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Similarly, Chinese history remembers such women as Shi Sheh, Wong Jiau Jiun, Shuen Guan, and Empress Wu. All of these women are heroines of the Chinese people. The Chinese honor their heroines by naming holidays after them. naming children after them. writing songs and stories about them. writing long letters about them. C Shi Sheh was the most beautiful woman in Chinese history. Her king, Yueh, was defeated in battle by another king named Wu. King Yueh had many plans for winning his country back from King Wu. One plan used the beauty of Shi Sheh. Yueh gave Shi Sheh to Wu as a gift. ~For years, Shi Sheh lived with Wu and made him happy.~ Wu was so happy that he didn't watch after his country. Then one day King Yueh and his army attacked King Wu. King Yueh won back his land. Shi Sheh became a national heroine. After she was given to King Wu, Shi Sheh's job was to make King Wu so happy that he would forget about his job. help King Yueh win the war by spying on King Wu's kingdom. carry secret messages from King Wu to King Yueh. attack King Wu while he was asleep and kill him. A Wong Jiau Jiun is another of China's famous heroines. As a child, Wong lived at the king's palace. Before the king could meet her, an artist had to paint her picture. ~Wong would not pay the artist the price he asked. So the artist painted her as an ugly woman.~ Months later, the king was to present a young woman to a neighboring king. He chose the ugliest picture. It was the painting of Wong. When Wong arrived, the king was shocked. Wong was beautiful. But the King had to give her away. The artist painted Wong Jiau Jiun ugly because Wong Jiau Jiun was a very ugly girl. Wong Jiau Jiun was poor and had no money. She would not pay the artist a lot of money. the king thought Wong Jiau Jiun was ugly. C As a young girl, Shuen Guan was a very brave soldier. When she was 13, her small city was attacked. The army was led Wong Tung. Wong Tung had 30,000 soldiers. Shuen Guan's city had only 1,000. Late one night, Shuen Guan left her city. She ran to a city where another general, Shyr Lan, was staying. Shuen told the general about the attack on her city. The general was impressed by the brave young girl. ~The next day, the general attacked the army of Wong Tung. The young girl had helped save her city.~ Shuen Guan's bravery caused her city to be attacked by their enemy, Wong Tung. impressed general Shyr Lan, so he attacked Wong Tung. was not enough to save her small city from the attack by the enemy. is not a very important part of Chinese history. B Empress Wu was the only woman in Chinese history to take the title of "Empress." She ruled China. Many people believed Empress Wu should not rule China because she was a woman. ~To protect her power, Empress Wu had many of these people killed.~ But she also did many good things for China. She made it easier for good people to get important jobs with the government. She helped Buddhism to become a strong religion in China. As a young girl, Empress Wu had been a Buddhist nun. * * * To protect her power as Empress of China, Empress Wu made it easier for people to get good jobs. made Buddhism a strong religion in China. became a Buddhist nun in China. killed the people who did not support her. D Puerto Rico is a beautiful island in the Caribbean Sea. It has miles of sandy beaches. Inland, there are dense rain forests. A range of rugged mountains runs through the country. ~Puerto Rico's climate is mild all year long. The only problem is that once in a while, the island is hit by a hurricane.~ During a hurricane, rainstorms and huge waves can flood parts of the island. But usually the island is a peaceful place. Puerto Rico's climate is mild all year long. mild except for the hurricanes. always dangerous. very dry all year long. B Puerto Rico was discovered by Columbus. He found it during his second voyage to the New World in 1493. Later, Spain claimed the island. The Spaniards planted sugarcane on large plantations. They brought in slaves to work the fields. Although Puerto Rico had no gold, ~it was important to the Spaniards for political reasons.~ They built forts to protect the island. Today, most Puerto Ricans are of Spanish blood. Puerto Rico was important to the Spaniards because they claimed it. for its sugarcane plantations. for political reasons. because it had gold. C The United States took Puerto Rico from Spain in 1898. Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens in 1917. At that time, they were ruled by a governor from the United States. ~Now they elect their own governor.~ Today, Puerto Rico and the United States still have strong ties. The U.S. Army protects the island. Puerto Ricans can be drafted into the U.S. army. Puerto Rico and the U.S. work together on many projects. But the people do not pay taxes to the U.S. And they can't vote in U.S. elections. The Puerto Ricans have the same rights as U.S. citizens. are governed by the United States. govern themselves. cannot serve in the U.S. army. C For many years, poverty was a problem for the small island. ~Then the country started to build factories.~ But farming is still important. Crops grow all year long in the warm climate. Coffee, bananas, and sugarcane are important crops. Also, ranchers raise cattle and other animals. Today people in Puerto Rico earn more money per person than people in any other Latin American country. Puerto Rico changed from poverty by growing more crops. reducing the population. raising livestock. building factories. D ~The United States government is willing to let Puerto Rico become a state.~ Some Puerto Ricans think that they should join the U.S. as a state. Others think this is a bad idea. They want to be independent. Puerto Ricans are proud of their history. They enjoy their position in Latin America. They have solved many problems that their neighbors now face. And today, they can act as a model for these countries. * * * Puerto Rico can become a state. should become a state. cannot become a state. should not become a state. A In the 1800's the idea of meeting an Apache Indian scared many people. Apaches started as hunters who moved from place to place. When new settlers moved into their lands, the Apaches lost their hunting areas. They started to raid the settlers. They took their cattle and horses. Finally the government tried to move them from their homes. The government wanted to put them on reservations. ~The Apaches refused to move and fought the U.S. troops. This is how they got their reputation as a warlike tribe.~ The Apaches had a warlike reputation because they hunted for a living. fought the U.S. troops. raided the settlers for cattle. didn't like the reservation. B One of the first Apache chiefs to resist the white man was Cochise. At first, his tribe lived peacefully with the white man. ~Then Cochise was falsely accused of taking a settler's child.~ Some think that the government was behind this. They believe that officials needed an excuse to fight the Apaches. Whatever the reason, the war began. After eight years of fighting, Cochise's tribe grew tired. They gave up and moved to a reservation in Arizona. Cochise fought the white man because the government wanted to make the Apaches slaves. he was a warlike man. he was falsely blamed for taking a child. he didn't like white men. C After Cochise's defeat, the Apaches were placed on reservations. ~The hunting was very bad there, so the Apaches were forced to become farmers.~ They didn't like this. This life was not natural for them. They were angry with the settlers. They felt trapped. Finally, groups of Apaches began to leave the reservations. They raided the settlers' farms for food. This was the beginning of the second Apache war. The Apaches didn't like the reservations because the settlers were cruel to them and took their land and animals. they wanted to fight anyone who was with the government. they would rather take things from others that work for a living. they were forced to farm when they would rather hunt. D Geronimo was the leader of a group of Apaches that left the reservation. He fought U.S. troops in the southwest. In 1880 he was captured. ~Then, in 1882, he escaped again. He and some others fled to the mountains in Mexico.~ There they launched bloody raids. The U.S. army finally found the Apache hideouts. In 1883, they attacked the Apaches. Geronimo had to surrender. He was moved to Fort Sill in Oklahoma. He lived there for the rest of his life unable to be free. Geronimo went to the mountains in Mexico in 1882. the first time he escaped. in 1883. where he spent the rest of his life. A Today there are more than 16,000 Apaches. They live on reservations in New Mexico and Arizona. Many Apaches work for lumber and cattle companies. ~These companies are owned by their tribe. There is also oil on some Apache lands.~ Today the Apaches have become used to their new life. On the whole, they were peaceful before and after the coming of the white man. Only when faced with losing their way of life did they choose to fight. * * * Today many Apaches work for the U.S. government. for Apache owned companies. for very low wages. in New Mexico and Texas. B Helen Keller was not known for her beauty or her bravery in battle. She was known for her courage. Born in Alabama in 1880, Helen was a healthy, happy baby. ~Then, at only nineteen months old, she became deathly ill.~ Once the illness had passed, Helen was blind and deaf. She could not see or hear. For the rest of her life, Helen Keller overcame her handicap. Helen Keller became blind and deaf at birth. when she was nineteen years old. when she was nineteen months old. after a terrible accident. C Anne Sullivan was Helen Keller's private teacher. When Helen was six years old, her parents hired Anne to teach Helen language. Until this time, Helen had never spoken. She screamed and cried when she wanted something. When Anne Sullivan arrived and saw Helen's wild behavior, she decided Helen needed to learn manners. ~Before she could learn languages, she had to learn to obey her teacher.~ The first thing Anne Sullivan wanted to teach Helen Keller was sign language. how to behave. how to hear. how to speak. B Anne Sullivan told the Kellers that Helen needed to learn manners. "I must have Helen to myself," said Anne. "She must learn to depend on me." The Kellers agreed. So Anne and Helen moved into the garden house. They spent the next three weeks together. As she learned to trust Anne, Helen became more and more obedient. Anne was able to teach Helen the letters of the alphabet. ~Helen learned to spell a few words.~ After that, Helen began to learn very quickly. While in the garden house with Anne Sullivan, Helen Keller learned to read. spell. speak. hear. B Eventually, Helen Keller learned to speak. By the age of twelve, her courage had made her famous all over the world. ~When she was twenty, Helen entered Radcliffe College.~ When she graduated four years later, she could read and write Greek, Latin, German and French. She also received an award for her excellence in English literature. During her years at college, Helen Keller wrote her autobiography. She called it "Story of My Life." At the age of twenty, Helen Keller entered Radcliffe College. was able to read and write in Greek. learned to speak. published her autobiography. A After college, Helen Keller decided to put her education to use. She decided to help solve the problems of the blind. She started by traveling across the country. ~She gave lectures to raise money.~ She helped form the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind. Later, she helped start the American Foundation for the Blind. Helen Keller did not let her handicap stop her. She had the courage to fight, and she became one of America's greatest heroines. * * * To fight the problems of the blind, Helen Keller first helped form the American Foundation for the Blind. helped form the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind. became one of America's greatest heroines. traveled around the country to give lectures to raise money. D Much blood was spilled in the struggle to make South America free. Simon Bolivar was one of the greatest generals during this struggle. Taking groups of untrained men, he turned them into an efficient fighting force. ~They fought against the larger and better-equipped Spanish army. They usually won.~ Bolivar did not just fight for his own country. He struggled to free all of South America from Spanish rule. For this reason, he was often called "the Liberator." He is also called the George Washington of South America. Simon Bolivar's army usually lost in the battles for independence. was not as well equipped as the Spanish army. fought against George Washington. were well equipped for most battles. B Bolivar was born in 1783, in Venezuela. At that time Venezuela was a Spanish colony. Bolivar came from a rich family. When he was a child, both of his parents died and Simon inherited a large fortune. As a young man, ~Simon visited Europe and saw that the people were proud of their countries.~ He felt ashamed that his homeland did not have its own government. Promising himself that he would set his country free, he returned to Venezuela. Simon got the idea to set his homeland free from seeing the Europeans' pride in their countries. his parents who died when he was a child. the governments of European countries. the people of Venezuela. A Spain had ruled most of South America since the 1500's. When Simon returned from Europe, he found that there were others who wanted to break free from Spanish rule. In 1810, he and a group of patriots seized his hometown of Caracas. ~After the town was taken, Venezuela proclaimed its independence from Spain.