:15:WD$"Time (s)":XX210:YY85:L45:5ÁY1003020:47,Y2050,Y20:(100Y)2040,Y22::X5020020:X,80X,83:(X50)20X1,88::Y208010:X5020010:X,Y:::dle errors on a graph is to draw in the error ranges for each piece of data right on the graph paper.":YY10:15xWD$"Let's make up some data to graph. We have somehow managed to collect data on the motion of a small boat along a canal.":YYYY20:15to check with your instructor to find out the method you should be using.":YYYY10:15:300:WD$"If you are ''rusty'' on graphing techniques you may want to run the lesson on that topic.":YYYY30:15dð100:BACK1000qnÑ:WD$"The simplest way to hanD THE MENU. INSERT DISK A AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":1010PÑ:WD$"As you might guess from earlier parts of this lesson, there are several different ways to estimate the errors in information presented graphically.":YY10:15ZWD$"You will have 3,3:"RUN MAIN MENU" 1500]::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":1023,1:"VERIFY MAIN MENU"1023,3:216,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":=:10:"I CAN'T FIN@ >TX2,TY5TX2,TY5:TX,TY5TX,TY5:TX2,TY5TX2,TY5:L  DELTA TX,TY:TX1,TY1:TX2,TY2:TX3,TY3:TX4,TY4:TX4,TY4:TX3,TY3:TX2,TY2:TX1,TY1:::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":1020:: X +- SIGNR bTX,TYTX,TY4:TX2,TY2TX2,TY2:TX2,TY6TX2,TY6:^  SIGMA TX7,TY1TX7,TYTX,TYTX4,TY4TX,TY8TX7,TY8TX7,TY7:  DOTS *WD$"o":XXTX2:YYTY4:5:YTY1TY1:TX1,YTX1,Y:: 4 ERROR BARS1:A$:24:1:" ";R hA$""ĺ" "::1000l jA$""BACK1:" ": kA$""ĺ" ": m21:1:958:(7);(7):102 n ERASE WORDS 0:Y0LAST10:0,Y279,Y::3: ,ZZ12000:: ZZ11000,35,0,39,0,44,0,49,0,52,0,57,0,53,62,36,0,49,38,0,53,55,61,0,53,23,37,0,46,38,52,0,61,46,62,5,0,61,54,37,7,0,53,38,0,54,37,60,46,0,53,39,53,62,5,0 d ARROWS AND ESC eBACK09 f49168,0:24:958:24::4:"<<< LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>";::1:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:Q3:Q4:V LTRL11:X$(WD$,LTR,1):X$(32)X$"-"Ă W$(WD$,LTR(X$(32))):100XX,YY:QQ1(W$):((W$,QQ,1))31:99::WD$(WD$,(WD$)LTR):99:XXXZ:YYYY10:6 XX0:YYYY10:5:  20,0,24,0,27,0,31,,)1002:A(X)((X.0005)1000)1000b16302,0::0:2:232,0:233,3:A768830:B:A,B:h}3:L45::50000F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q3(249):0:Q4(231):1:XZXX! 100XX,YY:(WD$)LāQ1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))3                            bad no matter how many measurements you take!"=YYYY10:15:300:WD$"You should now return to the menu.":YYYY20:15:100:BACK40560=1000oYYYY10:15:300:WD$"You should now return to the menu.":YYYY20:15:100:BACK40560u1000s of random error. Your instructor will tell you which method to use.".=YY10:15:300:WD$"You MUST remember though, that these statistical techniques apply only to random errors. If there is an uncorrected systematic error then your results will be YY130:15:49168,0:A$:" ":A$" "40560?;ԞA$(13)40650T;ޞ100:BACK40550Z;螑GWD$"I calculated the total to be 357.2736. Now we divide9,Y::3:L472 WD$"When calculating the squared deviations from the average we keep the extra digits in the average to reduce round-off error. The best way to do this is to leave intermediate results in your calculator display or memory."3*YY100:>12:XX0:YY2010010:WD$"( -0.016)":5:270,YY3:z1 XX95:YY209010:WD$"( -0.016)":5:2165,YY3:1XX190:YY209010:WD$"( -0.016)":5:2260,YY3: 2LAST0:150:WD$"Average = 0.02 cm":YY10:15:0:Y110160:0,Y27GE VALUE ? ";N$:(N$).016(N$).02ė:WD$"Super! Rounded off the average is 0.02 cm":404400WD$"The average is supposed to be the total divided by 25. This comes out to 0.4/25 = 0.016 or 0.02 cm when we round off."1YY110:15:100:BACK40370ntimeters.":YY10:15/՝L5:WD$" 1.4 5.3 -3.2 6.6 -7.5 -2.4 5.7 -5.4 0.2":XX5:YY20:5:WD$"-1.2 3.3 -2.6 7.8 -3.4 -2.2 1.4 -2.3":XX100:YY20:5/ڝWD$"-0.6 -2.4 3.4 -2.1 -3.8 0.3 1.3 2.8":XX195:YY20:5:L45_0䝢21:"WHAT IS THE AVERAand measure the distance left or right of center for each of the darts. You record the data in a table, indicating left of center as negative and right of center as positive.".˝YY90:15:100:BACK40300/НL45::WD$"Here are your results, all in cehrow darts? Good! You throw 25 of them at a target.":YY10:15:300-210,45210,80:D110:Y5020(1):X150200:0:X,YX3,Y2X,Y5:3:X1,YX4,Y2X1,Y5:X4,Y2X10,Y2:0::3:.ƝWD$"etc...":XX150:YY60:5:WD$"You get out a ruler 50)2400)):X100,140Y:8,"COMPARE TO YOURS =";S,SS14.2.05:S2SS:0,14050(22500S):X1001702:Y50(((X50)2S)):X100,140Y:,"PRESS THE RETURN KEY TO CONTINUE";A$:40320,:100:BACK40220F-:WD$"Do you like to tY10:15+:21:"ENTER STANDARD DEVIATION OR 0 TO QUIT --->";S:S0S.4ĺ(7);(7);"PICK FROM 0 TO 0.4 !.":II2000::40320+S040360,0:Y90150:0,Y279,Y::3::21:"ORIGINAL STANDARD DEVIATION = 0.05":100,140:X01002:Y50(((Xion, the narrower the uncertainty range. Try entering a few different values of standard deviation to compare to what we just did.":YY10:15+qWD$"The data we used before had a standard deviation of 0.05. Try entering values between 0 and 0.4.":YYYngs are within 55.32 (0.05x2) g":YY130:15:TX209:TY140:600:L45:100:BACK40180)b0:Y91150:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"This is called a Gaussian or normal distribution.":YY110:15:100:BACK40180*l:WD$"Obviously, the smaller the standard deviat279,Y::3B(NX80110:Y90(((X140)21800)):X,90X,90Y:(SX170200:Y90(((X140)21800)):X,90X,90Y::Y901204:80,Y:200,Y:U)XL47:WD$"55.22g":XX60:YY120:5:WD$"55.42g":XX175:5:WD$"2 Std.Dev":XX220:5:WD$"19 of 20 beariY:170,Y:'DL43:WD$"55.27g":XX92:YY110:5:WD$"55.37g":XX152:5:WD$"1 Std.Dev":XX220:5:WD$"Two out of three bearings had masses inside this region. (55.32 0.05 g)":YY120:15:TX157:TY140:600:L45'I100:BACK40180 (L0:Y130150:0,YY:&0WD$"55.32g":XX120:YY100:5:WD$"Average":XX220:5:WD$"As expected, most masses are found near the average.":YY120:15:100:BACK40180&:0:Y120150:0,Y279,Y::3 '?X110170:Y90(((X140)21800)):X,90X,90Y::Y901104:110,%XX50:L10:WD$"Number having that mass":YY55:5:L45:WD$"Mass in grams":XX180:YY105:5:WD$"Let's take a closer look.":YY130:15:100:BACK40120%:20,90:X202604:Y90(((X140)21800)):X,90Y::0,00,90270,90&&Y01004:140,range of mass values, but as expected, most are around the average.":YY10:15:300$WD$"If you made a graph of the masses it would look like this:":YYYY10:15$100,100:X01001:Y50(((X50)2400)):X100,100Y::100,50100,100200,10008COUNT)::COUNTCOUNT1::TX(7I)3:TYTY6::3#WD$"WHEW!":XX220:YY70:5:WD$"You do the calculations and report the average mass as 55.32 grams with a standard deviation of 0.05 grams.":YY110:15:100:BACK40090T$:WD$"You found a whole 20,70110,90130,90120,70:70,9190,91:110,91130,91l"̜75,8975,8778,8778,89:80,8980,8582,8582,89u"֜300"ۜCOUNT0:WD$"o":L45:N0:LIM8:ROW14#0:TX21:TY58:I18:JI11:TXTX6:800:820:T130(508COUNT)::830:840:T130(5rings, you need to report the results to your boss.":YY10:15!WD$"o":TX0:TY100:I811:JI11:TXTX6:800::TX(9I)3:TYTY6::3006"œ70,100130,100130,98101,98101,7099,7099,9870,9870,100:80,70120,70:70,9090,9080,7070,90:1help you learn to use the formula and grasp what it means..."_ YYYY20:15:100:BACK40050?!:WD$"Pretend you work for a ball bearing manufacturing company! Your job is in the quality control department. Having measured the masses of 100,000 bea, about 2 of every 3 measurements will be within one standard deviation of the average.":YY10:15= WD$"19 out of 20 measurements will be within two standard deviations of the average of the data.":YYYY10:15:300:WD$"Looking at some examples will 5,45279,45279,1155,1155,45:TX28:TY128:700:WD$"The says to add up all the squares of the deviations.":YY120:15100:BACK30150c:WD$"The amazing thing about the standard deviation is the fact that regardless of what is being measured10:15:WD$"Standard Deviation =":XX15:YYYY35:5:TX100:TY78:700:WD$"(Deviation from average)"|XX110:YY80:5:WD$"2":XX260:YY75:5:95,90267,90:WD$"(Number of Observations - 1)":XX97:YY95:5:50,8070,8080,10590,72269,72269,74{ror. But if we have taken a lot of data, we are being too pessimistic in our error estimate.":YYYY10:15h100:BACK1000m30000fr:WD$"Another common way of looking at the random error in a bunch of data is with the 'Standard Deviation'.":YY we have already looked at averaging data to reduce error. The best estimate of the ''true value'' is just the average value of all the data.":YYYY10:15k^WD$"We calculated the Average Deviation from the Average as a way of quantifying the random erODSJ:WD$"There are occasions when you are able to make a large number of measurements. When you can, you tend to reduce the effects of random error because the positive and the negative errors partially cancel.":YY10:15T300:WD$"For example,rrecting for this systematic error gives us the best estimate of the ''true value.'' We subtract the 8 dB error from our average of 125 dB. Our final result is 117 1 dB.":YYYY10:15:TX210:TY140:600u100:BACK30100?40050@ STAT METHneeds calibration), then the ''true value'' will be shifted from our average and uncertainty range."uYY10:15:300:WD$"Let's say that testing the deciBel meter with a standard sound source shows that it reads 8 dB too high.":YYYY10:15uWD$"Coeful not to mix up the AVERAGE DEVIATION FROM THE AVERAGE with the AVERAGE DEVIATION OF THE MEAN.)":15:L45:100:BACK30060du:WD$"This neat trick only works when the errors are truly random. If there was a systematic error (maybe the deciBel meter easurements), we get an Average Devia- tion of the Mean of 1 dB. This indicates":YY30:15uWD$"that about half the measurements were within the range of 124 to 126 dB. Taking many measurements definitely reduces the error!":15:L45}uWD$"(Be carls. That means that 57.5% of the readings should be between 115 and 135 dB.":YYYY10:15:5,589,58zu100:BACK30060u0:Y4080:0,Y279,Y::3[uWD$"By dividing the Average Deviation from the Average by 10 (the square root of the number of mor example, you are directed to make 100 readings of the intensity of a sound source. (Hopefully with an automated device!)":YY10:15:300euL47:WD$"You find an average intensity of 125 deciBels with an Average Deviation from the Average of 10 deciBeYYYY16:5:105,75108,75111,81115,73264,73:10,40275,40275,9610,9610,40:300uWD$"A study of statistics shows that any particular measurement has a 50% chance of being within this value of the average.":YY105:15:100:BACK30000u:WD$"Fsquare root of the number of measurements.":YY10:15:300vuWD$"Average Deviation of the Mean":XX20:YY50:L10:5:L45:WD$"=":YY65:XX80:5:95,69268,69UuWD$"Ave. Dev. from the Average":XX100:YY59:5:WD$"Number of Measurements":XX120:.":YY80:TX28:TY88:700:15bu300:WD$"Any particular measurement has a 57.5% chance of being within this value of the average.":YY120:15:100:BACK40000;luL45::WD$"We account for the increased accuracy of many measurements by dividing by the "|Deviation from Average|":XX115:YY39:5:WD$"Number of Measurements":XX110:YYYY14:5:10,20270,20270,8010,8010,20:300XuWD$"The is the Greek letter 'sigma' which stands for 'sum'. So we should add up the absolute values of the deviationsA AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":101060u PAGE 2y:u:WD$"Here is the formula for what we did before:":YY10:15DuWD$"Average Deviation from the Average":XX20:YY30:L10:5:L45:WD$"=":YY45:XX85:5:103,49259,49:TX103:TY38:700NuWD$1500D::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":1023,1:"VERIFY MAIN MENU"1023,3:216,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":$:10:"I CAN'T FIND THE MENU. INSERT DISK Y4:5:YTY1TY1:TX1,YTX1,Y::Z 43:XX118:YY83:5:Y8688:119,Y121,Y::0: >XX118:YY83:5:Y8688:119,Y121,Y:: H3:NLIMN0:LIMLIM1:ROWROW1 RNN1:XXN6150ROW3:YY100ROW6:5:YYY3YY5:XX1,YXX3,Y::0:ST10:0,Y279,Y::3:* ,ZZ12000::= ZZ11000::K X +- SIGN bTX,TYTX,TY4:TX2,TY2TX2,TY2:TX2,TY6TX2,TY6:  SIGMA TX7,TY1TX7,TYTX,TYTX4,TY4TX,TY8TX7,TY8TX7,TY7:  BALL BEARINGS& *XXTX2:YYTOR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ";p hA$""ĺ" "::1000 iA$""ĺ" "::40560 jA$""BACK1:" ": kA$""ĺ" ": m21:1:958:(7);(7):102 n ERASE WORDS  0:Y0LAQQ,1))31:99::WD$(WD$,(WD$)LTR):99:XXXZ:YYYY10:6R XX0:YYYY10:5:e  GAME ROUTINE KEY(16384):KEY160ı 0:X,55:XX2:X279X0 3:X,55:17 d ARROWS AND ESC eBACK0W f49168,0:24:958:24::4:"<<< LEFT Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q3(249):0:Q4(231):1:XZXX 100XX,YY:(WD$)LāQ1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:Q3:Q4: LTRL11:X$(WD$,LTR,1):X$(32)X$"-"Ă; W$(WD$,LTR(X$(32))):100XX,YY:QQ1(W$):((W$,5)1002:A(X)((X.0005)1000)1000M16302,0::0:3:232,0:233,3iD(25):3:L45::40000210,50210,70:D110:Y5020(1):X150200:0:X,YX3,Y2X,Y5:3:X1,YX4,Y2X1,Y5:X4,Y2X10,Y2:0::3::7 F(0):Q1(232):                   ;;;;;^^^^^΀. x F@`0 x?@`0 ;xL; @@; @ ; @@ ; 5`@@@@!4 aA ap6 4@c8`` 5~"! `:xxxx:ak @ @Q@ J@ ~D hDF 0`@M 0`@ pU 0`@p\A@`@@@Wx;` A@SSp@. A@0 7"#! ZxxxY@``^^M@`0    U$$T @j? @`XU#@WR Vp@@ W*ZUY*^UY@@*YU^*Y @@UY*^UY$$ *V !!` ?[_]@@)"? a!! Y__@@  @G @@ @ @4 $D@ |8 Y*^U^*L@  @UH 0$&!0 @j?pF@ S@ HTpR@@ *$$YU\*IIW( z#       ΠҠԭРӠנҠϠ  Ҡ Š ŠӠ=ŠĠŠԠŠŴ ҠĠ/ҠԠ!Ӡ ̠Š Ӡ 7 Ӡà. Ӡ"Š"ŠӠ3ŠӠ ŠԠ ǠӠ ҠҠӠ4**IIH(8 UU$$H@j*HH@OUU  |OzxNUX @@ N**RUUV**VUUV@@@**VUUV**V```@UUV**VUUVd$d **Va@ @` @K@ @05 $ @ p8 _**VUUV**M@  @UUI0($# p @*:; @ ;@ ApTXHp`p **$$HUUH PRESS A KEY":A$:" ",F\"PR#1":STRING$9Ff"PR#0"CFp1200RWD$"from 0.00 to 9.99 cm)":6:I11000::WD$"When you want to return to the menu,":YYYY30:6:WD$"simply press the ESCAPE key.":6"20,:6@ET2J232,0:233,3:3:0TFLAG0^START1hFLAG1390JrFLAG1::21:"s part of the lesson you will type":YY0:6:WD$"a setting into the computer and you will":6:WD$"be shown what that setting looks like on":6:WD$"a vernier caliper.":6MODE$"NORMAL"WD$"(Please limit your settings to the range":YYYY30:6)"CM"(N$,2)"cm"OK0:g_(N$,(N$)2,1)" "((N$,(N$)2,1)"0"(N$,(N$)2,1)"9")OK0:m` DRAW TOP SCALE****310,100250,100X1025055:X,90X,100:X1025011:X,95X,100::WD$"In thiT,1)"0"(N$,PT,1)"9"COUNTCOUNT18NPT(N$)76JOCOUNTCOUNT1lP(N$)10(N$)1COUNT3ıR(N$)10COUNT4ıS(N$)1(N$,1)"."COUNT2ıT(N$)1(N$,1)"0"COUNT3ıYOK1:Z UNIT TEST\OK1^(N$,2:40000%A$""ġ:20000<(I(1(1)10):I0I1040M*23:B$(I):l2I(1(1)10):I0I550}423:C$(I):<16297,0:16304,0:16300,0:16301,0:: HGR/MF TEST SIGNIFICANCEHOK0JCOUNT1KPT0'LPTPT1:(N$,P ";} A$""ĺ" ":::10:10:"STAND BY...":63500:103,1:104,64:16384,0:"RUN CALIPER": A$""Ģ21:1:958:(7);(7):22  I(1(1)10):I0I1030 23:A$(I): #A$""ġ:10000$A$""ġA$"m"A$"C"A$"c"ĺ(7);(7);:11m A$"."A$" "A$"M"A$"m"A$"C"A$"c"ĺ(7);(7);:11 N$N$A$:21T:23T:N$:11  WAIT FOR SPACE BAR 24:958:24::5:"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ND BY...":103,1:104,64:16384,0:"RUN CALIPER":c A$""(N$)1N$"":21T:23T:" ":11 A$""(N$)1N$(N$,(N$)1):21T:23T:N$:11 A$" "ĺ"": A$""A$""A$""35 A$"0"A$"9"19( A$"."A$" "A$"M"3,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXXX7::232,Q1:233,Q2: YYYY10:0:1:232,0:233,8:Q4(WD$):100XX,YY:Q31Q4:((WD$,Q3,1))31:99:: N$"": INPUT SECTION3 21T:23T(N$):A$:A$""ĉ::10:10:63500:"STA02:0START1,115:1START97,115: 3:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100,102:0START1,115:1START97,115:P F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:2321002:A(X)(X.00051000)1000:STRING$""`16302,0::16302,0:0:3:232,0:233,3p50000:270# 0:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100,1           ","FINE. ","KEEP IT UP! ","ON THE NOSE! "_#Qà "YOU'RE ON TARGET! ","LOOKS GOOD! ","OK. STRING$:"CLOSE PRINTER INFO"!^::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AGAIN, TURN ON THE PRINTER, AND PRESS A KEY TO PRINT.":A$:" "!<"PR#1":STRING$!F"PR#0"!Z370"Pà "CORRECT! ","THAT'S RIGHT. ::"PRINTING COMMAND RECOGNIZED":STRING$""Ģ10:"TURN ON THE PRINTER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":41020 O10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY TO LOAD PRINTER INTERFACE COMMAND STRING.":A$:" "!T"OPEN PRINTER INFO":"READ PRINTER INFO":OUNTCOUNT1XXSET:3' SET UP NORMALF'MODE$"NORMAL"Q'63500Z$'300q N SET UP ENLARGED}%N1021,0*N::10:"SETTING UP ENLARGED MODE...STAND BY.":"BLOAD BIG LETTERS,A$800":MODE$"ENLARGED":300@ PRINTING SECTIONk J,52BXSTART4427922:X,53X,40X1,40X1,53X1,53X1,40:COUNT5(COUNT5)ēX1,30X,30X,40X1,40X1,30:COUNT10((COUNT10))ēX1,20X,20X,30X1,30X1,20:WD$((OCOUNT10)):XXX5:YY0:(HUN10TEN10HUN10TEN6)İ63000 C75X1,75X1,55X1,55X1,75:X70X270ēX1,95X,95X,55X1,55X1,95:WD$((X70)200):XXX5:YY115:5:169,55169,75170,75170,55171,55171,75169,55169,85170,85170,55171,55171,85COUNTTEN2:0,53279,53279,510,510,522790)1000:50000:4000* DRAW ENLARGED7O(SET)^HUN(SET100(SET10)10.00001)|HUN10HUN0:TEN1:5008TEN((SET10)(SET)10)START(502HUN)2070,55270,55270,5670,5670,57270,57X7027020:X,55X,20:540):21:"CORRECT SETTING = ";y XN$(XN):(XN1((XN))3)(XN11((XN))4)(XN11((XN))5)2100*XN$(XN)".00":XN(XN)1XN(XN).00XN$(XN)"0"4XN1XN$"0"XN$>XN$;" CM"H20:540A(X)(X.0005100(N$)1):2010VXN$(N):(N1((N))3)(N10((N))4)(N10((N))5)2050XN$(N)"00":N(N)1N(N).01XN$(N)"0"N1XN$"0"XN$:(N$,1)"0"N$"0"N$ XN$N$Ģ23:(7);(7);"WATCH THE