~ Soon other countries were doing the same. This was the beginning of a long war with Spain. Venezuela declared its independence from Spain only because Simon wanted it to happen. after Caracas was taken by the patriots. after the other countries had declared their independence. just to start a war. B Throughout the war with Spain, Simon traveled all over South America. He helped any country that wanted to be free from Spain. ~But it seemed that as soon as he left a country, the Spaniards would retake it.~ Simon fought the Spanish for 14 years. Finally, in 1824, all of South America was free. Spanish power in South America was at an end. When Simon left a country that he had helped, he traveled for 14 years. the country beat the Spanish. it was usually retaken by the Spanish. the country gained independence. C After the war, Bolivar became the leader of all the South American countries. He wanted to form a union, like the United States. ~Unfortunately, there was too much hostility between the countries.~ One by one they left the union and formed their own governments. Finally only Colombia was ruled by Bolivar. He was a good ruler, but some people were jealous of his power. They started revolts. They even tried to kill him. When Bolivar died in 1830, he was a disappointed man. * * * The countries didn't form a union because Bolivar didn't want it to happen. Bolivar was not a good leader. they didn't want to be like the United States. there was hostility between them. D Hundreds of years ago, a ceremony was held in a jungle clearing. Priests wearing vividly colored clothes stood near a stone temple. They raised their arms to the sky and began to chant. Suddenly the moon grew dark. The priests had predicted a lunar eclipse. Now the prediction was coming true. ~The people took it as proof of the power of the gods.~ These people were the Mayas. The Mayas were American Indians who lived in Mexico and Central America. For 2,000 years they ruled a large empire in Central America. The Mayas thought eclipses were caused by the gods. the planets. the priests. the moon. A Most Mayas lived in small towns near their farms. However in some places they built groups of stone buildings. There were stone palaces, temples, and pyramids. ~Some people think that these cities were government and religious centers.~ This would mean that only the rulers and priests lived there. The temples were on top of the pyramids. There were stone steps leading up to them. It was here that the priests held ceremonies while the people stood below. Some people think the groups of stone buildings were farming villages. government and religious centers. built on top of pyramids. homes for the farmers. B The priests were important to Mayan life. They predicted the future. Everything in Mayan life had to be done at the right time. Otherwise, it would bring bad luck. If a crop were planted at the wrong time, the Mayas believed the plants would die. ~The priests decided on the right time to do things~ by reading calendars. They used two calendars. One calender was based on the sun and moon, like our calendar. The other was based on days honoring gods and goddesses. Farmers knew when to plant their crops because the priests decided the right time. the farmers looked at the moon for a sign. the farmers planted on special days. the farmers looked at the sun for a sign. A The Mayas were good astronomers. They knew when certain planets would appear in the sky. They could also predict eclipses of the sun and moon. The Mayas were also good at math. ~They made a number system to help them track the movements of the moon and planets.~ Their numbers were written with dots and dashes. This system worked very well. Their calendar was as good as ours is today. The Mayas made a special number system to make eclipses happen. track the moon and planets. guess the future. count the planets. B ~The Mayas used pictures for words in their writing.~ They recorded the events that made up their lives. Today we find the pictures on pottery. ~Sometimes the pictures are not used for words. They are just pictures honoring the gods or Mayan rulers.~ This makes it harder to understand their writing. But the more we can understand, the more we will learn about the Mayas. * * * The Mayas drew pictures to help scientists understand how they lived. only for writing letters to each other. only to make pottery designs that honor their gods. to stand for words and to honor their gods and rulers. D In 1940, Germany occupied Holland. The new Nazi government began to persecute the Jewish community. Life became very difficult for the Jews. ~They had to wear a yellow star on one sleeve so they could be easily spotted.~ They couldn't ride streetcars or go to most public places. Then things became even worse. The Nazis began to arrest Jews and take them to concentration camps. One Jewish family, the Franks, decided to go into hiding rather than risk being arrested by the Nazis. The Jews had to wear a yellow star so that they could be distinguished from other people. could be arrested. would look ridiculous. couldn't hide from the Germans. A The Franks had a young daughter named Anne. On her thirteenth birthday she was given a diary. She wrote in it every day. This diary tells the story of the Frank family's life while they were hiding from the Nazis. Anne tells how her father took his family to an old house. ~He had fixed up the attic so that the entrance couldn't be seen. Then he had stocked the attic with supplies.~ It was in this attic that the Franks spent the next two years of their lives. Mr. Frank was not ready to go into hiding. not afraid of the Nazis. a cowardly man. prepared to go into hiding. D Life in the secret rooms was difficult. Another family, the Van Daans, joined the Franks. The cramped quarters got on everyone's nerves. There was never enough to eat. ~Since they could not go outside, they had to rely on a small group of courageous Dutchmen. These people brought them food and news from the outside world.~ As the months went by, the Franks became more and more afraid. Their only hope was that the Allies would defeat the Nazis before the hiding place was discovered. The Franks got their food from a group of Dutchmen. by sneaking out at night. from donations from the outside world. from the Van Daans. A On June 6, 1944 ~the Franks heard that the Allies had invaded Europe.~ It seemed like the nightmare of living in the attic would soon be over. But this was not the case. In August, Anne wrote the last entry in her diary. A few days later, the Nazis found and arrested the Franks and the Van Daans. They were taken to different concentration camps throughout Europe. Of the eight people who lived in the attic, only Mr. Frank was alive when the war was over. In June, the Franks thought that they would be able to leave the attic because they knew they would be captured. the Allies had invaded Europe. the Nazis stopped persecuting the Jews. they found a new hiding place. B When Mr. Frank returned to Holland after the war, he found Anne's diary. Friends suggested that he publish the book. It first appeared in 1947, and since then ~it has sold more than thirteen million copies.~ A stage play and a movie have also been made from the book. Today the house where Anne and the others lived is a museum. Anne's diary has become a symbol of human courage. It is also a reminder of the horrors of persecution. * * * Which of the following is not true about Anne's diary? It has been made into a movie. It has not been read by many people. It is a symbol of human courage. It was published in 1947. B In the late 1700's France was in a bloody turmoil of revolution. Some people think that this was one of the most horrible times in history. However, others believe that this era, known as the French Revolution, was the beginning of social equality in France. ~During the revolution thousands of people died.~ Yet afterwards social conditions improved. It is not certain, however, that the revolution was the real reason for the change. The French Revolution was the most horrible time in history. brought social equality. caused the deaths of many people. did not change France. C For many centuries a king and the noble families ruled France. They had absolute control over the lower classes. ~The poor paid high taxes but the rich spent their own money on luxuries.~ At the time of the revolution, thinkers wrote that common people are able to rule themselves. The United States had just won its freedom and was the first country to put this idea into practice. The lower classes in France tried to follow their example. The rulers of France were good to the poor. wanted to change the government. ran the government on their own money. didn't pay any taxes. D By 1789, the poor people of France were pushed to their limit. They were starving while their rulers lived in splendor. On July 14, they attacked a French prison called the Bastille. The people created a National Assembly and wrote their constitution. The king and the noblemen lost their power and their property. ~The poor of France then had a chance to get revenge for the ill-treatment they had suffered under the rule of the nobility.~ Which of the following statements is not true? The people of France had no hard feelings toward the nobility. The nobility lost their power and their property during the revolution. The new government wrote its own constitution during the revolution. The king's property was taken from him. A The other kings in Europe were worried that the revolution might spread to their countries. They went to war against France. ~The French people believed that their king was plotting with the other kings~ and threw him in jail. At this point the hatred against the nobility reached its peak. People were jailed or killed by the guillotine simply because their families were rich. Hundreds of innocent people were led to the guillotine every day. The French king was thrown in jail because he was an enemy of the people of France. the people hated all the nobility for their past behavior. he was rich and had been cruel to the common people. the people believed that he was helping their enemies. D As thousands of the nobility were killed, the king of France began to fear for himself and his family. He decided to try to escape with the queen, but they were captured. They were then taken before a court where they were declared enemies of the people. They were guillotined and their young son was put in jail. Shortly after this, ~the French people became disgusted by all the violence.~ They turned against the new government. The bloody French Revolution was over. * * * The French Revolution ended because the king was killed. they got what they wanted. the people were tired of the killing. the king returned to power. C Howard Carter, an English archaeologist, spent ten years looking for the tomb of King Tutankhamen. King Tut, as he was called, was a king of ancient Egypt. Carter had a general idea of where the tomb was, but the exact location eluded him. Then one day he spotted a pile of rubble. ~On a hunch, he had his men dig in the rubble.~ When it was cleared away, Carter was thrilled to see an entrance to an ancient tomb. Carter found Tut's tomb completely by accident. because of a strong feeling. while he was looking for something else. because he knew exactly where it was. B When Carter entered the tomb, he did not want to get his hopes up. Almost all of the other tombs that had been found had been stripped of their treasures by robbers. But when Carter entered the first room, he knew that the place had been untouched since ancient times. ~Golden chairs, statues, and bracelets glittered in the light from his lantern.~ Carter went further into the tomb and found Tut's coffins. There were three of them, one inside another. When Carter opened the last one, the mummy of King Tut was revealed. Carter knew that no one had been in the tomb since ancient times because no one had taken the gold from the tomb. it was hard to find. the mummy was still in the coffin. he was a scientist. A Tutankhamen became king of Egypt when he was nine years old. This was about 1300 years before Christ. He died when he was 18 years old. On the whole, Tut's reign was uneventful. Ay, his advisor, made most of the decisions and succeeded Tut as king after Tut's death. ~Tut is so well remembered because of the magnificence of his tomb.~ To this day no tomb has been found that is in better shape or holds more artifacts. Which of the following is not true about Tut? He died as a teenager. His advisor made most of the decisions. He is remembered for his achievements. His reign was uneventful. C The artifacts in Tut's tomb electrified the scientific world. There were more that 5,000 objects taken from the tomb. Among them were chests, jewels, statues, clothing, beds, and even a throne. There were also many weapons scattered about. ~Aside from the money value of the objects, they were priceless for the information they contained.~ These objects tell us about the lives of the ancient Egyptians. Which of the following is not true about the objects found in Tut's tomb? They told scientists about the Egyptians. They were important only because they were worth so much money. There were many different kinds of things found. They excited the scientific world. B Most of the items found in Tut's tomb are now displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. ~People come from all over the world to view the beautiful objects.~ There is something deeply exciting about seeing the handiwork of a people that lived 3,000 years ago. The artifacts from Tut's tomb toured the United States in the 1970's. Hundreds of thousands of people flocked to the exhibit to get a glimpse at the world of an ancient king. * * * The items found in Tut's tomb are kept from the public. are always on tour. never leave the Egyptian Museum. have been seen by thousands of people. D Imagine that you are a U.S. soldier in Vietnam in 1968. It is Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, and ~a cease-fire has been announced.~ You take advantage of this time to relax and write your family. Suddenly a shell explodes in your camp. Soon there is a full bombardment as the Viet Cong attack your position. After a night of bitter fighting, you have been able to hold your position, but many of your friends are dead. This is the Tet Offensive - the turning point of the Vietnam War. Which of the following is not true about the soldier discussed in this passage? He was expecting the attack. He held his position. Some of his friends died. He was writing his family when the attack came. A In the 1950's, Vietnam was divided into two nations - North Vietnam, a communist nation, and South Vietnam, a republic. ~Some of the people in the south wanted to join with the north and become one nation. These people were called Viet Cong.~ North Vietnam supported this idea. They felt that the government of the south was corrupt and that it should be overthrown. In 1957, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese attacked South Vietnam and gained control of several areas. The Viet Cong were against the government of South Vietnam. from the north of Vietnam. against the government of North Vietnam. against joining the two nations. A The United States sent money, arms, and advisors to South Vietnam. Then, in 1964, President Johnson sent U.S. troops to help fight the Viet Cong and ordered planes to bomb North Vietnam. As time went on, the war escalated. By 1969 there were more than 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam. It was hard for the U.S. soldiers. They were fighting in alien territory and never knew which villagers were their friends. ~Their enemies were familiar with the land and were good at hiding in the jungle.~ Which of the following is not true about the U.S. troops in Vietnam? Their numbers grew through 1969. They didn't know which villagers to trust. They knew the jungle better than their enemies. By 1969, there were 500,000 of them in Vietnam. C During the Tet cease-fire, the communists attacked U.S. positions throughout South Vietnam. Although they failed to hold any of the ground that they took, ~some people back in the United States began to oppose the war.~ They saw the fighting on TV and began to feel that U.S. involvement in the war was wrong. When Richard Nixon was elected President, he promised to end the war. On March 29, 1973, the last U.S. troops were pulled out of Vietnam. South Vietnam surrendered to the communists three years later. The Tet Offensive ended the war right away. led some people in the U.S. to oppose the war. proved that the U.S. involvement in Vietnam was wrong. was a complete success for the communists. B The Vietnam War had a profound effect on the people of the United States. ~About 58,000 Americans died in Vietnam.~ Many people wondered why they had to die in another country's civil war. This was also the first war that the United States didn't win, and some people lost faith in America's power. Today, the United States is more careful about getting involved in the problems of another country. The lessons from the Vietnam War will not be forgotten. * * * Which of the following statements is false? The U.S. did not win the Vietnam War and lost 58,000 Americans as well. The U.S. is more careful about getting involved in another country's problems. The Vietnam War was the first war the U.S. did not win. Not many Americans died in Vietnam because it was a limited war. D There was a time in United States history when a woman could not dream of being a doctor or a lawyer. Women were denied the chance to own property or go to college. ~They were not allowed to vote.~ Many people thought women should have the same rights as men. They worked to change the unfair laws that restricted a woman's role in society. During the period discussed in this passage, women were not allowed to vote. able to own property. allowed to attend college. encouraged to have a career. A In the United States, the movement for women's rights began in the 1800's. Women started to work in factories, but were paid less than men. ~Some people wanted others to know about the inequality and did things to draw attention to the problem.~ They went on marches, carried banners and made speeches. They wrote articles in newspapers and handed out pamphlets. This slowly began to change the way that people thought about women. People went on marches and made speeches to make it possible for women to work in factories. get people to read their articles and pamphlets. upset the government. draw attention to the unfair treatment of women. D In 1848, a convention was called in Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights. The members issued a declaration that stated that "all men and women were created equal." It went on to say that women should have the same rights as men. At the convention the members decided that they should first try to get women the right to vote. ~After women could vote, they would be able to get laws passed that would help women.~ The right to vote is called "suffrage" and the women working for this right were called "suffragettes." The members of the convention decided to fight for the right to vote first because they felt that all men and women were created equal. they were called suffragettes. once women could vote, they could change the laws. they didn't care about the other rights. C When the United States entered World War I, many of the men went off to fight. Women took over their jobs in factories, offices, and almost every other field. The women were still paid less, but people realized that women were capable of doing so-called "men's work." After the war, women were given the right to vote and things slowly began to improve. Then, in the 1960's, a new women's rights movement gained strength. ~Its goal was for women to have the same chance to own businesses and hold government offices as men.~ The new women's rights movement of the 1960's proved that women were capable of doing the same work as men. wanted to give women the same chances as men in government and business. got women the right to vote. did not accomplish anything for women. B ~The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) promised equal rights for men and women under the law.~ After its approval by Congress, it had to be ratified by three-fourths of the states before it could be added to the Constitution. Not enough states ratified the ERA. In spite of this, women today are making advances in the U.S. They are being elected to public office. They are doctors, lawyers, and scientists. As people change the way they think about women in society, women come closer to having full equality. * * * The ERA was ratified by all the states. is a part of the Constitution. was not approved by Congress. promised equal rights to men and women. D In 1982, Beirut, Lebanon was a war-torn city. One day a part of the city underwent heavy bombing. For hours the bombs and rockets devastated the area. When it was over, people were amazed to see a tiny, elderly nun leading a group of retarded children on their way through the debris. This woman's name was Mother Teresa. She had rescued the children from a bombed hospital. ~Wherever there is human misery in the world, Mother Teresa can be found, doing her best to ease the suffering.~ Mother Teresa works only in places where there are wars. out of Beirut, Lebanon. wherever there is human suffering. with children only. C Mother Teresa began her work in Calcutta, India in 1948. She was in India doing missionary work for the Catholic Church. Every day she saw the suffering of the poor and sick who lived in dreadful squalor. ~One day while she was riding on a train, Mother Teresa felt that God told her to devote her life to helping the poor.~ She left the comfort of the convent and went out into the dirty streets of Calcutta to fulfill her destiny. Mother Teresa decided to work for the poor when she felt that God spoke to her on a train. saw the poor in Calcutta. joined the Catholic Church. got permission to leave the convent. A Mother Teresa started by opening a small school for poor children. As she worked with the children, she couldn't help but feel that there were others who needed her help. ~More and more people were joining her in her work and so she organized new efforts to relieve the poor.~ She distributed food and medicine and opened a home for dying people who had nowhere else to go. It wasn't long before Mother Teresa and her followers were working all over the world. Mother Teresa was able to start new efforts to relieve the poor because she was working all over the world. other people were helping her. she didn't want to teach the children anymore. there were dying people who had nowhere to go. B The people who work with Mother Teresa are called the Missionaries of Charity. ~They share the same sort of existence as the poor people that they serve.~ They have a few simple possessions and eat small meals of rice or other staples. Rising at 4:30 in the morning, they spend long days caring for the sick, teaching children, and feeding the poor. This may seem like a hard life, but Mother Teresa says the greatest happiness is in taking care of others. The lifestyle of the Missionaries of Charity is not a hard life. too hard for people who are not religious. better than the poor people's lifestyle. the same as the poor people's lifestyle. D Over the years Mother Teresa's work has been recognized by the entire world. ~She has been honored by many of the world's leaders~ and has won prestigious awards. Perhaps the most important of these was the Nobel Peace Prize, which she received in December 1979. She used the $190,000 from the award to build more homes for the homeless. Mother Teresa calls the poor of the world "my people." Her love and care for these people has placed her among the greatest people of our time. * * * Which of the following is not true about Mother Teresa? She has won several awards for her work. She is disliked by most of the world's leaders. She is one of the greatest people of our time. Her work has been widely recognized. 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President's wife mother politician fund raiser Mrs. Roosevelt was a ~reluctant~ first lady. unwilling beautiful active happy Eleanor was ~compared~ with her mother. contrasted seen unhappy happy Eleanor was very ~miserable~ at home. unhappy dull lonely glad She was more ~self-confident~ later in life. sure of herself shy unsure educated Franklin ~proposed to~ her. asked to marry dated left married She was ~concerned~ about the poor people. worried wondering unhappy careless CDEFGHKennedy ~clutched~ his throat. grabbed rubbed choked opened Kennedy was ~assassinated~ by Oswald. killed elected hurt fired The police were ~positive~ that it was Oswald. sure saying uncertain afraid The people ~mourned~ Kennedy's death. were sad about celebrated heard about caused The killing could have been ~prevented~. stopped an accident delayed planned The man said he was ~innocent~. not guilty guilty free kind They ~witnessed~ the crime. saw committed thought of stopped The crops were buried under ~mounds~ of dust. piles layers a lot different kinds The ~crops~ died without water. plants weeds insects animals The sky was red with ~dust~. dirt rain light wind Plants protect the soil from ~erosion~. wearing away insects the sun dust The farms were ~ruined~ by the storms. spoiled watered built up washed The ~severe~ dust storms ruined crops. strong windy mild dry They use modern ~methods~ to farm. ways tools plowing workers Prohibition was an ~era~ in U.S. history. time period law mistake year ~Gangsters~ sold alcohol in 1920. criminals mafia shop owners drinkers The government passed a law ~banning~ alcohol. forbidding allowing changing bottling Someone is ~pounding~ on the door. banging knocking slamming scratching They ~produced~ their own alcohol. made sold shipped drank The bars were ~packed~ every night. crowded opened empty closed A large ~portion~ of the people still drank. part area type serving JKLMNOThere is a ~value~ to our mistakes. worth money harm problem There is a ~solution~ to the problem. answer approach mixture twist The plant ~blooms~ in May. flowers dies grows quickly closes up This ~particular~ plant blooms early. certain flowering small tropical The boy took his ~regular~ route to school. usual alternate planned slowest They ~founded~ the city of Rio. started left discovered rebuilt The gold trade ~attracted~ people to the area. drew moved asked shipped France ~invaded~ Portugal. attacked traded with defended