ZERO! SETTING = ";XN$;" CM ":0:5:20:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::3:0^::F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXXX12::232,Q1:233,Q2: CHECK FOR UNITSN(N$) (N$,1)" "(N$,1)"M"(N$,1)"C"N$(N$,121,80:1225,80:1231,80:500JLOW9,80:1LOW117,80:2LOW229,80zSTART10110(XXLOW):START(START.00001)3:4390T WAIT FOR ARROW, HGR2&V3:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::0:WD$"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>":XX35:YY18URN>>>>":34,5:2:A$:::370`I1(N$):T$(N$,1,1):(T$"0"T$"9")T$"."N$(N$,I):mXX(N$)MODE$"ENLARGED"SETXX:5000:390200LOW(XX)LOW9,80LOW8Ĕ1225,80:0231,80:9117,80:500 LOW9Ĕ1115,80:0ITS!":20:370\(N$)10COUNT4ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH SIGNIFICANT DIGITS!":20:370:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS!":20:370(XX0XX9.99)XX99430:21:"PICK NUMBERS FROM 0.00 UP TO 9.99!!";(7);(7)23:10:"<<<MENU)":23:"ENTER A NEW SETTING ==>";:60000MODE$"ENLARGED"397:22:"PRESENT SETTING = ";XX$;" CM";:28:"(ESC-->MENU)":23:"ENTER A NEW SETTING ==>";100(PRESS 'ESC' TO RETURN TO THE MENU":23:"ENTER A NEW SETTING ==>";:10:70S|398~XX$(XX):XX(XX)XX$XX$".00":394XX1XX$"0"XX$(XX10(XX10.0001)).01XX$XX$"0"wMODE$"ENLARGED"WD$"SETTI":XX0:YY140:1700:WD$"NG = SUREMENT ARE IMPORTANT! "0&ÁI15:C$(I):6&ñb&`N$"0.00"Ē0:Y4060:0,Y68,Y::3:&dTEN((SET10)(SET)10)&eHN(SET100(SET10)10.00001)TEN11&(N$).3Ē0:X68HN2:Y4060:0,YX,Y::3:& 'XX250XXXX7:SE ","NO. SHOULD YOU GET SOME 'HUMAN' HELP? "B%xÁI110:B$(I):&à "SORRY. WHAT ARE THE UNITS? ","YOU FORGOT THE UNITS. ","DON'T FORGET THE UNITS. ","TRY NOT TO LEAVE OUT UNITS. ","UNITS OF MEA,"YOU ARE MAKING A MISTAKE SOMEWHERE. ","INCORRECT! DO IT AGAIN. "-%nà "NO WAY! ","THAT'S NOT IT! ","I'M SORRY BUT YOU'RE WRONG. ","MAYBE YOU SHOULD LOOK MORE CLOSELY. ","YOU GOT IT. ","YOU DID IT AGAIN. "e#U×z#ZÁI110:A$(I):T$dà "SORRY. TRY AGAIN. ","NOPE. LOOK MORE CLOSELY. ","I'M AFRAID NOT. "Y NOT TO LEAVE OUT UNITS. ","UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE IMPORTANT! "d5ÁI15:C$(I):j5ñ ","MAYBE YOU SHOULD LOOK MORE CLOSELY. ","NO. SHOULD YOU GET SOME 'HUMAN' HELP? "v4xÁI110:B$(I):P5à "SORRY. WHAT ARE THE UNITS? ","YOU FORGOT THE UNITS. ","DON'T FORGET THE UNITS. ","TR ","I'M AFRAID NOT. ","YOU ARE MAKING A MISTAKE SOMEWHERE. ","INCORRECT! DO IT AGAIN. "a4nà "NO WAY! ","THAT'S NOT IT! ","I'M SORRY BUT YOU'RE WRONG. ","OK. ","YOU GOT IT. ","YOU DID IT AGAIN. "2U×2ZÁI110:A$(I):3dà "SORRY. TRY AGAIN. ","NOPE. LOOK MORE CLOSELY. ","THAT'S RIGHT. ","FINE. ","KEEP IT UP! ","ON THE NOSE! "2Qà "YOU'RE ON TARGET! ","LOOKS GOOD! (XN11((XN))4)(XN11((XN))5)2100j0*XN$(XN)".00":XN(XN)1XN(XN).00XN$(XN)"0"04XN1XN$"0"XN$0>XN$;" CM"0H20:5400A(X)(X.00051000)1000:50000:40000;@ PRINTING SECTION1Pà "CORRECT! ))5)2050@/XN$(N)"00":N(N)1N(N).01XN$(N)"0"m/N1XN$"0"XN$:(N$,1)"0"N$"0"N$/ XN$N$Ģ23:(7);(7);"WATCH THE ZERO! SETTING = ";XN$;" CM ":20:540/:21:"CORRECT SETTING = ";.0 XN$(XN):(XN1((XN))3)$"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>":XX35:YY180:5:20:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::3:`.^::v. CHECK FOR UNITS.N(N$).(N$,1)" "(N$,1)"M"(N$,1)"C"N$(N$,(N$)1):2010 /XN$(N):(N1((N))3)(N10((N))4)(N10((N0 OR EVEN 0.00).":XX0:YY60:6/-"I12000:-,WD$"ONCE YOU THINK YOU'VE MASTERED THE ":XX0:YY80:6:WD$"VERNIER SCALE, TRY OPTION #3 FOR A TEST.":XX0:YY90:6:1620-6830-@-T WAIT FOR ARROW, HGR2V.V3:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::0:WDCK TO THE MENU.":XX0:YY10:6:I11000:,WD$"CHOOSE OPTION TWO AND INPUT A FEW DIFF-":XX0:YY30:6:WD$"ERENT SETTINGS AND SEE WHAT THEY LOOK":XX0:YY40:6:WD$"LIKE (BE SURE TO TRY SOME NUMBERS WITH":XX0:YY50:6-WD$"ZEROS IN THEM, LIKE 2.3FUL. A COMMON MISTAKE IS TO TAKE THE":XX0:YY7:6+WD$"THIRD DIGIT FROM THE TOP SCALE (A ONE) ":XX0:YY17:6:WD$"RATHER THAN FROM THE VERNIER SCALE":XX0:YY27:6:WD$"(GIVING AN EIGHT).":XX0:YY37:6+1620*,::WD$"YOU WILL NOW BE SENT BA111:1111,130:1166,190:J1100::R*3:48:1:1166,190:I12000::1620*0:YY127:I19:XX3610I:WD$(I):6::33+0:Y551:0,Y279,Y::3:WD$"THAT'S ALL THERE IS TO IT!":XX0:YY3:6:I11000::WD$"BUT BE CARE-":XX196:6:WD$"' WITH A MARK ON THE TOP.":XX0:YY37:6:I15000:)1:48:1111,130:I110:1111,130:J1100:::0:WD$"8":XX116:YY127:6)YY127:I19:XX3610I:WD$(I):6:'*0:WD$"?":XX171:YY150:6:3:WD$"8":XX171:6:232,0:233,21:48:1:I3,21:1159,190:16205(0:Y1645:0,Y279,Y::3(WD$"TO DETERMINE THE THIRD DIGIT, WE HAVE TO":XX0:YY3:6:WD$"USE THE VERNIER SCALE.":XX0:YY7:64)I11000::WD$"LOOK AND SEE WHICH MARK ON THE VERNIER":XX0:YY27:6:WD$"SCALE 'LINES UP16300,0:0:140,73:I12000::230,32:141,73:3'x0:WD$"?":XX164:YY150:6:3:WD$"2":XX164:6:232,0:233,21:1:I111:16:141,73:48:1159,190:J1100::'16:141,73:1(I12000::0:WD$"2":XX28:YY55:6:3:1:48:232,0:23WD$"OF THE VERNIER'S ZERO.":XX0:YY30:6E&FWD$"2":XX28:YY55:6Y&P1:16:120,54&Z230,64:0:92,36126,36:3:D49:E51:16:1&dC04:230,32:0:1E2C,73:3:1D2C,73:16300,0:230,64:0:1E2C1,73:3:1D2C1,73:16299,0:5'n"IS THE FIRST MINOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT":XX0:YY20:6:WD$"OF THE VERNIER'S ZERO.":XX0:YY30:6t%292,36126,36*&<230,32:XX0:6:WD$"IN A SIMILAR FASHION, THE SECOND DIGIT":XX0:YY10:6:WD$"IS THE FIRST MINOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT":XX0:YY20:6:Y150:6:232,0:233,21:1:I111:16:119,54:48:1145,190:J1100::v$1:48:232,0:233,21:1145,190:1620$230,32:0:Y1845:0,Y279,Y::230,64:Y1845:0,Y279,Y:b%(3:WD$"IN A SIMILAR FASHION, THE SECOND DIGIT":XX0:YY10:6:WD$,0:233,21:1:16:D32:E34#C86:230,32:0:1E2C,54:3:1D2C,54:16300,0:230,64:0:1E2C1,54:3:1D2C1,54:16299,0:#1#230,32:WD$"SETTING = 0.?? CM":XX80:YY150:6:230,64K$ I12000::WD$"SETTING = 0.?? CM":XX80:Y$"232,0:233,21:1:16:D32:E34"C1711:230,32:0:149,E2C:3:149,D2C:16300,0:230,64:0:149,E2C1:3:149,D2C1:16299,0:"230,32:0:149,54:3:149,53:0:16300,0:149,53:230,64:149,53:230,64:3:230,32#2320:YY10:6:WD$"FIRST MAJOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT OF THE":XX0:YY20:6:WD$"VERNIER'S ZERO.":XX0:YY30:6"230,32:XX0:6:WD$"SO THE FIRST DIGIT OF THE SETTING IS THE":XX0:YY10:6:WD$"FIRST MAJOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT OF THE":XX0:YY20:6:230,64YY140:6:WD$"BETWEEN ZERO AND ONE CENTIMETER.":XX0:YY150:6I 1620l 232,0:233,21:1:0:112,109 0:Y1077:0,Y279,Y::Y130175:0,Y279,Y::230,32:Y1035:0,Y279,Y::3:230,64k!WD$"SO THE FIRST DIGIT OF THE SETTING IS THE":XX$"INDICATE THE FIRST AND SECOND DIGITS OF":XX0:YY50:6:WD$"THE SETTING.":XX0:YY60:6}t232,0:233,21:0:1:112,109? ~I12000::WD$"SINCE THE VERNIER'S ZERO IS BETWEEN ZERO":XX0:YY130:6:WD$"AND ONE ON THE TOP SCALE, THE SETTING IS":XX0:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16299,0:230,32:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16300,0:CSTART:V4:16299,0:16302,0`230,32:START42:3:START40:4:230,64Zj230,64:WD$"THE ZERO ON THE VERNIER SCALE IS USED TO":XX0:YY40:6:WDE CAN MOVE RELATIVE TO":XX0:YY10:6:WD$"THE LARGER SCALE.":XX0:YY20:6:230,64:XX0:6:WD$"THE VERNIER SCALE CAN MOVE RELATIVE TO":XX0:YY10:6B16302,0:230,32:XN0:LOW0:J2:3:0:S10:F40mL230,32:PSFJ2:STARTP:4:16300,0:230,64:$"THIS IS THE ACTUAL 'VERNIER' SCALE.":XX0:YY140:6u$16301,0:165,140165,110120,110:WD$"<":XX118:YY99:6.1620::0:Y1060:0,Y279,Y::Y148158:0,Y279,Y::165,140165,110120,110:WD$"<":XX118:YY99:6:38WD$"THE VERNIER SCAL:I11000::1240,55WD$"THESE MAJOR DIVISIONS ARE SIMILAR TO THE":XX0:YY23:6:WD$"ONES ON A RULER. ON A METRIC CALIPER":XX0:YY33:6:WD$"THEY STAND FOR CENTIMETERS.":XX0:YY43:66I12000::3:0:232,0:233,3:START10:4:I12000::WDE SCALE.":XX0:YY3:6:I12000:S3:232,0:233,3:09,80:1118,80:2228,80230,64:16302,0:3:232,0:233,3:09,80:1118,80:2228,80:230,321:232,0:233,21:16:120,55:I11000::120,55:1130,55:I11000::1130,55:1240,55A960,270,540,1630"33:0:1::}10,100250,100:X1025055:X,90X,100::X1025011:X,95X,100:230,64:10,100250,100:X1025055:X,90X,100::X1025011:X,95X,100::230,32"WD$"THIS IS THE UPPER PORTION OF THNSTRUCTIONS"\101f"2. YOU MAKE SETTINGS"9p10Vz"3. YOU READ SETTINGS"^10m"4. END"20:958:"TYPE 1,2,3, OR 4, THEN PRESS 'RETURN'":"WHAT IS YOUR CHOICE? ";A$:((A$)1)((A$)4)(((A$))(A$))ĺ(7):920A(A$)H1317::H:" SCALE ":H:" "?4I1150::::34,0>::20:958::3:8:" ":8:" READING A VERNIER ":8:" ":5:17:" ":17:" SCALE ":17:" ":H10:10 R"1. I ":8:" READING A VERNIER ":8:" ":5:17:" ":17:" SCALE ":17:" ": 34,5&*:H826::H:" SCALE ":H:" ":I1150:::H26131::H:" SCALE ":H:" ":I1150:::4:16300,0:230,64:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16299,0:230,32:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16300,0:CSTART:STARTC:3:START10110(XNLOW):START(START.00001)416301,0:16300,0 :::3:8:" 0: SHOW ANSWER*******<((N$))1İ90:OKTRY22070q((N$)1)İ90:OKĢ23:(7);(7);:50:20:690N((N$,2))(((N$)XN).0001)İ30:20:540: CORRECT!TRY2İ40:20:690: WRONG!2000230,32:PSFJ2:STARTP:1):F10110(XNLOW):F(F.00001):(START20).0001S30GJ15:730QTRY0TRYTRY1::23:"(OR 'ESC' TO THE MENU)":21:"WHAT IS THIS SETTING? ";:10:70OKĺ:(7);(7);"WATCH SIGNIFICANT DIGITS! ";:20:690TRY2207DLOW8Ĺ230,64:1225,80:0231,80:230,32:1225,80:0231,80UN10,100250,100tXX1025055:X,90X,100:bX1025011:X,95X,100:lN(130(1))100vN1.4620XNLOWN(START20).0001İ39S10110(XXLOW):S(S.0000**H3:0:232,0:233,3:16302,0:::3:XX15:START15:LOW(9(2))P!T0&10,100250,100:X1025055:X,90X,100::X1025011:X,95X,100:0LOW9,80:1LOW117,80:2LOW229,80:230,32:LOW9,80:1LOW117,80:2LOW229,80:230,32A(N$,2)"cm"OK0:`_(N$,(N$)2,1)" "((N$,(N$)2,1)"0"(N$,(N$)2,1)"9")OK0:f` DRAW TOP SCALE****310,100250,100X1025055:X,90X,100:X1025011:X,95X,100: ****TEST SECTION**CE HOK0JCOUNT1 KPT0[LPTPT1:(N$,PT,1)"0"(N$,PT,1)"9"COUNTCOUNT1lNPT(N$)76~OCOUNTCOUNT1P(N$)10COUNT3ıQ(N$)10COUNT3ıR(N$)10COUNT4ıTOK1:Z UNIT TEST\OK1^(N$,2)"CM"1:1:958:(7);(7):22?I(1(1)10):I0I1030P 23:A$(I):p(I(1(1)10):I0I1040*23:B$(I):2I(1(1)10):I0I550423:C$(I):<16297,0:16304,0:16300,0:16301,0:: HGR/MF TEST SIGNIFICAN23T:N$:11&  WAIT FOR SPACE BAR 24:958:24::5:"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" "; A$""ĺ" ":255:::10:10:"STAND BY...":104,64:16384,0:"RUN CALIPER"A$""Ģ24,0:"RUN CALIPER"C A$""(N$)1N$"":21T:23T:" ":11| A$""(N$)1N$(N$,(N$)1):21T:23T:N$:11 A$" "ĺ"": A$"0"A$"9"18 A$"."A$" "A$"M"A$"m"A$"C"A$"c"ĺ(7);(7);:11 N$N$A$:21T:,0,31,0,35,0,39,0,44,0,49,0,52,0,57,0,53,62,36,0,49,38,0,53,55,61,0,53,23,37,0,46,38,52,0,61,46,62,5,0,61,54,37,7,0,53,38,0,54,37,60,46,0,53,39,53,62,5,0 N$"": INPUT SECTION 21T:23T(N$):A$:A$""ĉ::10:10:"STAND BY...":104,64:1638(233):232,0:233,8:A(0):0:1:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31XX,YY:XXXX7::232,Q1:233,Q2: Q(0):0:Q5SCALE:1:Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q4(WD$):Q31Q4:((WD$,Q3,1))31XX1,YY7:XXXX7::232,Q1:233,Q2:Q5: 20,0,24,0,27,112START100,102:0START1,115:1START97,115: 3:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100,102:0START1,115:1START97,115:` F(0):Q1(232):Q2k-'1002:A(X)(X.00051000)1000w16302,0::16302,0:0:3:232,0:233,3:A768830:B:A,B::50000:5305303 0:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100               234,0:1510Tp103,1:104,64:16384,0:::10:10:"STAND BY...":"RUN CALIPER":ions. These are inch markings.":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"We won't be concerned with them here.":rb XX0:YY30:5:100rl LAST30:150:BACK3120rv PAGE 6s WD$"To 0I,85I149I,85I149I,135I90I,135I90I,85I::LAST20:150:3:90,14598,130:140,129150,129:3150u960I12000:: 3:0:233,3:200:START40:4:233,3:39,80:4118,80:5228,80:230,32:WD$"SETTING = 3.28 CM":XX81:YY157:5:49 WD$"To see how to read the vernier calipers":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"we need to look more closely at this":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"area inside the box.":XX0:YY20:5鐊 I13:90I,85I149I,85I149I,135I90I,135I90I,85I::100l BACKĒ0:I13:9ers you will find a":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"set of numbers above the centimeter":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"divisions. These are inch markings.":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"We won't be concerned with them here.":֏b XX0:YY30:5:100l LAST30:150:BACK3120v PAGE 6umbers on the scale indicate":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"centimeters. They are just like the":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"numbers on a ruler.":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"SCALE":XX220:YY80:5:215,84190,100:100؎D LAST20:150:BACK3080N PAGE 5X WD$"On a lot of calip5:233,3:0:BACK3050Ǎ! WD$"In this case you use the thumb wheel to":XX0:YY40:5:WD$"open the horns until they touch the":XX0:YY50:5:WD$"inside surfaces of the opening.":XX0:YY60:5:100& LAST60:150:BACK30500 PAGE 4: WD$"The nWD$"These little 'HORNS' are used if you":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"want to make an inside measurement, like":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"the inside diameter of a pipe.":XX0:YY20:5:100ߌ BACKLAST20:150:16:150,45:190,45:3050 233,21:16:150,45:190,4he object being measured.":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"On some calipers it slips when the jaws":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"are closed to the proper tightness." XX0:YY40:5:100 LAST40:150:BACK3040Ӌ PAGE 3  3:233,21:16:1:150,45:190,45 S":XX45:YY147:5:38,15045,15045,15138,151:75,15080,15080,15175,151:100:LAST20:150:BACK3020v PAGE 2 WD$"THUMB WHEEL":XX200:YY140:5: 195,145177,125 WD$"This little wheel is used to close the":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"jaws on tYY10:5:WD$"Let's look at the different parts.":XX0:YY30:5:100:BACK6000` LAST40:150 WD$"These are the 'JAWS' of the caliper.":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"They close down on whatever is being":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"measured.":XX0:YY20:5i WD$"JAWXA$""ĺ" ":6000,Y(7);(7):16216^::I INSTRUCTIONSP 3 "BLOAD CALIPERS,A$4088":"BLOAD SQUEEZE4,A$4000"::0,136:1,64:16384O LAST30:150:WD$"Here is a typical set of metric vernier":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"calipers.":XX0:6:100:BACK1550 6" ":6000&@DT ARROWS OR ESC , HGR2ˇU49168,0:3:Y180188:10,Y263,Y::0:WD$" <<< LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>":XX20:YY180:5:A$:Y180188:10,Y263,Y::3V(A$)8BACK1:" ":WA$""BACK0:" ":t back to the menu.":YY10:6:WD$"Choose option TWO and input a few different":YYYY10:6:WD$"settings to see what they look like.":6:I12000:4WD$"Once you think you've mastered the vernier":YYYY30:6:WD$"scale, try option #3 for a test."::XX0:YY40:5:WD$"measured by the vernier scale and so it"XX0:YY50:5:WD$"should be included in the reading.":XX0:YY60:5:WD$"SETTING = 5.70 cm (NOT 5.7 cm)":XX35:YY150:5:48:233,21:178,143:100:BACK15332:WD$"You will now be sen100:BACK1523R:0:START87:3:233,3:200:4:3:59,80:6118,80:7228,80WD$"There is one final thing to watch for.":XX0:YY0:5:4000<WD$"This is the setting for 5.70 cm.":XX0:YY10:5:4000:WD$"Don't forget that the final zero was".09 cm.":XX0:YY0:5ȃWD$"Notice that the second digit is a zero":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"since that is the MINOR division to the":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"left of the vernier's zero pointer.":XX0:YY30:5WD$"(The '8' is a MAJOR division.)":XX0:YY50:5:3:WD$"SETTING = 6.52 CM":XX80:YY140:5:233,21:48:178,130:100:BACK1523uBACKWD$"Super!":XX0:YY0:5WD$"Super!":XX0:YY0:5:I11500::0:3:233,3:START129:200:4:3:79,80:8118,80:9228,80:WD$"Now look at the setting for 8321:"TYPE IN THE LAST DIGIT OF THE SETTING AND PRESS 'RETURN'. ";A$:(A$)1ĺ(7);(7):"ONLY ENTER THE LAST DIGIT!":1530ށA$"2"Ģ21:"THE VERNIER MARK THAT 'LINES UP' BEST WITH THE BIG SCALE IS A '2'.":P0:Y140150:140,Y200,Y::A$"5"Ģ21:"THE MINOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT OF THE ZERO ON THE VERNIER SCALE IS A '5'.":WD$"?":0:XX164:5:3:WD$"5":XX164:50:Y140150:140,Y200,Y::3:WD$"SETTING = 6.5? CM":XX80:YY140:5:233,21:16:174,68:100::174,68:BACK152ER SCALE IS A '6'.":vWD$"SETTING = 6.?? CM":XX80:YY140:5:233,21:16:120,55:100:0:120,55:3::BACK500021:"TYPE IN THE SECOND DIGIT OF THE SETTING AND PRESS 'RETURN'. ";A$:(A$)1ĺ(7);(7):"ONLY ENTER THE SECOND DIGIT!":15273:233,3:200:4:3:69,80:7118,80:8228,80~21:"TYPE IN THE FIRST DIGIT OF THE SETTING AND PRESS 'RETURN'. ";A$:(A$)1ĺ(7);(7):"ONLY ENTER THE FIRST DIGIT!":1524A$"6"Ģ21:"THE MAJOR DIVISION TO THE LEFT OF THE ZERO ON THE VERNI160:5:WD$"A common mistake is to take the third digit":XX0:YY10:5}WD$"from the top scale (a four) rather than from":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"the vernier scale (giving an eight).":XX0:YY30:5}1620:BACKLAST68:150:BACK0:1430/~0:START67:0:YY145:XX118:WD$"8":5:3v|3:48:1:1155,190:I12000::1620:BACKĹ233,64:LAST68:150:233,32:150:1318|0:Y170180:0,Y279,Y::3F}LAST68:150:3:WD$"That's ALL there is to it!":XX0:YY0:5:I11000::WD$"But be