disliked Brazil gained its ~independence~ from Portugal. freedom wealth language culture They have ~developed~ their own culture. created changed ruined used The ~festival~ is held every year. party parade meeting game The Puritans were very ~strict~. stern mean religious holy She gave a ~piercing~ shriek. loud musical small long The pressure on them was ~mounting~. getting worse going away strong painful The girls ~testified~ at the trial. spoke out were accused watched were sentenced She ~described~ what happened. told lied about planned caused She couldn't ~attend~ college. go to pay for skip like They taught her to ~pursue~ her goals. go after find give up on like They ~rarely~ let her speak. almost never often never always She wrote about ~granting~ the right to vote. giving buying taking selling She is an important ~figure~ in history. person body shape legend QRSTUVBolivar trained an ~efficient~ army. skillful brave small large The Spanish army was better ~equipped~. supplied dressed trained fed He ~inherited~ a large fortune from his family. received earned stole spent The army ~seized~ the town of Caracas. captured left surrounded fought They ~proclaimed~ independence from Spain. declared wanted asked for wrote about Spanish ~influence~ was ended after the war. control language trade tax There was ~hostility~ between the enemies. dislike envy trade distance Countries were ~constantly~ at war. always never skilled sometimes Human ~sacrifice~ was part of their religion. killing worship gods study Their cruelty ~accounted~ for people's fear. was the reason made up added asked The Aztecs ~conquered~ weaker tribes. defeated fought ruled met They went on a ~quest~ for prisoners. search war escape ship The empire reached the ~height~ of its power. peak depths tallness end The Indians ~assisted~ Cortez battle the king. helped fought followed welcomed Blackbeard had a ~sinister~ reputation. evil good wild mysterious Blackbeard was a ~gigantic~ man. huge mean tiny jolly The pirates ~plundered~ the ship. robbed burned sank attacked They ~pleaded with~ the Governor. begged talked to argued with ordered The ~dreaded~ pirate was finally caught. feared dark bloodthirsty drunken He ~maneuvered~ his ship close to shore. guided raced sank pulled During the ~fray~, his men were killed. fight unraveling storm attack XYZ[\]He was famous for his ~prowess~ with a gun. skill quickness aim clumsiness Billy the Kid was a ~notorious~ outlaw. well known good mean fast He became an outlaw ~immediately~. right away much later forever for a time He was shot in a ~quarrel~ over cards. argument gunfight bet misdeal Billy was ~infuriated~ by his friend's death. angered saddened scared startled The outlaws ~rustled~ Murphy's cattle. stole herded spotted returned Pat found Billy in an ~abandoned~ house. empty old burned out ruined Giving the statue was a ~gesture~ of friendship. act movement beginning end The torch ~symbolizes~ the light of freedom. stands for shines hides becomes Liberty's left arm ~bears~ a tablet. carries clears opens writes on The chain stands for ~tyranny~. lack of freedom happiness freedom rulers The statue was ~completed~ in 1884. finished built started moved Travelers saw the statue when they ~arrived~. got there left passed flew The riders needed ~fresh~ horses. rested young fast speedy The riders ~delivered~ mail by horses. brought wrote lost returned The cowboy carried money in a ~pouch~. bag wallet saddle envelope Buffalo Bill was a ~hero~ of the West. brave man villain fighter doctor The riders ~endured~ heat in the desert. suffered escaped avoided complained of Bill Hickock was the ~mayor~ of Abilene. chief official laughing stock county sheriff drunk The riders made an 1,800-mile ~trek~. trip railroad track road circle He ~hired~ riders to carry the mail. employed fired forced found _`abcdThe labor movement was ~organized~ by Chavez. planned run left changed The workers wanted to keep their ~dignity~. pride money health homes Farm workers were ~abused~ by the bosses. mistreated underpaid blamed yelled at Papa Chavez was ~compelled~ to sell his store. forced tempted about asked Chavez ~witnessed~ much suffering. saw caused told about eased He ~urged~ the workers to join the union. begged forced wanted payed Your rights are legally ~protected~. guarded taken away hidden limited There are ~amendments~ to the Constitution. changes faults parts laws Slavery was ~abolished~ in 1860. ended started important tried They were ~required~ to let blacks vote. forced asked supposed pleased Blacks and whites went to ~separate~ schools. different better the same harder They tried to find a ~route~ around the island. way road address land The sea route ~connects~ the two oceans. links crosses leaves goes around The explorers ~claimed~ the land for France. declared searched wanted recognized Interest in the search began to ~wane~. lessen increase change harden They ~confronted~ many dangers on the trip. faced ran from heard about made up The fleet was ~poised~ off the coast. waiting sunk moving fought Cleopatra wanted to ~depose~ the king. dethrone kill crown marry They defeated her ~opponents~. enemies armies friends navy The leader had some ~financial~ problems. money health family tax She believed that he would ~humiliate~ her. shame capture marry scare fghijkWe followed the ~path~ up the mountain. trail highway street map It's hard to breathe at that ~altitude~. height time place temperature The ~unique~ pottery is from Peru. one-of-a-kind usual simple expensive The large drawings are ~mysterious~. unexplainable gigantic clear beautiful It was easy to ~obtain~ the things they needed. get sell trade lose He had to ~adapt~ to his new life. adjust cling add agree As time pased, the problems were ~addressed~. worked on sent created ignored It was a ~remote~ possibility that he would win. unlikely real good strange The ~sightseers~ visited the place. tourists cameramen scientists troublemakers ~Extraterrestrials~ may have visited them. space creatures scientists ghosts airplane pilots They made a pile of ~pebbles~. tiny rocks sticks garbage seeds They moved ~a ton~ of stones. 2,000 pounds two truckloads a pile a handful He wanted to ~demonstrate~ his ability. prove hide fake use He was ~recognized~ as a great actor. known getting rich shown disguised He refused to play ~demeaning~ roles. degrading hard small wicked Pollution upsets nature's ~delicate~ balance. fragile wild sturdy pretty Mankind ~depends~ on nature. relies pollutes makes money lives Their ~pottery~ had strange markings. clay pots flowers tools hunting weapons The Pacific is a huge ~expanse~ of water. area ocean amount layer She studied animals that ~inhabit~ the sea. live in travel on go to enjoy They sprayed ~insecticides~ on the crops. bug poisons fertilizers water bugs mnopqrEllison was an ~aspiring~ writer. ambitious good busy rejected The books had been ~discarded~ by others. thrown out read disliked enjoyed Ralph was an ~avid~ reader. eager good slow fast He became a respected ~author~. writer critic speaker reader The critics read the ~novel~. story encyclopedia news message What was the ~theme~ of his book? subject length secret hero's name At first the writer's life was ~difficult~. hard exciting busy rewarding The book was ~published~ in 1952. printed read started reviewed He received an award at the ~ceremony~. formal event party election library Amelia had a different ~opinion~. point of view answer ability way of life She saw many ~wounded~ soldiers. injured scared brave retired She went on a ~solo~ flight. done alone flying low ocean fast Amelia's ~spirit~ continues to live. soul child story adventure She wanted to fly around the ~globe~. world track stadium country The airplane ~vanished~. disappeared landed crashed flew away Amelia was a ~courageous~ woman. brave strong angry exciting The scientist ~investigated~ the problem. looked into solved rejected made up The germs changed ~dramatically~. greatly dangerously easily quickly The drug was very ~beneficial~. helpful powerful dangerous easy to use ~Intellectuals~ shared ideas in Harlem. smart thinkers great writers city leaders scientists Harlem was a place of ~progress~. moving forward tall buildings equality comfort 'GAME.D3t !v'GAME.A4{ !~'GAME.C4 !!'GAME.D4 !!FINDER.DATAɐ0puvwxyzThe Bill of Rights ~guaranteed~ certain rights. promised outlawed discovered ignored It outlined five ~crucial~ rights. important legal unimportant civil The law ~prohibits~ an arrest without a reason. forbids delays allows promises People have the right to be tried ~promptly~. quickly in court later by jury The government tried to ~oppress~ the people. dominate rule tax free They ~foraged~ for food in the woods. searched dug prayed asked He was ~enraged~ when she disobeyed him. very angry sorry shocked crazy She helped them escape from ~bondage~. slavery cruelty harm plantations She freed the slaves that they ~encountered~. came across captured followed looked for She ~established~ a home for needy blacks. started built closed paid for There was a ~furious~ wind. strong mild whistling cold He wanted to visit the ~frigid~ Arctic Circle. very cold distant dangerous unexplored He ~obtained~ leave from the Navy to go home. got asked for was refused denied They crossed the water on ice ~floes~. chunks bridges skates sleds He ~calculated~ their position. figured guessed knew moved They added ~amendments~ to the Constitution. improvements paragraphs signatures titles He did not have to ~testify~ against himself. witness fight brush react Her skull was ~fractured~. cracked crushed shrunk photographed She opened a home for ~elderly~ blacks. old sick poor angry Their supply of food was ~dwindling~. shrinking rotting freezing growing They had many ~hardships~. troubles strong boats victories arguments |}~They are in sharp ~contrast~ with the new city. difference clash agreement trouble The pyramids are old ~structures~. buildings frames statues ruins The pyramids were ~ancient~ tombs. very old hollow royal giant They ~preserved~ the bodies of the dead. embalmed displayed buried hid A sandstone covering gave it a ~finished~ look. polished ugly strange false The passageway ~descends~ to the chamber. goes down rises goes up winds They built ~inclined~ earthen ramps. sloping level large narrow The pyramid was ~pillaged~ by thieves. robbed destroyed defaced untouched It was a time of political ~upheaval~. disorder growth peace war The Quakers are a Christian ~sect~. group god political party prayer Quakers are ~pacifists~. nonviolent religious soldiers Christians They had an important ~role~ in U.S. history. part act moment play Slavery was an ~issue~ that concerned them. matter sin work force rumor The prisoners were given ~humane~ treatment. kind medical cruel safe The ~media~ reported on the trial. press lawyers students judge Jordan ~addressed~ the nation. spoke to called questioned wrote to They decided to ~impeach~ the President. charge trust discuss elect Everyone ~respected~ Jordan's work. admired envied hated criticized The ~biased~ laws were changed. unfair strict new just Jordan had an ~impressive~ career. admirable short unimportant busy Barbara Jordan was an ~eloquent~ speaker. effective poor boring shy Knighthood is an honor ~bestowed~ by the king. given named used created Knights were metal-~clad~ warriors. suited armed using shielded The battle was an ~awesome~ event. remarkable boring happy horrible The training was very ~rigorous~. difficult lengthy easy relaxed He was a ~full-fledged~ knight. complete courageous fake famous They wore ~cumbersome~ suits of armor. clumsy ugly old-fashioned tight He helped people in ~distress~. trouble a fight poverty other countries The new invention ~fired~ their imagination. excited dulled came from was only They were ~intrigued~ by the idea. interested worried frightened bored He ~designed~ a glider. planned built flew paid for They ~attached~ a cable to the plane. fastened threw released sent Ropes were used to keep the plane ~stable~. steady on the ground together in the air There was a ~brisk~ wind that day. strong freezing light warm The ~details~ of the flights were kept a secret. small points plans times distances They were treated like ~second-class~ citizens. less important poor criminal foreign India was full of ~rumors~ of rebellion. gossip areas lies groups He went to ~liberate~ the slaves. free lead please educate He worked hard to ~achieve~ his goal. reach find guard place They protested the ~injustice~ of the law. unfairness penalty use actions They had to ~purchase~ the government's salt. buy steal hide sell There was ~strife~ between India and England. conflict misery danger poverty The king had to ~justify~ his actions. explain legalize hide hurry Crete demanded ~tribute~ from Athens. taxes thanks soldiers surrender He tried to ~consolidate~ his kingdom. unify leave rule tax He ~unveiled~ his plan at the meeting. revealed created changed gave up on The soldiers fought ~valiantly~. bravely carefully halfheartedly quickly The plan was ~complicated~. complex confused secret simple Alexander was a ~brilliant~ general. very smart careful shining popular He ~strove~ to unify the nation. tried wanted was forced planned The ~belt~ of mountain ranges is very wide. strip outline hit length Mud and sand ~collected~ at the sea bottom. settled mixed moved separated The tide ~recedes~ from the shore. draws back 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He didn't fight with guns or bombs. He spoke out for freedom for all people, black and white. Dr. King led marches to change unfair laws. With his words he led people to join together to make a better future for all. The main idea of this passage is that Martin Luther King, Jr. was a very rich and powerful man. a famous Catholic priest. an important lawyer. a great speaker and leader. D Martin Luther King's early life prepared him for his future. He was the son of a preacher. Martin spent Sundays listening to his father's sermons. From his father, he learned that words were powerful. He dreamed of becoming a public speaker. He had a natural way with words that made people want to listen to him. With this talent, Martin Luther King, Jr. would become one of America's greatest leaders. The main idea of the passage is that Dr. King's early life prepared him to be a great public speaker and leader. Dr. King's father was a preacher who gave beautiful sermons every Sunday. as a young man, King loved to read books about important people. as a young boy, King dreamed of becoming a powerful leader someday. A As a student, King was hungry to learn everything. He skipped two grades. King graduated from high school at the age of 15. He then graduated from college. Later he went on for a Ph.D. in Pennsylvania. There King learned about Gandhi. From books, he read about peace marches that Gandhi led. The marches changed the unfair laws of India. Later King's marches helped black Americans get their rights. This passage mainly talks about how quickly Dr. King learned. Dr. King's studies in high school. how King's education changed his life. King's life as a student in Pennsylvania. C Dr. King's career as a civil rights leader began in Montgomery, Alabama. Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. In the 1950's, this was against the law. Rosa Parks went to jail. Martin Luther King went to the people. Together they started a boycott. People in Montgomery refused to ride the buses. The boycott lasted almost a year. Finally, the laws were changed. King had won. This passage is mainly about how Rosa Parks went to jail in Montgomery, Alabama in 1950. Dr. King led the boycott in Montgomery to change the unfair laws. blacks were not allowed to ride buses in Alabama in the 1950s. blacks were forced to ride in the back of the buses in the 1950s. B On August 28, 1963, Dr. King made his most famous speech. In fact, it became one of the most famous speeches ever given. Over a quarter of a million people marched to Washington, D.C. They marched for civil rights. They gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Millions more watched on TV. King's words rang out over the crowd. "I have a dream," he cried, "that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they are not judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." * * * The most important thing to remember about the famous speech is it was made in 1963 at the end of a civil rights march. it became one of the most famous speeches ever made. it was made on television before millions of people. it was about the children and grandchildren of Martin Luther King, Jr. B Some people think that humanity has run out of new lands to explore. This is far from the truth. Our planet is surrounded by a vast universe. In the future, men and women will explore this universe. They will travel to new stars. Adventurers will bring back tales of new worlds. In the past, men explored the oceans. They were sea travelers who found new lands. The most ferocious of these were the Vikings. What is the main idea of this passage? Mankind has run out of places to explore. The Vikings were a ferocious people who traveled to new places. The Earth is surrounded by an unexplored universe. The Vikings explored the oceans, just as we will explore space. D The Vikings lived in villages by the sea. They had houses of wood and stone. When at home, they raised crops and livestock. They also hunted and fished. The Vikings were skilled craftspeople. They worked with wood and metal. It was hard for them to grow much food in the cold north. So they traded their crafts for the things that they needed. Much of their time at home was spent forging weapons for fighting. They also made other things to use for trade. This passage is mainly about what the Vikings did at home for food and money. how the Vikings traded for things they needed. how the Vikings were skilled craftspeople. the crops and livestock that the Vikings raised. A Although the Vikings were traders, they are more famous as warriors. The other people in Europe were terrified of the Vikings. Not many people could stand up to them in a fight. There are several reasons for this. One was that the Vikings loved heroic deeds. They often wrote poems about them. Their gods were almost all warriors. Their heaven was a place where men fought every day. It is no wonder that a person growing up in this culture would be warlike. The main idea of this passage is that the Vikings loved heroic deeds. the Vikings' warlike culture made them good warriors. most people could not beat the Vikings in a fight. the other Europeans were afraid of the Vikings. B Today, Viking culture can be seen throughout Europe. This is because they traveled to almost all of Europe. They changed the people that they met. The Vikings attacked Ireland very early. From there they attacked England and the west coast of Europe. As time passed, they needed more places to raid. They sailed further and further in search of new lands. The Vikings went to Russia and northern Europe. They also went south into the Mediterranean Sea. They even beached their ships in parts of northern Africa. The main idea of this passage is that the Vikings ran out of places to raid. Viking culture can still be seen today. Ireland was the first place that the Vikings attacked. the Vikings brought some of their culture to almost all of Europe in their travels. D The first person to sail to the North America was probably a Viking. The Vikings sailed west to Iceland and Greenland. From there, they went even further. Around the year 1000, a Viking named Lief Ericson landed in North America. He probably landed in Nova Scotia or New England. As far as we know, he was the first European to set foot on North America. Ericson called the new land "Vinland" because he found many wild vines growing there. He didn't know that he had found a new continent. It was not known as the "New World" until Columbus arrived in 1492. * * * This passage is mainly about Ericson calling the new land "Vinland." the Vikings' travels to Iceland and Greenland. Ericson being the first to land in North America. North America being known as the "New World." C Could a shy, unhappy girl grow up to be first lady? It happened to Eleanor Roosevelt. She was the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She is thought to be the most active first lady in American history. She traveled all over the world working for her husband. During her life, she worked for the United Nations and wrote several books. Most of these were stories of her public life. Mrs. Roosevelt is known as "the reluctant first lady." She is called this because she did not like being a public figure. What is the main idea of this passage? Mrs. Roosevelt was a shy but active first lady. Mrs. Roosevelt wrote several books. Mrs. Roosevelt did not like being a public figure. Mrs. Roosevelt traveled all over the world. A Eleanor Roosevelt was born into a rich New York family. She was given anything she wanted. You might think that this would mean a happy childhood, but this was not the case. Eleanor's mother was very beautiful and Eleanor was not. She was always being compared with her mother. Sadly, her mother didn't care for Eleanor. Also, Eleanor had to wear a brace for a time to straighten a crooked back. All of this made her very shy. Then, when Eleanor was 10, her father died. The loss of the person she loved most hurt Eleanor deeply. The main idea of this passage is that Eleanor did not have a happy childhood. Eleanor's mother didn't like her. Eleanor was shy. Eleanor loved her father more than anyone else. A After her father's death, Eleanor lived with her grandmother. Eleanor was miserable until she was sent off to school. While at school Eleanor had a teacher named Marie Souvestre. Marie changed Eleanor's life. She taught Eleanor to find out things for herself. She also taught her to care for other people. Marie helped Eleanor find the self-confidence that she would need to be first lady. This passage is mainly about Eleanor's life at her grandmother's house. Marie Souvestre's life as a teacher. a change for the better in Eleanor's life. how people should care for other people. C When she was 18, Eleanor met Franklin Roosevelt. Franklin was her fifth cousin. They had known each other since childhood. Eleanor's family didn't approve of Franklin's carefree attitude. But when he proposed to Eleanor, she agreed to marry him. After their wedding, Franklin became a lawyer in New York. Later he was elected governor. Then Franklin had a polio attack. He was crippled for the rest of his life. Eleanor was forced to do the traveling that he couldn't do. This passage is mainly about Franklin's polio attack. Franklin and Eleanor's early life together. the wedding of Franklin and Eleanor. Eleanor's travels. B Eleanor was always concerned about the suffering of others. When Franklin became president, Eleanor worked hard for her husband. However, she still found time for her own work. She worked for poor people and troubled youth. She also fought for equal rights for minority groups. Most of her work in the United Nations was for human rights. She spent her life trying to improve the world around her. * * * What is the main idea of this passage? The wife of a president must work hard. Eleanor couldn't forget how she had suffered. Eleanor was in the United Nations. Eleanor worked hard to help other people. D  In the late 1880's, the Western United States was a wild place. Arguments were often settled with a gun or a knife. The only law was the local sheriff. Sometimes he was as bad as the outlaws. This was the time of gunfighters. Doc Holliday and Wyatt Earp were famous for their prowess with a gun. Perhaps the most notorious gunfighter was a young man named Billy the Kid. This passage is mainly about the gunfighters who lived in 1880. the early life of Billy the Kid. the law in the Old West being the local sheriff. the Old West and some of the gunfighters of the time. D This Wild West outlaw was born in New York City in 1859. His real name was Henry McCarty. When he was a child, his family moved to New Mexico. He learned the ways of the Wild West and even learned how to gamble. Then, when he was 15, Billy's mother died. He fell into the wild ways of the frontier. Making a living by gambling and stealing, Billy began his career as an outlaw. The main idea of this passage is that Billy's real name was Henry McCarty. Billy's mother died after they moved to New Mexico. Billy started to become an outlaw at an early age. Billy was a gambler in New Mexico. C Billy began his life on the run at an early age. When he was 18, he shot a man to death in a quarrel over cards. After the killing, he changed his name to William Bonney and went into hiding. His fame grew. People started calling him "Billy the Kid." It was at that time that Billy met a cattle rancher named Tunstall. They became friends. Billy even went to work on his ranch. For a time, Billy settled down. He seemed to be changing his ways. But it was not to last. This passage is mostly about how Billy went on the run until he got a job on a cattle ranch. Billy changed his name after he killed a man. At 18, Billy was already running from the law. Billy became a cattle rancher. A While Billy worked for him, Tunstall was in a cattle war with a wealthy rancher named Murphy. One day Murphy's men caught Tunstall alone and killed him. Billy was infuriated by the death of his friend. He and some others went looking for revenge. They rustled Murphy's cattle. They killed some of his men. When a sheriff was sent to arrest him, Billy killed him also. Billy was back on the outlaw trail. This passage is mainly about how Billy became an outlaw again. the cattle wars started. Tunstall died. Billy and his friends rustled cattle. A A man named Pat Garrett finally put an end to Billy's life of crime. Garrett was an old friend of Billy's. He was also a sheriff. Pat caught Billy and put him in jail. Billy was found guilty and sentenced to hang. Killing two deputies, he managed to escape. Pat caught up with Billy again in an abandoned house. There was a gunfight and Billy was killed. During his life, Billy the Kid had killed 21 men, all before he turned 21. * * * The main idea of this passage is that crime doesn't pay. Pat Garrett was finally able to stop Billy. Pat Garrett was disloyal to his old friend. Billy escaped hanging. B For 100 years the Statue of Liberty has been welcoming people to the United States. This copper statue was a gift from the people of France. It was a gesture of friendship. The French wanted to commend the United States for the freedom of its people. Today it still stands in New York Harbor. It is our most famous symbol. This passage is mainly about how the Statue of Liberty is in New York Harbor. the freedom of the people in the United States. the age of the Statue of Liberty. the Statue of Liberty being a gift from France. D The