careful.":XX8:1111,144:WD$"8":XX118:YY145:5:Y170190:0,Y279,Y::3::LAST68:150:233,32:150:1318{0:Y170190:0,Y279,Y::3:{0:WD$"?":XX162:YY157:5:3:WD$"8":XX162:5:232,0:233,21:48:1:I111:1111,144:1155,190:J1100::|":XX0:YY170:5:(7);(7):I12000::0:XX0:5:3:OXX:1460zTRY1WD$"The 8 on the vernier scale lines up best!":XX0:YY170:5:48:1(OX),144:1111,144:0:WD$(((X30)10)):XXX7:YY145:5:3:WD$"8":XX118:5:1620a{BACKĒ0:233,21:4(A$"R"A$"r")OX121XX10:48:1X10,144:1X,144:WD$(((X30)10)1):XXX3:YY145:0:5:3:WD$(((X30)10)):XXX7:YY145:5:OXX:1460yA$(13)TRYTRY1:1467y(7);(7):1460@zTRY2((X30)10)8WD$"Look a little closer!!5 xTRY0xOX31:X31dxA$:" ":A$"L"A$"l"A$"R"A$"r"A$(13)ĺ(7);(7):1460x(A$"L"A$"l")OX39XX10:48:1X10,144:1X,144:WD$(((X30)10)1):XXX17:YY145:0:5:3:WD$(((X30)10)):XXX7:YY145:5:OXX:1460y5:WD$"on the top scale. Use the 'L' and 'R'":XX0:YY50:5wWD$"keys to move the pointer left or right,":XX0:YY60:5:WD$"then press the 'RETURN' key.":XX0:YY70:5x0:X30140:X,123X,155::3:233,21:1:48:131,144:WD$"0":XX38:YY145:1:233,3:1200zvWD$"To determine the THIRD digit, we have to":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"use the VERNIER scale.":XX0:YY10:5=wI13000::WD$"Move the pointer until it is under the":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"vernier mark that 'LINES UP' with a mark":XX0:YY40:$"2":XX155:5:232,0:233,21:1:I111:16:141,73:48:1148,190:J1100::fu16:141,73:1uI12000::0:WD$"2":XX29:YY62:5:3:1:48:232,0:233,21:1148,190:1620v0:Y045:0,Y279,Y::3:BACKĹ230,64:LAST30:150:230,32:0:6:120,54'tZ230,64:D49:E51:16:1td233,21:C04:230,32:0:1E2C,73:3:1D2C,73:16300,0:230,64:0:1E2C1,73:3:1D2C1,73:16299,0:tn16300,0:0:140,73:I12000::230,32:141,73:3Rux0:WD$"?":XX155:YY157:5:3:WD:XX0:YY30:5s<230,32:WD$"In a similar fashion, the SECOND digit":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"is the first MINOR division to the left":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"of the vernier's ZERO.":XX0:YY30:5sAI12000:sFWD$"2":XX29:YY62:5 tPBACKĹ233,21:1:1230,32:0:Y045:0,Y279,Y::230,64:Y045:0,Y279,Y:Or#BACKĒ3:960]r& PAGE 10s(230,64:3:WD$"In a similar fashion, the SECOND digit":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"is the first MINOR division to the left":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"of the vernier's ZERO."C1,54:16299,0:q1Vq230,32:WD$"SETTING = 3.?? CM":XX81:YY157:5:230,64q I12000::WD$"SETTING = 3.?? CM":XX81:YY157:5:232,0:233,21:1:I111:16:119,54:48:1139,190:J1100::q1:48:232,0:233,21:1139,190:1620=r1:3:149,D2C1:16299,0:}p230,32:0:149,54:3:149,53:0:16300,0:149,53:230,64:149,53:230,64:3:230,32p232,0:233,21:1:16:D32:E34qC86:230,32:0:1E2C,54:3:1D2C,54:16300,0:230,64:0:1E2C1,54:3:1D2left of the":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"vernier's ZERO.":XX0:YY30:5^o0:Y140167:70,Y220,Y:o230,64:Y140167:70,Y220,Y::3o232,0:233,21:1:16:D32:E34pC1711:230,32:0:149,E2C:3:149,D2C:16300,0:230,64:0:149,E2C the FIRST digit of the setting is the":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"first MAJOR division to the left of the":XX0:YY20:5:WD$"vernier's ZERO.":XX0:YY30:5>o230,32:WD$"So the FIRST digit of the setting is the":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"first MAJOR division to the :YY140:5:WD$"between 3.2 and 3.3 centimeters.":XX0:YY150:5^m1620:BACKđ:233,3:960mm PAGE 8m232,0:233,21:1:0:112,109m0:Y077:0,Y279,Y::Y130175:0,Y279,Y::230,32:Y035:0,Y279,Y::3:230,64n230,64:WD$"So:5:WD$"indicate the FIRST and SECOND digits of":XX0:YY50:5:WD$"the setting.":XX0:YY60:5lt232,0:233,21:0:1:112,109@m~I14000::WD$"By looking closely, you should be able ":XX0:YY130:5:WD$"to see that the setting is somewhere":XX030,64:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16299,0:230,32:STARTSTARTJ:3:STARTSTART2J:4:16300,0:CSTART:kV4:16299,0:16302,0k`230,32:START42:3:START40:4:230,64`lj230,64:WD$"The ZERO on the vernier scale is used to":XX0:YY40 or close the caliper jaws":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"the vernier scale moves relative to":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"the larger scale, which remains still.":XX0:YY20:5:jB16302,0:230,32:XN0:LOW0:J2:3:0:S10:F40skL230,32:PSFJ2:STARTP:4:16300,0:220,110:WD$"<":XX119:YY107:5:3/i3 PAGE 8i8WD$"When you open or close the caliper jaws":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"the vernier scale moves relative to":XX0:YY10:5:WD$"the larger scale, which remains still.":XX0:YY20:5j=230,64:WD$"When you openjaws move.":XX0:YY150:5Zh$16301,0:165,140165,110120,110:WD$"<":XX119:YY107:5h)100:BACKĺ"BLOAD CALIPERS,A$4088":"BLOAD SQUEEZE4,A$4000":0,136:1,64:16384:3190"i.:0:Y060:0,Y279,Y::Y138168:0,Y279,Y::165,140165,11010,55ugWD$"Remember, these MAJOR divisions on a":XX0:YY30:5:WD$"metric caliper are centimeters.":XX0:YY40:5hI13000::3:0:232,0:233,3:START10:4:I12000::WD$"This is the actual 'vernier' scale.":XX0:YY140:5:WD$"It moves as the 0:5:I11000:Af3:232,0:233,3:39,80:4118,80:5228,80f230,64:16302,0:3:232,0:233,3:39,80:4118,80:5228,80:230,32g1:232,0:233,21:16:120,55:I11000::120,55:1130,55:I11000::1130,55:1240,55:I11000::124Je10,100250,100:X1025055:X,90X,100::X1025011:X,95X,100:e230,64:10,100250,100:X1025055:X,90X,100::X1025011:X,95X,100::230,32fWD$"Here is a magnified view of what was":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"inside the box.":XX0:YY1"dm21:1:958:(7);(7):102(dn;d ERASE WORDS ad0:Y0LAST10:0,Y279,Y::3:}d DRAW TOP SCALE****dd3d10,100250,100dX1025055:X,90X,100:dX1025011:X,95X,100:dd PAGE 7e3:0:1::60,46,0,53,39,53,62,5,0/cd ARROWS AND ESC:ceBACK0cf49168,0:24:958:24::4:"<<< LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ";chA$""ĺ" ":6000cjA$""BACK1:" ":dkA$""ĺ" ":233,8:A(0):0:1:100XX,YY:Q1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:jbXX0:YYYY10:5:c 20,0,24,0,27,0,31,0,35,0,39,0,44,0,49,0,52,0,57,0,53,62,36,0,49,38,0,53,55,61,0,53,23,37,0,46,38,52,0,61,46,62,5,0,61,54,37,7,0,53,38,0,54,37,,102:0START1,115:1START97,115:a3:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100,102:0START1,115:1START97,115:SbF(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:U2!`A(X)(X.00051000)1000f`16302,0::16302,0::0:3:232,0:233,3:A768830:B:A,B:r`:3000%a0:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100               N MENU":^D|:10:"I CAN'T FIND THE MENU. INSERT DISK A AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":501010:10:"STAND BY...":104,96:24576,0:"RUN CALIPER READ":IC5500C::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":C::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":"VERIFY MAIN MENU" D1023,6:216,0:"RUN MAI((A$)1)((A$)4)(((A$))(A$))ĺ(7):920C::10"Af"2. YOU MAKE SETTINGS",Ap:10IAz"3. YOU READ SETTINGS"SA:10wA"4. RETURN TO EQUIPMENT MENU"A18:958:10)"TYPE 1,2,3, OR 4":5)"(NO NEED TO PRESS 'RETURN')":22:6)"WHAT IS YOUR CHOICE? [ ]":22:290BA$:22:29:A$:_;@ 1002:(1021)255Ĺ1021,255:"BLOAD LETTERS,A$800"@>::20:958::3:8:" ":8:" READING A VERNIER ":8:" CALIPER ":8:" "@?@H9:10@R"1. INSTRUCTIONS"A\    ---5?????.----????.---???--NI?RII????7----5????7----5????7----5????7----5????7----5????III@@@@15X1,Y:3:X,YX10,Y::1:;;.M)M)>;;.M)M)>??----->???VIIIm*m ->??w)-?.5?.??-m-5?;III;*MI5;.MI5;.MI5?-- 5?wI)>--??MII*---5????NI)---->???III ->?.>.>5w5757-5?V 7575757575757575o--?w)>.>5575*-?VIIiI?.-----?????.----5?????.-???7mI->7mI)>7mI-??7m-;.>MIIJ--->???-M 5;.MI5;.mI5??-m575oJ-5??-757575IIJ --->???.>.--???NI5---???VII55757--5??75757?-->?VI*MI5;.MI5;.MI5;.MI5?---5???VII**M-??wmI5wm)>w-5?w5I *M)M)>;;.M)M)>I)>۷III57*>.>.>.>.>V5 57*>.>.>.>.>-?M5757mI57mI7--???.M)57mI5۷II 75757575757575 *-m)???7m)m)57m m 57m m 57m m 5IIII*--???7mI->7mI)>7mI)>7mI)>۷IIIJ--???-M)5;.MI5;.MI5?;w---??VII*--???IIIJ--->???-757?---5???VIIII 575-- 5??-MI57mI 57mI 5;w---->???VII J---5????-MI5?7mI-?;.M-?---->???VII- -5??-757--5??757575IIIJ---5????-MI57mI 5;w--m5??NI)>--??MI?5757---???7mI->7mI)>7mI)>7mwII)>-?-?-?->7----5????III--->?75757575757-->?I 5w5w5w5w5w5w5 --->?w 575757575-->?I J ?--???----;7->7->II----5????oII ->7-w J---5????-MI57mI 57mI 5;w--m5??VIIm5757m--??7mI)57mI 57mI 5?7----mI 57mI 57mI 5;w---->???VIIIm)-??;.MI)>;.MI)>;mI5wm)>w-5?w5IIIm m 57m m 57m m 57m m 57m m 57m m 5;;w----->???VIII--MI->?;?N) ?.5?.5?.5?.-m -5??VIII5mI 57mI 57-M -??--?w57575II-----5????)>;.MI-??7m--;.>.>VIII --???-M ->;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>?