Statue of Liberty is about 150 feet tall. The French made the statue to symbolize freedom. Its right arm holds a great torch raised high in the air. This torch symbolizes the light of freedom. The other arm bears a tablet. The date of the Declaration of Independence is written on the tablet. A crown with huge spikes, like the sun's rays, rests on the head. Under the statue's feet is a broken chain. This stands for the overthrow of tyranny. The main idea of this passage is that the statue carries a torch and tablet. the broken chain stands for the end of tyranny. the statue was made to symbolize freedom. the torch and broken chain stand for freedom. C The French decided to give the statue to the United States on its 100th birthday. But first they needed money to build it. The French people donated $250,000 to pay for the statue. Then a French engineer and a French sculptor planned the statue. They created an iron framework and molded copper sheets over it. Ten years later, the statue was finished and ready to be shipped to the United States. What is the main idea of this passage? The French people paid for the statue. The statue was planned, built and paid for by the French. The statue was planned by an engineer and a sculptor from France. The statue had an iron framework covered with copper so that it could be shipped. B On July 4, 1884, the completed statue was the center of a celebration in France. But there was still more work to be done. The statue was carefully taken apart and packed into 214 crates. Then it was shipped to New York. A base had already been built there for the statue. In 1886, the statue was placed on top of the base. There was a great celebration in New York when the work was finally done. This passage is mainly about how the statue was sent to New York and set up. the statue was shipped in France. the statue arrived in New York. people celebrated in New York and France. A Recently, it became clear just how important the statue was to people in the U.S. On the Statue of Liberty's 100th birthday everyone could see that the statue needed repairs. People from all over the nation gave money to help with the job. They did this because the statue is one of America's most important symbols. It was the first thing that millions of people moving to America saw when they arrived. For them, the statue meant the beginning of a new and better life. * * * The main idea of this passage is that the statue is a symbol of freedom for people all over the world. the statue is the first thing people saw when they arrived in America. the statue was repaired on its 100th birthday. the statue is so important to people that they gave money to get it fixed. D In the Old West, the fastest way for a letter to travel was by Pony Express. The Pony Express was a company that delivered mail and news items to California from the Eastern United States. For $1 the Pony Express would deliver a letter to California in ten days. That was the fastest way a letter could travel since there were no telegraph lines to California. A letter that traveled by stagecoach would reach California in about 25 days or even longer. The main idea of this passage is that the Pony Express was part of the U.S. Post Office. the Pony Express was the fastest way to send a letter. letters cost only $1 to send by way of the Pony Express. the stagecoach was faster than the Pony Express. B William Hepburn Russell was the man behind the Pony Express. His new company hired dozens of young men to carry letters and news through Indian territory. One Pony Express rider could not make the 1,800-mile trek by himself. That's why the riders rode in a relay. Each rider rode from 50 to 100 miles to a relay station. At a relay station, the rider would pass his mail pouch to another rider who would continue on to California. It was with this relay system that mail reached Sacramento in only ten days. The main idea of this passage is that William Hepburn Russell was the first Pony Express rider. Pony Express riders were all from Sacramento. the Pony Express delivered the mail by using a relay system. Pony Express riders rode 100 miles a week for very little money. C Pony Express riders became heroes of the new frontier. It became a very glamorous job, but it was also extremely dangerous. To reach California, Pony Express riders had to travel through Indian territory. Despite Indian attacks, Pony Express riders delivered their mail pouches as promised. Besides the Indian problems, weather was a problem for the Pony Express riders. Snow in the mountains and heat in the deserts were some of the conditions the riders endured. The main idea of this passage is that Pony Express riders were thought of as heroes of the new frontier. Pony Express riders were often attacked by Indians. Pony Express riders often rode through terrible weather conditions. being a Pony Express rider was exciting but also very dangerous. D Some Pony Express workers became very famous heroes of the Old West. One was William F. Cody. Cody started as a Pony Express rider when he was only fifteen. Later, Cody became known as Buffalo Bill. Another man who became famous was James Butler Hickock. Later known as Wild Bill Hickock, he was not a Pony Express rider. Hickock was a station keeper. His job was to provide fresh horses for the Pony Express riders. Hickock eventually became mayor of Abilene, Kansas. Abilene was one of the roughest of the Old West towns. The main idea of this passage is that some members of the Pony Express became famous. Buffalo Bill was once a Pony Express station keeper. Wild Bill Hickok once rode for the Pony Express. Abilene, Kansas, was one of the roughest towns in the Old West. A In 1861, telegraph wires were being strung across the Western United States. On October 18 of that same year, the first telegraph message was flashed to California. A message could be sent by telegraph in only a few minutes. That was something the Pony Express could not do. So, sadly, after only one-and-a-half years in business, the Pony Express stopped delivering mail. Although it was short-lived, the Pony Express had captured the hearts of the American people. * * * The main idea of this passage is that telegraph wires were built in 1861. telegraph wires could deliver a message faster than the Pony Express. the Pony Express went out of business due to Indian attacks. the American people were no longer interested in the Pony Express. B   One of the strangest messages ever left by man can be seen in Peru. It is made up of lines drawn onto a flat desert plain. Drawings of huge birds, plants, and patterns are outlined with piles of stones and pebbles. The drawings were left by the Nazca Indians over 1,500 years ago. The most mysterious thing of all is that the designs can only be seen from the sky! The Nazcas may never have seen the vast drawings that they left. The main idea of this passage is that there are many mysteries to be seen in Peru today. the Nazca Indians lived in the deserts of Peru over 1,500 years ago. the Nazca Indians were a group of artists who lived in Peru many years ago. the Nazca Indians left an amazing design on the desert plain of Peru. D One of the unique things about the Nazca designs is their size. They are gigantic! They cover a total area of almost 200 square miles. Tons of stones and pebbles must have been moved to make the outlines of the strange bird and spider figures. There are more than 100 giant drawings. The enormous designs are so big that they can only be seen from an altitude of above 1,000 feet. The most important idea in this passage is that the Nazca Indians were able to make huge designs that could only be seen from a high point. left the largest drawings in the world as a sign of their power. must have had some secret power we don't understand. were interested in leaving pictures that later people could see. A Why did the Nazcas make the complex and strange patterns? There are many possible reasons. Some scientists say the patterns are part of a calendar. The lines and circles may represent the path that the stars travel. They may show the beginning of summer and winter months. This would have been very important for the Nazca Indians, who were farmers. They needed to understand the seasons and the stars. The most important idea in this passage is that the Nazca Indians were simple farmers who did not understand the seasons. the Nazca Indians may have used the patterns as part of a calendar system. the patterns and designs were stories about farming methods. scientists know the patterns were definitely part of a giant calendar. B Some people say that the Nazca Indians must have had helpers. A popular theory is that the helpers were visitors from outer space. In this theory, these extraterrestrials came to Peru in an airship. They helped design the large figures. As proof, the theory points to the Nazca pottery. This pottery shows some interesting designs. Some people say the designs on the pottery look like pictures of airships. This passage is mostly about the theory that extraterrestrials helped the Nazcas make the designs. the Nazca Indians learned about pottery from the extraterrestrials. the Nazca pottery proves that the Indians were extraterrestrials. the Nazca Indians made the designs without any help from outside. A For thousands of years, the patterns have remained. Recently, they have been threatened by curious visitors. These visitors are not from outer space. They are tourists who want to see the mysterious drawings. For years, great numbers of sightseers have walked over the Nazca drawings. But now the government of Peru is doing something about it. It is limiting the number of visitors to the area. For the time being, the mysteries are safe. * * * This passage is mainly about what the Nazca Indians did to protect the designs for a long time. how many tourists come to see the Nazca drawings every year. how the government of Peru is trying to save the Nazca drawings. how the patterns have been ruined by the many people who come to see them. C On the night of April 14, 1964, Sidney Poitier was very nervous. He was waiting for the announcement of the winner of that year's Oscar for Best Actor. He had been nominated for the award for his role in "Lilies of the Field." The possibility of winning seemed very remote to him since a black actor had never won the Best Actor Oscar. Then the announcer read, "The winner is...Sidney Poitier!" Poitier couldn't believe his ears. A black actor had finally won the Oscar for Best Actor. This passage is mainly about Poitier's role in "Lilies of the Field." Poitier being the first black to win the Oscar for Best Actor. how blacks have never won Oscars. black actors trying to find work in Hollywood. B Sidney Poitier saw his first movies as a child in the Bahamas, where he was raised. These films were mostly Westerns, with such heroes as Tom Mix and Roy Rogers. Sidney idolized these film stars. He told himself that one day he would go to Hollywood and be a star. When he was 16, he moved to the United States. It wasn't until then that he realized that being black would hinder his attempts to be an actor. The main idea of this pasage is that watching Westerns influenced Sidney to go to the U.S. to become an actor. Sidney idolized the old film stars like Tom Mix and Roy Rogers. Sidney moved to the United States when he was a young man. black people couldn't work as actors in the United States. A Sidney was confronted daily by the racism in the United States. He didn't understand why he should have to sit in the back of a bus or stay out of certain cafes. Sidney left the South and moved to New York where he joined a black theater. He found that racism was just as prevalent in show business as in any other part of life. Black actors could only work in black theaters. If a black did get a role in a movie, it was usually playing the part of a maid or servant. What is the main idea of this passage? Sidney found that movie roles for blacks were limited. Sidney faced racism in daily life and in the acting business. At that time, black actors could only work in black theaters. Sidney didn't understand racism as he found it in the United States. B Sidney was determined to improve the black actor's place in the movies. He felt that blacks should be able to play leading roles, not just servants and extras. He appeared in movies about racial problems. These early movies gained Sidney a name as a good actor, but they were small productions. Sidney wanted to demonstrate that he, a black, could handle a serious role in a major movie. His chance came with the film "The Blackboard Jungle." This passage is mainly about Sidney's attempts to change the black actor's place in the movies. movies that dealt with racial problems in the United States. Sidney's first role in a major movie that proved his ability as an actor. Sidney getting a name as a good actor by acting in films dealing with racial problems. A After "The Blackboard Jungle," Sidney was recognized as one of America's best young actors. This is what he had fought for all his life. Blacks no longer had to play lesser or demeaning roles. Sidney later starred in many successful motion pictures. Black actors realized the debt that they owed him. His career created opportunities for other black actors in today's film industry. * * * The main idea of this passage is that "The Blackboard Jungle" made Sidney famous as a serious actor. black actors today have more opportunities than they did years ago. Sidney starred in many successful movies and became a very popular star. Sidney's goal of being seen as a serious actor opened the way for new black actors. D Today many people are aware of the dangers of upsetting nature's delicate balance. They realize that mankind is dependent on nature. We get our food, our clothes, and even the air we breathe from natural processes. Now the Brazilian rain forest is being cleared away to make room for people. The plants that are being destroyed produce a large part of the world's oxygen. One of the first people to discover this relationship between man and nature was a woman named Rachel Carson. This passage is mainly about Rachel Carson. man's relationship with the balance of nature. plants producing oxygen. the clearing away of the Brazilian rain forests. B When Rachel Carson was a young girl, she loved the outdoors. She spent every spare minute in the woods watching the wildlife. As she watched, Rachel began to see a pattern in the animals' lives. It occurred to her that there was a cycle to life. Insects ate plants and in turn were eaten by small animals. These small animals were eaten by larger animals. When the large animals died, they became food for the plants. Rachel realized that if one part of the cycle were to disappear, the whole cycle would die out. What is the main idea of this passage? Rachel loved the woods when she was young. If one part of a life cycle disappears, the whole cycle will die out. There is a pattern in animals' lives. Rachel discovered that all creatures depend on each other in the cycle of life. D In 1929, Rachel was a college student studying science. It was then that she saw the ocean for the first time. She fell in love with this expanse of water that was filled with so much life. Rachel decided right then to become a marine biologist - a scientist who studies ocean life. After she graduated from college, Rachel spent many years working as a marine biologist. The main idea of this passage is that marine biologists study ocean life. Rachel studied ocean life for many years. after she saw the ocean, Rachel became a marine biologist. Rachel saw the ocean while she was studying science. C During Rachel's career as a marine biologist, she wrote several books about the sea. In them she shared her love of the sea and of all the creatures that inhabit it. She wrote about plants and animals in the deep ocean and also the ones along the shore. She explained how these creatures live and how they depend on each other. She showed how the chain of life in the ocean was part of the life cycle of the whole planet. This passage is mainly about how the ocean animals depend on each other. what Rachel wrote about in her books on sea life. how the ocean also has cycles of life. Rachel's love of the sea. B Rachel Carson's most famous book was her last one. It was called "Silent Spring." In this book she discussed how insecticides were killing animals. The insecticide that worried her most was DDT. She said that the poisoned bugs would kill the birds and fish who ate them. When the birds and fish were gone, the cycle of nature would be upset and man would eventually suffer. After this book came out, the government banned DDT. Rachel had helped save the animals that she loved. * * * The main idea of this pasage is that Rachel's book on the effects of DDT led the government to ban the poison. "Silent Spring" was Rachel's most famous book. birds and fish die when they eat poisoned bugs. the government banned DDT. A  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 On a hot July day in 1974, Congresswoman Barbara Jordan addressed the nation. It was during the hearings to impeach President Nixon. The media packed the room to hear what Jordan had to say. She started by talking about the Constitution. Jordan said that her people were often not given the rights that it promised. This was not an idle statement. Barbara Jordan was black. Jordan's speech was mainly about the impeachment of President Nixon. dishonest politicians who had treated her unfairly. black people not always being protected by the Constitution. the media reporting on the impeachment hearings. C Barbara Jordan was born at a time when blacks were treated as second-class citizens. But Barbara's father taught her that she could still succeed. He told her that she could be anything she wanted. Barbara took this lesson to heart. She excelled in school and graduated at the top of her class. What is the main idea of this passage? Although blacks were treated badly, Barbara worked hard to be a success. Because schoolwork was easy for Barbara, she never had to work hard for good grades. Barbara Jordan grew up in a time when blacks were held back. Barbara's father did not realize that it was hard for a black person to succeed. A Every year Barbara's high school held a career day. One year a black lawyer named Edith Sampson spoke to the students. She told them that it was important for blacks to enter the legal profession. As lawyers and lawmakers they could change the laws that discriminated against blacks. Barbara was very impressed by the speech. It was then that she decided to be a lawyer. The main idea of this passage is that Barbara's school held a career day to convince students to become lawyers. there used to be laws that were biased against black people. Barbara decided to become a lawyer after listening to Sampson's talk. Edith Sampson thought that there should be more black lawyers. C Barbara Jordan began her impressive political career after years of experience as a lawyer. She saw that the best way to work for her people was through politics. Jordan ran for a seat in the Texas senate and won. There she helped change many unfair laws. But Jordan's success did not stop there. In 1972 she ran for Congress and won easily. Barbara Jordan was only the second black woman in history to become a U.S. congresswoman. This passage is mainly about the Texas senate race. Jordan's helping to change unfair laws. the first black woman in Congress. Jordan's rise in politics. D Jordan's reputation as a great speaker began in 1974. She spoke eloquently at the impeachment hearings for President Nixon. She has continued to speak out against unfair laws. Jordan's co-workers admire her for this. In 1976, Jordan was asked to give a speech at the Democratic Convention. After the speech, Congressman Charles Wilson explained why she was chosen to make this important speech. He summed up the common respect for Jordan. "We sent the best we had," he said. * * * Which sentence is the best summary of this passage? Jordan takes it easy now that she is famous. Jordan is widely respected for her work. Jordan still fights unfair laws. Jordan spoke out for Nixon's impeachment. B Giza is a suburb of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. It lies on the west bank of the Nile River, linked to Cairo by a bridge. A modern city with factories, luxurious apartment buildings, and a university, Giza has played an important role in both the ancient past and the modern present. In sharp contrast to its modern buildings, some of the oldest structures in the world can be found here. They are the pyramids and the Sphinx. The main idea of this passage is that Giza, a suburb of Cairo, contains the pyramids and the Sphinx. there are signs of both the ancient and the modern in Giza. there are old ruins in Giza. Giza is a modern place. B The pyramids at Giza were the tombs of ancient Egyptian kings. The ancient Egyptians believed in life after death. They thought that people would need their bodies in their new lives. Therefore, they took great pains to preserve the bodies of the dead. They did this so well that we have uncovered mummies that are over 4,000 years old. The Egyptians also put things in the tombs that the dead would need in their new lives. These included both everyday objects like clothes and food, and precious ornaments of gold and jewels. This passage is mainly about how the Egyptians buried their dead according to their beliefs. The everyday objects found in Egyptian tombs. how the Egyptians believed in an afterlife. how the Egyptians preserved the bodies of the dead. A There are about 70 known pyramids along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. They are made of huge stone blocks or mud bricks with a layer of sandstone added to give them a finished look. Each pyramid has an entrance in its north wall. From the entrance, a narrow passageway gently descends to a chamber carved out of stone. In this chamber the king's mummy and possessions are found. This passage is mainly about the mummies in the pyramids. a description of the king's tomb. a description of the ancient pyramids. about the inside of the pyramids. C Scientists believe that it took thousands of Egyptian peasants more than ten years to build a single pyramid. The labor involved must have been unbelievable. The peasants built inclined earthen ramps around the pyramid as it was built. Huge blocks of stone were then dragged up the ramps and slid into place. The work was brutal and hundreds of people died to build the pyramids. Which sentence best describes the main idea of this passage? The builders of the pyramids used earthen ramps. Peasants built the pyramids by dragging large stone blocks. Many people died while the pyramids were being built. The building of the pyramids involved hard and dangerous labor. D The three pyramids at Giza are the biggest pyramids standing today. The largest of these, the Great Pyramid, was built in 2600 B.C. for King Cheops. It covers about 13 acres of ground and is as tall as a 40-story building. This pyramid was pillaged by thieves many times, but rooms have been found that were untouched. Some people believe that there are still undiscovered chambers in the Great Pyramid. * * * This passage is mainly about the three pyramids at Giza. how some people believe there are still undiscovered rooms in the Great Pyramid. the Great Pyramid of Cheops. how thieves looted the Great Pyramid. C The mid-1600's was a period of social and political upheaval in England. Many people were beginning to doubt the teachings of the Church of England. One of these people was a preacher named George Fox. Fox believed that all people had what he called the "Inner Light" of Christ in their hearts. He began to teach people to follow this Inner Light so that they could follow God's will and be truly spiritual. The Christian sect that he founded is called the Religious Society of Friends. This passage is mainly about the start of the Religious Society of Friends. social change in England in the mid-1600's. the Inner Light of Christ in people's hearts. people doubting the Church of England. A The members of the Religious Society of Friends became known as the Quakers. Because the Quakers believe that all people have Christ in their hearts, they respect all people. Even murderers and thieves are valued. In times of war they maintain their peaceful stand. They refuse to become soldiers. Instead, they help by doing social service or working as doctors or teachers. What is the main idea of this passage? The Quakers refuse to go to war and fight as soldiers. The Quakers believe that all people have good hearts. The Quakers are nonviolent and believe that all people have value. The Quakers are mainly doctors, teachers or social workers. C Quakers have played an important role in American history. It was a Quaker named William Penn who founded the colony of Pennsylvania. He and his followers wanted to be free to practice their religion in peace. They welcomed people of all religions into their colony. Penn also planned the colony's capital city. He called it Philadelphia. This is a Greek word that means "brotherly love." This passage mainly tells about how the Quakers practice their religion. a Quaker named Penn founding the colony of Pennsylvania. how the city of Philadelphia was planned. the Quakers welcoming people of all religions. B Quakers do not fight in wartime. In peacetime they struggle to combat social injustice. The Quakers were among the first people to speak out against slavery. They believed that it was a sin to own another human being. Some Quakers traveled throughout the South, to persuade fellow Christians to free their slaves. But slavery was not the only issue that concerned them. Many Quakers fought for women's rights and for prison reform. They have also worked to raise the quality of education in the United States. Which sentence best describes the main idea of this passage? The Quakers have worked to better the lives of all people. The Quakers were among the first to take a stand against slavery. Many Quakers fought for women's rights and prison reform. The Quakers worked to improve education. A Although Quakers are scattered all over the world, today most of the world's Quakers live in the United States. They play an important role in social reform. Still following their nonviolent ways, they refuse to harm any human being. They have also continued their work for human rights. They work especially hard for the humane treatment of mental patients. The Quaker schools and colleges are some of the best in the world. * * * The main idea of this passage is that the Quakers have always been nonviolent. most Quakers live in the United States. the Quakers help mental patients. the Quakers are still dedicated to helping others. D 23456789:;<=>"8`@;wn ;w8wm] 7wL4w]] 7wTtv]]; cvtvn [;whtv4ln[;h rn@& 7P mLr`0 @3fL43fL`L#][3fLun3fL3 3@3@h0`L3]3f 3f@L03f,w2f L2f @L f H@5f@f @@]f<X;vnl]k@];0wn`n]t^]wF w]4\Q 7t #Pt ]@FP@4P@nP@tPl l`l h`@n 7Ph t:Hxt~}| ?