---??w 5oI----????.MI->;.MI)>;.MI-??7m--?7mI 57mI 5III ---5????-7?---???NI->.>ۛ----???III----5????wI57575757575IImmI 57mI 57mI 57)>7mI)>۷IIII575757575757---5???II ---M-???7m)m)57m m 57m m 57m m 57m m 57m m 5IIII5---???7mI->7mI)>7mI)>7mI)>7mI)>7mI)>۷III --???-M ->;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>?---??II ----????.MI->;.MI-7?---5???VII --->???-757---5???757575III ---5????-7mII:??7m)-->;.MI)>;.MI)>?---->???VII5mI 57mI 57mI 57----5????7mI 57mI 57mI 5III55757575757575 ?I 57575757575?--??VIImI57mI57mI5?;.--???7mI->7mI?-VI) --???-M ->;.MI)>;.MI)>;.--m5???.MI)>;.MI)>;VIII---????.MI->;.MI);. --??7mI)57mI 5?7m--??III --->???-7575757?---5???VII----????.MI->;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>;. --??III- --->???-7?---5???.MI)>?---??II --???-M ->;.MI)>?--m5??NI)>.>ۛ----???IIIJ:7->J:7->IJ:7->J:7->woJ >-M????----5????->II---5???*--->???JIIJI7-????.----????NI-7I --???-M ->;NII5?-?75*>VI J)5?.5?.m????---??NI ->.>ۛ---->???wII->.>ۛ----???IIIII-?-?-?-7---->???wII575 ----5????757mI???7----?575?----???IIII ---5????-757m--??7mI)57mI 5??---??II I----5????wII)>-?-?-?.>.>VII - --???-M ->;.MI)>?---5???-M ->;w--?----?--w 5IIےJ 575----5????wI575II J:7->wo?-->?JIJ:7->IIII5555555II --???-M ->;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>;.MI)>?---??II --5??wI57575757575 ----????NI ->.>-?-?-?----5????III---???m)>7m)>*---->????Nm)>*---->????Nm)>7m)>߷II II5*--5???7m57---???Nm5---???N)>VI))m 5;?7mm5??- 55m?m-->m)-?;VII II)>--5???-7-M???.--;7?--->??N5o >)?7-5?.RI ->?-757575757?-5?M5-?w)57575757575?-?M MRI7mad0[8FTav(K{IZlE1m'tZ" Q ! 9 J d  & ]   / W h $ M b %Iv```iI575757575*>Vmm)>7m)>߷JI       WD$"(Only enter settings between 0.00 g":XX0:YY50:5:WD$"and 310.00 g.)":XX0:YY60:5:WD$"Press the 'ESC' key when you want to escape":XX0:YY90:5:WD$"to the menu.":XX0:YY100:5:20:320W2:"TURN ON PRINTER AND PRESS RETURN":A$ X<"P.":A$:" "!<"PR#1":STRING$.F"PR#0"7Z370`L45:::WD$"In this part of the lesson you can enter":XX0:YY0:5:WD$"settings that you would like to see on":XX0:YY10:5:WDS$"the computer's simulated dial-type balance.":XX0:YY20:5jFLIP THE DISK OVER AND PRESS A KEY TO LOAD PRINTER INTERFACE COMMAND STRING.":A$:" "T"OPEN PRINTER INFO":"READ PRINTER INFO":STRING$:"CLOSE PRINTER INFO" ^::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AGAIN, TURN ON THE PRINTER, AND PRESS A KEY TO PRINTXX249#WD$(MTEN10):YY47:5IMMASS:MASSMASSMHUN100MTEN10Y100:MASSMgBIGFLAG0m@ PRINTING SECTIONJ::"PRINTING COMMAND RECOGNIZED":STRING$""Ģ10:"TURN ON THE PRINTER AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":41020XO10:"260,45270,40:260,55270,60:233,60243,55:233,40243,45_MHUN(MASS100):BIGFLAGMHUN2WD$(MHUN100):MHUN0WD$" 0"XX238:YY12:5MTEN((MASS100MHUN)10):BIGFLAGMTEN10:WD$(MTEN10):XX237:YY47:5:5040XX246:MTEN00270,60223,60223,40:233,45260,45260,55233,55233,45:233,45:260,45270,40:260,55270,60:223,60233,55:223,40233,45:5010:224,35279,35279,65224,65224,35:233,40270,40270,60233,60233,40:243,45260,45260,55243,55243,45:243,45:* 180,0279,0279,30180,30180,0:225,5270,5270,25225,25225,5:235,10260,10260,20235,20235,10:235,10:260,10270,5:260,20270,25:225,25235,20:225,5235,10BIGFLAG5005214,35279,35279,65214,65214,35:223,40270,4001)3:43904T WAIT FOR ARROW, HGR2V3:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::0:WD$"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>":XX35:YY180:5:20:Y180188:28,Y251,Y::3:^::A(X)(X.00051000)1000:50000:4000 ***DUMP LATER**SS300BIGFLAG1(5000:XXMASS:3906LOW(XX)DLOW9,80rLOW8Ĕ1225,80:0231,80:9117,80:500LOW9Ĕ1115,80:0121,80:1225,80:1231,80:500LOW9,80:1LOW117,80:2LOW229,80START10110(XXLOW):START(START.00ANT DIGITS!":20:370B:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS!":20:370a((N$)0(N$)310)440:21:"PICK NUMBERS FROM 0.00 UP TO 310.00!!";(7);(7):20:370I1(N$):T$(N$,1,1):(T$"0"T$"9")T$"."N$(N$,I):MASS(N$)MA;(7);"NOT ENOUGH SIGNIFICANT DIGITS!":20:370n(N$)10COUNT3ĺ:(7);(7);"TOO MANY DIGITS!":20:370(N$)10(N$)100COUNT4ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH SIGNIFICANT DIGITS!":20:370(N$)100COUNT5ĺ:(7);(7);"NOT ENOUGH SIGNIFIC2:"PRESENT SETTING = ";XX$;" G";:29:"(ESC-->MENU)":23:"ENTER A NEW SETTING ==>";:10(N$)310ĺ(7);(7);"NUMBER IS TOO BIG!":20:37090:OKĺ(7);(7);"DON'T FORGET THE UNITS ARE G!":20:37070:OK440/(N$)10COUNT3ĺ:(7)START1hFLAG1390vrFLAG1::21:"PRESS 'ESC' TO RETURN TO THE MENU":23:"ENTER A NEW SETTING ==>";:10:70|395XX$(MASS):HUNDRETHS0TENTHS0XX$XX$".00":393HUNDRETHS0TENTHS0XX$XX$"0"MASS1XX$"0"XX$Y:2110: X270HUNDRETHS5101X,100X,110CC1:C5(C5)ēX,110X,120:C10Z11C10Z12C10(C10)WD$(ZC10):XXX3:YY125:5C10Z12WD$"0":XXX3:YY125:5@ET2J232,0:233,3:3:0TFLAG0^2001019CC1;C1WD$"0":XX197:YY70:5:145bC5WD$".05":XX93:YY70:5:145C10WD$".10":XX0:YY70:5X,100X,90X5(X5)ēX,90X,80CTENTHS8279,1000,100XX270HUNDRETHS1010:XX,100XX,$" "A$"."A$"0"A$"9"OK0:)`Od DRAW SCALES GIVEN X.XX nZ(MASS):TENTHS((MASS(MASS))10.000001)sDECIMALSMASS(MASS):HUNDRETHSA((DECIMALS.000001)10010(10(DECIMALS.000001)))200,10010,100C1 XCOUNT4ı%S(N$)100COUNT5ıAT(N$)1COUNT2OK0:nV(N$)1(100(N$))100(N$)1OK0:yXOK1:Z UNIT TEST\OK1^(N$,2)"GM"(N$,2)"gm"(N$,1)"G"(N$,1)"g"OK0:#_(N$)2āQ1(N$)2:A$(N$,Q,1):A: HGR/M%F TEST SIGNIFICANCE.HOK0:JCOUNT1CKPT0~LPTPT1:(N$,PT,1)"0"(N$,PT,1)"9"COUNTCOUNT1NPT(N$)76OCOUNTCOUNT1P(N$)10(N$)100COUNT4ıQ(N$)1(N$)10COUNT3ı R(N$)100(N$)10:"RUN BALANCE":; A$""Ģ21:1:958:(7);(7):22A a I(1(1)10):I0I1030r 23:A$(I): (I(1(1)10):I0I1040 *23:B$(I): 2I(1(1)10):I0I550 423:C$(I): <16297,0:16304,0:16300,0:16301,0:"G"A$"g"ĺ(7);(7);:11= N$N$A$:21T:23T:N$:11W  WAIT FOR SPACE BAR 24:958:24::5:"<<< PRESS ESC OR RIGHT ARROW >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" "; A$""ĺ" ":255:::10:10:"STAND BY...":10:"STAND BY...":"RUN BALANCE":U A$""(N$)1N$"":21T:23T:" ":11 A$""(N$)1N$(N$,(N$)1):21T:23T:N$:11 A$" "ĺ"": A$""ī40000:: PRINT A$"0"A$"9"18 A$"."A$" "A$"M"A$"m"A$3,Q2:Q3:Q4:C LTRL11:X$(WD$,LTR,1):X$(32)X$"-"Ă W$(WD$,LTR(X$(32))):100XX,YY:QQ1(W$):((W$,QQ,1))31:99::WD$(WD$,(WD$)LTR):99:XXXZ:YYYY10:6 N$"": INPUT SECTION% 21T:23T(N$):A$:A$""ĉ::10TART250,102:XSTART250START11:X,102X,107::XSTARTSKIP11250STARTSKIP1155:X,107X,112:: F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q3(249):0:Q4(231):1:XZXX 100XX,YY:(WD$)LāQ1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:23.A(X)((X.0005)1000)1000:STRING$""9600000:START,102START100,102:XSTARTSTART10010:X,102X,107::START,112START,102:START50,112START50,102:START100,112START100,102:0START1,115:1START97,115:j 3:START,102S     0:15:300} +WD$"You now should try some settings on the computer's dial type balance by returning to the balance menu and picking choice #2. After that, try your skills with choice #3.":YYYY30:15:100:BACK10980}+1000148:5000:L30:WD$"For$"The correct answer is 145.32 grams."G|*YY130:15:100:BACK10960 }+:WD$"That's all there is to it. You will find that the vernier scale gets easier to read with practice. You should also find your speed at adjusting the dial increasing.":YY1XX10:YY30:5:100:BACK10960[{*1200,6:1200,40:WD$"+ 40":XX35:5:100:BACK10960x{*1200,40:48:1191,140{*WD$"+ 5.3":XX65:5:100:BACK10960{*1191,140:16:1171,65:WD$"+ .02":XX97:YY30:5:100:BACK10960{*1171,65'|*WD$"145.32 grams"A$"145.32 GRAMS"A$"145.32 G"A$"145.32G"A$"145.32 g"A$"145.32g"WD$"Good job!":11000z*A$"145.32"WD$"Fine (except the units are GRAMS!)":11000{*WD$"That is not correct! Watch...":YY10:15:300:0:1200,6:WD$"100":X97:YY30:5:100:BACK10930+y*157,65y*WD$"This reads 200 + 60 + 3.4 + 0.08 = 263.48 grams. Just add up all the settings.":YY130:15y*100:BACK10930oz*MASS145.32:5000:21:"WHAT DOES THIS READ? ";A$:A$"145.32grams"A$"145.32GRAMS"A:BACK10930Hx*1200,6:1200,40:WD$"+ 60":XX35:5:100:BACK10930ex*1200,40:48:1191,140x*WD$"+ 3.4":XX65:5:WD$"(We aren't quite to the 3.5 mark.)":YY130:15:100:BACK10930y*YYYY10:0:15:3:1191,140:16:157,65:WD$"+ .08":Xro pointer'') plus the hundreths of a gram from the vernier scale.":YYYY10:15ew*100:BACK10910w*MASS263.48:5000:L30:WD$"For example, consider this setting....":YY10:15:L45w*100:BACK10930 x*0:1200,6:WD$"200":XX10:YY30:5:100*:WD$"The sliding weights which weren't replaced by the dial function the same way as before.":YY10:15:300Pw*WD$"So to find the mass of the sample, just add up all the sliding weight settings plus the dial setting (indicated by the vernier's ''ze grams, but instead leveled out at 7.23 grams. What would that look like?":YY10:15:100:BACK10820u*MASS7.23:4000:300:16:1152,65:WD$"The 0.03 gram mark on the vernier scale lines up giving 7.2 + 0.03 = 7.23 g.":YY130:15:100:BACK10820qv scale where a mark coincides with a dial mark. This happens to be the 0.05 gram mark. So our setting is 7.25 grams. (The last decimal place is from the vernier scale.)"t*YY10:15:100:BACK10690gu*:WD$"What if the scale didn't balance at 7.256s|*1XX,124:16:1X,75:XX19:XXXX20:X21110875s*300:16:1113,47:WD$"This mark on the top vernier scale ''lines up'' with a line on the lower dial scale.":YY125:15:100:BACK10690t*LAST30:150:WD$"This is the only place on the vernierLAST50:150:WD$"It looks like the pointer is about halfway between the 7.2 gram mark and the 7.3 gram mark. We use the vernier scale to pinpoint the setting. Watch closely.":YY10:15:300ry*300:XX16:X38r{*16:1X,75:48:1XX,124:I11000:turned, these lower numbers change.":YY10:15:T101:B136:200:MASS7.25:4000:300ql*WD$"Right now the zero on the vernier scale ''points'' to something between 7.2 and 7.3 grams on the dial.":YY20:15:48:1191,135:100:BACK10690rv*1191,135:100:BACK10690pX*232,0:233,21:32:1230,82:LAST30:150:WD$"These numbers are on the vernier scale. The zero on this scale acts as a ''pointer'' to numbers on the dial.":YY10:15:100:BACK10690Uqb*1230,82:LAST30:150:WD$"When the dial is :YY110:15:100,32180,32180,55100,55101,33179,33179,54101,54101,33`o?*100:BACK10660oD*:WD$"Here is that curved line straightened out. Numbers show up on the dial and on the fixed vernier scale above the dial.":YY10:15:MASS0:4000pN* problem. The computer's screen has limited resolution (the circles aren't very smooth). To make things easier to read, we will ''flatten out'' the curves."n0*YY80:15:100:BACK10660Ko:*T90:B150:200:WD$"We will look at the area inside the box."X140:TY90:A03.2.3:XTX1.1650(A):YTY50(A):A010750Km)X,Ydm)X,Y::80,4196,55m*A03.2.3:XTX1.1630(A):YTY30(A):A010780m*X,Ym*X,Y:n&*WD$"Even without putting numbers on the dial, you can begin to see the147,26110,26110,9:100:BACK2000l):WD$"Here is the start of an enlarged view of part of the dial and the vernier scale.":YY10:15l)TX140:TY90:A.62.6.3:XTX1.1670(A):YTY70(A):A.610720l)X,Yl)X,Y:Bm)208,50190,63:Ts a spiral shaped piece of metal inside the balance).":YY120:15:100:BACK2000$l)T130:B160:200:WD$"We need to look much more carefully at the top of the dial and the vernier scale just above it.":YY120:15:111,10146,10146,25111,25111,9147,9MTEN10):YY47:57jMMASS:MASSMASSMHUN100MTEN10Hj4000:MASSMVjBIGFLAG0\jj):0,136:1,64:16384:WD$"Here is a sketch of a dial type balance:":YY10:15Qk)WD$"The smaller sliding weights have been replaced by the dial (which turn,55270,60:233,60243,55:233,40243,45MiMHUN(MASS100):BIGFLAGMHUN2riWD$(MHUN100):MHUN0WD$" 0"iXX238:YY12:5iMTEN((MASS100MHUN)10):BIGFLAGMTEN10:WD$(MTEN10):XX237:YY47:5:5040iXX246:MTEN0XX249jWD$(3,40:233,45260,45260,55233,55233,45:233,45:260,45270,40:260,55270,60:223,60233,55:223,40233,45:5010(i224,35279,35279,65224,65224,35:233,40270,40270,60233,60233,40:243,45260,45260,55243,55243,45:243,45:260,45270,40:2600,0279,0279,30180,30180,0:225,5270,5270,25225,25225,5:235,10260,10260,20235,20235,10:235,10:260,10270,5:260,20270,25:225,25235,20:225,5235,10gBIGFLAG5005sh214,35279,35279,65214,65214,35:223,40270,40270,60223,6022270HUNDRETHS1010:XX,100XX,110:AfX270HUNDRETHS510RfX,100X,110fCC1:C5(C5)ēX,110X,120:C10Z11C10Z12C10(C10)WD$(ZC10):XXX3:YY125:5fC10Z12WD$"0":XXX3:YY125:5ffffg18200,10010,100eC1*eX20010194eCC1[eC1WD$"0":XX197:YY70:5:4020eC5WD$".05":XX93:YY70:5:4020eC10WD$".10":XX0:YY70:5eX,100X,90eX5(X5)ēX,90X,80eeCTENTHS8e279,1000,100&fXXd::10:10:"STAND BY...":1023,255:"RUN BALANCE INSTRUCTIONS A":nd DRAW SCALES GIVEN X.XX dZ(MASS):TENTHS((MASS(MASS))10.000001)dDECIMALSMASS(MASS):HUNDRETHSA((DECIMALS.000001)10010(10(DECIMALS.000001)))ecx SHOW HGR/M*cz49236,0:49235,0:>c ERASE WORDS dc0:Y0LAST10:0,Y279,Y::3:xc ERASE BLOCKSc0:YTB:0,Y279,Y::3:c,Q12000::cQ11000::c::10:10:"STAND BY...":104,64:16384,0:"RUN BALANCE":H ESCbfBACK0bh49168,0:24:958:24::4:"<<< LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ";bjA$""ĺ" "::1000blA$""BACK1:" ":bnA$""ĺ" ":bp21:1:958:(7);(7):104brQ,1))31:99::232,Q1:233,Q2:Q3:Q4:]aLTRL11:X$(WD$,LTR,1):X$(32)X$"-"ĂaW$(WD$,LTR(X$(32))):100XX,YY:QQ1(W$):((W$,QQ,1))31:99::WD$(WD$,(WD$)LTR):99:XXXZ:YYYY10:6aXX0:YYYY10:5:bd ARROWS ANDa`1002:A(X)((X.0005)1000)1000:"BLOAD SQUEEZE4,A$4000":"BLOAD DIAL BALANCE,A$4088"`0:1::3:L45:1023,6:10660`F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q3(249):0:Q4(231):1:XZXX(a100XX,YY:(WD$)LāQ1(WD$):((WD$,          5:100:BACK10530d)::10:"STAND BY...GETTING MORE MATERIAL!":"RUN BALANCE INSTRUCTIONS B":ding weights for the rough settings and then a dial to ''fine-tune'' the balance.":YYYY20:15)WD$"(If you don't need to learn about this type of lab balance then you have finished with this lesson. ''ESC'' back to the LAB SKILLS MENU.)":YYYY20:115)100:BACK10420):WD$"The major advantage of slide type balances is that they are easy to read. The main disadvantage is that they sometimes are hard to balance.":YY10:15:300_)WD$"To get around this problem, some lab balances use sliA$"403.1"WD$"You forgot the units. The correct answer is 403.1 GRAMS!":YY120:15:10630w)(A$,4)"4031"WD$"Watch the decimal point! The answer is 403.1 g.":YY120:15:10630|)WD$"By addition we get 400 + 0 + 3 + 0.1 = 403.1 grams.":YY120::5:COUNTCOUNT1::WD$"0":XX60:59J)TX211:TY12:20oT)TX56:TY42:30:TX164:TY72:40:TX85:TY102:30h):21:"BE CAREFUL! WHAT DOES THIS READ? ";A$:A$"403.1 G"A$"403.1 g"A$"403.1G"A$"403.1g"WD$"That's right!":YY120:15:10630]r)NT):5:COUNTCOUNT100::WD$"0":XX60:5|,)YY42:COUNT10:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT10::WD$"0":XX60:5͌6)YY72:COUNT1:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT1::WD$"0":XX60:5$@)YY102:COUNT1:XX8525040:WD$"0."(COUNT)+ 4 = 314 grams.":YY110:151)100:BACK10320"):279,100,100,20279,20:279,400,400,50279,50:279,700,700,80279,80:279,1000,1000,110279,110)')WD$"g":XX5:YY119130:5::YY102:WD$"0.1 g":5:YY12:COUNT100:XX9025040:WD$(COUall there is to it! Just add the settings to get 314 g.":YY110:15:10520ڊ)A$"314"WD$"That's correct, except for the fact that you forgot the units. The answer is 314 GRAMS!":YY110:15:221,139258,139:10520)WD$"By addition we get 300 + 10 T10::WD$"0":XX60:5h(YY92:COUNT1:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT1::WD$"0":XX60:5}(TX171:TY32:20(TX89:TY62:30:TX204:TY92:40J(:21:"WHAT DOES THIS READ? ";A$:A$"314 G"A$"314 g"A$"314G"A$"314g"WD$"That's P(279,300,300,40279,40:279,600,600,70279,70:279,900,900,100279,100Ĉ(WD$"g":XX5:YY319130:5::YY32:COUNT100:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT100::WD$"0":XX60:5(YY62:COUNT10:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNK10260(T110:B150:200:WD$"Here is the setting for 132 grams. As you can see, all you do is add up the settings.":YY120:15(TX90:TY32:20χ(TX170:TY62:30:TX124:TY92:40:100:BACK10260(:WD$"Here is another setting.":YY10:15:YY32:COUNT100:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT100::WD$"0":XX60:5(YY62:COUNT10:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT10::WD$"0":XX60:5(YY92:COUNT1:XX9025040:WD$(COUNT):5:COUNTCOUNT1::WD$"0":XX60:5:100:BACab.":YY100:15:100:BACK102605n(T110:B160:200ޅx(WD$"We will label our guides so that the top ''rail'' is hundreds of grams, the middle is for tens of grams and the bottom guide measures single grams.":YY100:15R(WD$"g":XX5:YY319130:5:ard masses slide along.":YY10:15tZ(279,300,300,40279,40:279,600,600,70279,70:279,900,900,100279,100 d(WD$"The ''rails'' are numbered like a ruler. The meaning of the numbers on the guides depends on the particular balance you have in lA(100:BACK10220F(T130:B160:200:WD$"The standards slide along calibrated guides. To find the unknown mass, just add up the settings of the sliding masses.":YY110:15:100:BACK10220#P(:WD$"Here is a close-up look at the guides that the stand the sample.":YY120:15:3002(0:Y2733:150,Y156,Y::Y3640:150,Y154,Y::150,45152,45:150,47152,47:3:150,30156,30:150,38154,38:150,46152,46:280,30<(Y2733:160,Y166,Y::Y3640:180,Y184,Y::175,45177,45:175,47177,47100(145,30145,38190,38:145,38145,46190,46:Y2733:150,Y156,Y::Y3640:150,Y154,Y::150,45152,45:150,47152,47#(100:BACK10220((WD$"By moving the little standard masses until they balance the scale, you can determine the mass ofint, you can easily determine the unknown mass.":YYYY6:15Q (100:BACK10100(::WD$"This is a rough drawing of a sliding weight type of balance:":YY10:15:180,30:80,30190,30:134,30134,100136,100136,30:40,100230,100230,10240,10240,lances actually require you to load standard masses onto a pan to balance the sample's mass.":YYYY6:15<(WD$"However, it is more common to have a few standards built right into the scale. By adjusting the distances of the standards from the pivot poales'' relate the pull of gravity on the sample to the stretch of a spring. They are generally not as accurate as balances and we will not discuss them.)"i'15:300:WD$"Different types of lab balances will handle the known masses differently. Some ba200:WD$"The force of gravity on the left is balanced by the force of gravity on the right. So the masses must be the same.":YY110:15:49235,0:100:BACK10080}':YY10~'WD$"In principle, all laboratory balances work this way. (Some ''spring sc5,116Y:195,116Y:185,111Y195,111Y:3:X,YX2,62Y:1X,Y:1X2,62Y:2X,Y:185,115Y185,109Y195,109Y195,115Y|'PPD32:DD:230,P:49236(D1),0::49236,0:230,32:0:80,30190,32:3:80,30191,30:134,32:136,31:191,32}'T130:B140:30,64:YY120:15o{'0:230,32:80,18190,44:185,96185,86195,86195,96:230,64:185,95185,85195,85195,95{'3:185,95185,90195,90195,95:230,32:185,96185,91195,91195,96:230,64:Y1931:0y|'X,Y2X2,64Y:1X,Y2:2X,Y2:1X2,64Y:18,Y2:1X2,60Y:185,103Y195,103Y195,102Y185,102Y:3:X,YX2,62Y:1X,Y:1X2,62Y:2X,Y:PPD32:185,114Y185,104Y195,104Y195,114Y{'DD:230,P:49236(D1),0::49236,0:T130:B160:200:230,32:200:WD$"Oops! Too much!":YY120:15:2e, we just load known masses onto the right side until the scale ''balances.''":YY120:230,64:15:230,32:49235,0y'100:BACK10080y'49234,0:230,64:0:1X,45:2X,45:1X2,17:X,45X2,17:230,32:3:Y42181:0:X,Y2X2,60Yz'1X,Y2:2XD:230,P:49236(D1),0::49236,0x'230,64:XX0:T130:B150:200:230,32:200:WD$"To determine the mass of the sample, we just load known masses onto the right side until the scale ''balances.''":YY120:15sy'WD$"To determine the mass of the sampl230,64:X,29X2,33:X,31X2,31:1X,29:2X,29:1X,31:2X,31:1X2,33:1X2,31:49234,0:P64:D1:230,Pw'0:230,32:80,30190,30:230,64#x'Y3145:0:X,Y2X2,64Y:1X,Y2:2X,Y2:1X2,64Y:3:X,YX2,62Y:1X,Y:1X2,62Y:2X,Y:PPD32:Dй230,32:WD$"By placing the sample in one of the pans, you upset the ''balance'' and it tips.":YY120:15v'230,64:WD$"By placing the sample in one of the pans, you upset the ''balance'' and it tips.":YY120:15v'100:BACK10080jw'X80:X2X110:0:15:180,30:1190,30:80,30190,30:134,30134,100136,100136,30:40,100230,100230,10240,10240,100uv'230,64:WD$"The simplest type of balance looks like this:":YY10:15:134,30134,100136,100136,30:40,100230,100230,10240,10240,100iv~'o a good idea to check the zero after every few measurements. If someone else has used the balance since you last zeroed it, you definitely SHOULD re-zero it!":YYYY20:15:100:BACK10050kut'::WD$"The simplest type of balance looks like this:":YY1shift its weight back and forth until the scale ''balances.''":YYYY10:15:100:BACK10000s`':WD$"You must zero the balance every time you move it. (You should actually avoid moving the scale if you possibly can.)":YY10:15:300tj'WD$"It is alson the balance will be a threaded device which you can turn. By gently and slowly turning it, you can cause the pointer to aim at the zero mark on the scale.":YYYY10:15\sV'300:WD$"When you turn the little zero adjustment on its threads you actually D$"To zero a balance, remove all standard weights and/or slide all the movable weights to zero. If there is a dial on the balance, turn it to zero. Make sure the pan that normally holds the sample is empty and clean."rL'YY10:15:300:WD$"Somewhere alances are so sensitive, it is important that they are clean and level. (Don't even lean on the table holding the balance!) They must also be zeroed or you will introduce a systematic error into your measurements."p8'YYYY6:15:100:BACK1000qB':Ws are basically comparison devices. You place an object on the scale and it will balance the sample's mass against something with a known mass. (It actually compares weights, but weight and mass are proportional.)"o$'YYYY6:15:300p.'WD$"Because b):YY47:50nMMASS:MASSMASSMHUN100MTEN10An4000:MASSMOnBIGFLAG0Unn':WD$"A laboratory balance is used to find masses. You will probably use it more than any other piece of physics lab equipment.":YY10:15:300o'WD$"All balance,60:233,60243,55:233,40243,45FmMHUN(MASS100):BIGFLAGMHUN2kmWD$(MHUN100):MHUN0WD$" 0"mXX238:YY12:5mMTEN((MASS100MHUN)10):BIGFLAGMTEN10:WD$(MTEN10):XX237:YY47:5:5040mXX246:MTEN0XX249 nWD$(MTEN1033,45260,45260,55233,55233,45:233,45:260,45270,40:260,55270,60:223,60233,55:223,40233,45:5010!m224,35279,35279,65224,65224,35:233,40270,40270,60233,60233,40:243,45260,45260,55243,55243,45:243,45:260,45270,40:260,55270,0279,30180,30180,0:225,5270,5270,25225,25225,5:235,10260,10260,20235,20235,10:235,10:260,10270,5:260,20270,25:225,25235,20:225,5235,10kBIGFLAG5005ll214,35279,35279,65214,65214,35:223,40270,40270,60223,60223,40:2NDRETHS1010:XX,100XX,110::jX270HUNDRETHS510KjX,100X,110jCC1:C5(C5)ēX,110X,120:C10Z11C10Z12C10(C10)WD$(ZC10):XXX3:YY125:5jC10Z12WD$"0":XXX3:YY125:5jjjjk180,0279010,100iC1#iX2001019-iCC1TiC1WD$"0":XX197:YY70:5:4020|iC5WD$".05":XX93:YY70:5:4020iC10WD$".10":XX0:YY70:5iX,100X,90iX5(X5)ēX,90X,80iiCTENTHS8i279,1000,100jXX270HU3,6:::10:20:"STAND BY...":104,64:16384,0:"RUN BALANCE":gh DRAW SCALES GIVEN X.XX hZ(MASS):TENTHS((MASS(MASS))10.000001)hDECIMALSMASS(MASS):HUNDRETHSA((DECIMALS.000001)10010(10(DECIMALS.000001)))i200,10A$""BACK1:" ":'gnA$""ĺ" ":Hgp21:1:958:(7);(7):104Ngr`gx SHOW HGR/Mxgz49236,0:49235,0:g ERASE WORDS g0:Y0LAST10:0,Y279,Y::3:g ERASE BLOCKSg0:YTB:0,Y279,Y::3:g,Q12000::Ah1028;f+0:TX2,TY2:TX14,TY2:TX2,TY8:TX14,TY8:3:Sfd ARROWS AND ESC^ffBACK0fh49168,0:24:958:24::4:"<<< LEFT OR RIGHT ARROW OR ESC >>>";::1:A$:24:1:" ";fjA$""ĺ" "::1000gl8TX26,TY8:3:TX10,TY12TX26,TY12TX26,TY18TX10,TY18TX10,TY12f*TX3,TY7TX19,TY7TX19,TY13TX3,TY13TX3,TY7TX2,TY2TX14,TY2TX14,TY8TX2,TY8TX2,TY2:TX14,TY2TX19,TY7:TX14,TY8TX19,TY13:TX3,TY13TX2,TY8,TY13TX8,TY7TX3,TY2TX14,TY2TX14,TY8TX3,TY8TX3,TY2:TX14,TY2TX19,TY7:TX14,TY8TX19,TY13:TX8,TY13TX3,TY8d!0:TX3,TY2:TX14,TY2:TX3,TY8:TX14,TY8:3:d( 1 GRAM SLIDEMe)0:TX10,TY2TX26,TY2:TX10,TYX8,TY13TX3,TY8Mc0:TX3,TY2:TX19,TY2:TX3,TY8:TX19,TY8:3:ac 10 GRAM SLIDEc0:TX15,TY2TX26,TY2:TX15,TY8TX26,TY8:3:TX15,TY12TX26,TY12TX26,TY18TX15,TY18TX15,TY12d TX8,TY7TX19,TY7TX19,TY13TX36,TY2:TX20,TY8TX36,TY8:3:TX20,TY12TX36,TY12TX36,TY18TX20,TY18TX20,TY12cTX8,TY7TX24,TY7TX24,TY13TX8,TY13TX8,TY7TX3,TY2TX19,TY2TX19,TY8TX3,TY8TX3,TY2:TX19,TY2TX24,TY7:TX19,TY8TX24,TY13:T233,Q2:Q3:Q4:FaLTRL11:X$(WD$,LTR,1):X$(32)X$"-"ĂaW$(WD$,LTR(X$(32))):100XX,YY:QQ1(W$):((W$,QQ,1))31:99::WD$(WD$,(WD$)LTR):99:XXXZ:YYYY10:6aXX0:YYYY10:5:a 100 GRAM SLIDE_b0:TX20,TY2TXe1:`1002:A(X)((X.0005)1000)1000:232,178:233,22b`0:1::3:L45:(1023)25510000m`10640`F(0):Q1(232):Q2(233):232,0:233,8:Q3(249):0:Q4(231):1:XZXXa100XX,YY:(WD$)LāQ1(WD$):((WD$,Q,1))31:99::232,Q1:"""""""""!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!                1023,6:216,0:"RUN MAIN MENU":x |:10:"I CAN'T FIND THE MENU. INSERT DISK A AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":5010t" ":5010:"I CAN'T FIND THE LESSON. INSERT DISK A AND PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ":4010V 5500 ::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND THEN PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ": ::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE MENU!":1023,1:"VERIFY MAIN MENU"# NCE SET"  4500[ ::10:"FLIP THE DISK OVER AND THEN PRESS A KEY.":A$:" ": ::10:10:"PLEASE STAND BY... ...GETTING THE LESSON!":"VERIFY BALANCE READ" TRY0 1023,6:216,0:"RUN BALANCE READ": K :10LY 1,2,3, OR 4!";:1030% " ":" "` 21:31:A$:22:1:958:23:12:"PLEASE STAND BY..." (A$)2000,3000,4000,5000  INSTRUCTIONS 103,1:104,96:24576,0 "RUN BALANCE INSTRUCTIONS A"  MAKE SETTINGS "RUN BALA2. YOU MAKE SETTINGS"::10:"3. YOU READ SETTINGS"::10:"4. RETURN TO EQUIPMENT MENU" 1:21:" WHAT IS YOUR CHOICE? [ ]"::" (NO NEED TO PRESS 'RETURN')":21:31:A$ A$"1"A$"2"A$"3"A$"4"ĺ(7);(7):::9:"PRESS ONy d1002:"BLOAD PAN,A$16B2"1:: MENUX232,0:233,21:X10:X2279:230,32:5:" ":5:" READING LABORATORY BALANCES ":5:" ":[ 9:10:"1. INSTRUCTIONS"::10:"""" " " " "