@|p`?`?|`?`x~?3fL3ffL3fL@3fL38@@@@p``8::@@P#P#L2pD""D8fL33fL DxCg0|La3X@3fL@OCg0@`gLa3@O<;@OOg v`gLg3;|L<3|LyOg f>f|g33|Lyfg3~3v`gLf<~g 0fL3fL3fL3@3fL3fL3fLf<~<~gl`3fL3^L3fL3p3fL/fL3fL3fL3fL3fL`3fL3fL3fL3p3fL3fL3fL3fLseL3fL`3~o3fL?wN3pwN3fL_;gL3fL3fL3fL3gLY3fLy3fl3@Y3fl3f|3vLsn3fLy;wL;f;fLsLs@sL3fN9fNy;fL3fL3fN3"3gLAsKAY3fNCH`Ny X3AY3flG`ls2%0gl9sK9HX3vD Ly 0s;fl9 lOv2"60glQ"c@;Y,X3v(DLq 0";fNCHAOv2"D0vnQ,9"N;Y";w(Dg 0 ";fEYBNv2'D0fLQ,"L;YH"3f(Df0 "3wEqL,"DDA"V""D D0 9"3f EH` "D@"@" DH` " DD"D,+D"@"@@"D{#|@;#\8wn];wn];wn];#\{8p`AN;w#\{G:thQ#G";w"\;G:thQ#G";w"\;8wn];wn];wn]#"D"D"DD"DbC"D"D"D"DbCb"D"DD"Dw"<""D"DA>Dw"D"|"D"DA>Dw"D"|@Cwn];wnD"D"D"|@Cwn];wnD"D"D"| @C"D"Gq#tw"D"|@C"D"Gq#tw"D"|@C"fL"G?tw2f "@C"fL"G?tw2f "@C2"G q#t@"@C2"G q#t@"@C#G "tw@o];@C#G "tw@o];@CC#G w"twx];@CC#G w"twx];@C" G w"tw.n];@C" G w"tw.n];@|9"|?9~|'|?H~'@" H9"@" 9 " " @@@t!!H& , `H,H  ,@L@L@3,X`L#`L@H3X,3,3L53:73;73@u6;73:73 w6X:#:#,07#X, #~?@~?4~ #& C#&trg 73F 73F@~3ft#f 7#f@3d|3d<3d@O3F@|L 2f|3f|O3fD@U*U*U*T*U*U(U/U>U P*U*U* U*U*U*(U*U*U P*U*U* U*U*U*@*U*_*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*@*U*_*U*U*U*U*U*U>U*U*@*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U>U*U*@*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*@*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*@*U*U*U*U*U*UzU*U*U*U*@*U*U*U*U*U*UzU*u+}*U*(U*U*U P*U*U* u+}*U*(U*U*U P*U*U* U*U*U*U*U*U*U*}*T*U*UU*U*U*U*}*T*U*UP*U* U*U @*U*P*U* U*U @*U* U@*U @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefg Everyone makes mistakes. When they do, many people just get angry with themselves. However, creative thinkers see that mistakes have value. They know that we can learn from our errors. The knowledge we gain often leads to a better answer to the problem. Sometimes errors lead to new ideas. Some of the most important discoveries were the result of mistakes. What is the main idea of this passage? People should get angry when they make mistakes. Usually we can learn from our mistakes. Mistakes are more important than answers to problems. Creative thinkers usually give up when they make mistakes. B Columbus set out to find a shorter route to India. Along the way he made a famous mistake. Instead of India he discovered America. We all know that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. But did you know that first he made 1,800 bulbs that didn't work? His mistakes taught him the right way to make a light bulb. One time Napoleon's troops misunderstood one of his orders. In the end their mistake on the battlefield won the battle. This "mistake" became Napoleon's favorite battle plan. From this passage we can see that all mistakes are useless. mistakes come from misunderstandings. some mistakes lead to discoveries. it is important to make several mistakes. C The following story is a perfect example of how the information gained from a mistake can be used. Charles Kittering was an inventor during the early 1900's. He wanted to improve the gas engine. There was a problem with the gas engine called "knock." Knock happened because gas took too long to burn. This slowed the engine down. Kittering searched for ways to get rid of the knock. He needed to get the gas to burn faster. What did Kittering want to do? Invent the gas engine. Get rid of the knock in gas engines. Create a new kind of fuel. Invent a new kind of car. B Kittering looked at nature to find the answer. He found a plant that bloomed very early. It bloomed earlier than other plants because it was red. The red color helped it to hold heat. Kittering thought that red dye might make gas burn faster. He didn't have any red dye with him, but he did have red iodine. So Kittering added the iodine to the gas. Sure enough, the engine stopped knocking. Kittering used iodine in the gasoline because he liked the red color of the plant. thought the color red would make the gas burn fast. didn't have any other chemical in the house at that time. wanted the gasoline to have a reddish color. B Kittering decided to prove that it was the red color that stopped the knock. He used red dye alone. But the engine started knocking again. He realized that it wasn't the color that made the difference. It was something else about the iodine. Kittering's mistake led to a better idea. The next time you make a mistake, stop a moment to think. You may be on the brink of a great discovery. * * * Right after Kittering decided to prove that the red dye stopped the knock, he made a great discovery. he heard the knock again. he added more red color. he gave up the experiment. B In 1502, Portuguese explorers entered a huge bay on the eastern coast of South America. They thought the bay was the mouth of a large river. They named it "Rio de Janeiro." This is Portuguese for "River of January." There was no river but the name stuck. In 1565, the Portuguese founded the city of Rio de Janeiro. They called it Rio for short. They used the bay as a port for their ships from Portugal. The bay was named Rio de Janeiro because the Portuguese got stuck in a large river. found a city called Rio. thought the bay was a river. found Rio in January. C Later the Portugese discovered gold in Brazil. It was shipped from the port of Rio. The gold trade brought more people. In 1763, there were so many people in Rio that it was named the capital of Brazil. Later France invaded Portugal. Hundreds of wealthy Portuguese moved to Rio. They started schools. They made libraries and theaters. Rio became the cultural center of Brazil as well as its capital. What happened right after Rio became the capital? France invaded Portugal. Rio became a cultural center. The gold trade drew people to Rio. Gold was discovered in Brazil. A In 1822 Brazil gained its independence from Portugal. Rio was named the capital of the new nation. Many people moved there from the countryside. They came for jobs or for education. Rio was also the trade center of Brazil. Steamships sailed in from Europe and North America. Much of the money from this trade was spent on the city. Beautiful new streets and buildings were added to the town. Rio was becoming the most important city in South America. What is the main idea of this passage? People came to Rio to get rich. Rio was becoming more beautiful. Rio was the capital of the new nation. Rio was becoming a more important city. D The people of Rio are of mixed races. The Portuguese brought in African slaves. The blacks married the Indians and the Portuguese married both. Other Europeans moved to Rio, too. The people of Rio are mainly dark-skinned. However it is not unusual to see blond hair and blue eyes. They are from many nations. Together people of Rio have developed their own culture. They have their own holidays and traditions. Which of the following sentences is probably not true about the people of Rio? They dislike people of different races. They have their own culture. They have some European blood. Some have blond hair. A Some people think that Rio is the most beautiful city in the world. On one side it has mountains and forests. On the other is the sparkling blue Atlantic Ocean. There are miles of gleaming white beaches. Tourists crowd these beaches all year long. Rio also has famous cafes and nightclubs. But most tourists come to see Carnival. Carnival is a festival held every year. For several days people dance in the streets. They wear wonderful costumes. It is a major part of the culture of Rio. * * * Which sentence is not true about Rio? It is a beautiful city. It is on the Pacific Ocean. It has famous cafes and nightclubs. It has miles of beaches. B The winter of 1692 started out like any other winter in Salem, Massachusetts. But it was to end in tragedy. The people of Salem were members of a religious group called Puritans. The rules were very strict for Puritans. Their minister was Sam Parris. Mr. Parris believed in witches, as did most of the people in Salem. He believed that witches should be killed. One day, his daughter screamed and began to roll around on the floor. Mr. Parris thought that she was bewitched. We can tell from reading this passage that Mr. Parris' daughter was bewitched. the people of Salem were very worried about witches. Salem was a good place to live. the Puritans were cruel. B Mr. Parris's daughter kept acting strangely. Then her cousin began to do the same things. They talked in weird voices and fell to the floor. Soon eight other girls in the village were acting strangely also. Mr. Parris asked other ministers for help. They gathered the girls together to question them. Suddenly one girl gave a piercing shriek. Then all the girls had strange fits. The ministers decided to hunt for the witches who they believed were hurting the girls. Right after Mr. Parris asked the other ministers for help, they gathered the girls together. one girl screamed. they decided to hunt for witches. all the girls had strange fits. A Mr. Parris wanted the girls to name the witches. At first, the girls would not talk. The minister demanded an answer. The pressure on them was building. Finally they named three women. One of these was a slave named Tituba. The women were arrested and put in jail until their trial. The women said they were innocent. Only Tituba said she was a witch. She named others who were witches too. Soon there were dozens of people in jail. This passage is mainly about the accused women waiting for trial. slave Tituba. girls being forced to name the witches. arrest of the women who were supposed to be witches. D As time went on, more and more people were accused of witchcraft. Some were accused because people thought they were strange. Others were accused simply because the accuser didn't like them. The jail was full of people. They were all waiting for trial. That fall the trials began. The girls testified against all the so-called witches. Almost all of them were sentenced to die. Of the 200 people arrested, 19 were killed. But people began to be tired of the trials. They said there had been too much killing. Why were people getting tired of the trials? They didn't believe in witches anymore. The trials lasted too long. There were too many people being killed. They no longer believed the girls. C The people of Salem finally realized that they had gone too far. They released the rest of the people in jail. They even gave money to the families of the ones who were killed. Many years after the trials, the truth about the bewitched girls came out. One of the girls, Ann Putnam, described what had really happened. She said that the strange fits had started out as a game. When it got out of hand, the girls didn't know how to stop it. All of the people had died for nothing. * * * The truth about the bewitched girls came out when the people of Salem realized they had gone too far. one of the girls told the true story. the people in jail were released. the trials took place. B In the 1800's, people believed that "nice" women should stay at home. They believed that women were not as smart as men. Susan B. Anthony disagreed. When she was born in 1820, women could not vote in elections. They could not own land or attend most colleges. Susan spent her life trying to change these things. She fought for women's rights. Susan helped start the women's suffrage movement. "Suffrage" is the right to vote. A woman born in Susan's time would probably not have much chance for a career. be happy to stay at home. take college classes at home. have as much freedom as today. A Susan's family were Quakers. Quakers believed in equal rights for men and women. They taught Susan to pursue her goals and to work hard for her beliefs. When Susan grew up, she became a teacher. She also joined the temperance movement. Its goal was to make alcohol illegal. While she was part of this movement, she decided to work for women's rights. Which of the following is not true about Susan? She joined the temperance movement. Her family taught her to work hard. She was a teacher. She thought alcohol should be legal. D The men in the temperance movement treated Susan badly. They rarely let her speak. When she did speak, they paid no attention to what she said. This made her decide to try to change the way society thought about women. In 1869, she helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. This group wanted to give the right to vote to women. In 1872, Susan tried to vote in an election. She was fined $100, but refused to pay. What word best describes Susan in this passage? mean determined hot-tempered revengeful B After forming the NWSA, Susan spent all her time working for the women's rights movement. She quit the temperance movement and stopped teaching. As time went on, she formed even larger women's rights groups. People often laughed at her, but Susan never stopped working. She wrote books about granting women the right to vote. She also worked for their right to own property and to get an education. Susan's work for the women's rights movement was ridiculous. was part-time. took all of her time. was only for the right to vote. C Susan B. Anthony died 14 years before women were allowed to vote. But she still was the most important figure in the fight for women's rights. She changed the way that society thought about women. Women today have the same legal rights as men. They can vote, own property, and go to college. Sometimes women are not paid as much as men. They also may not have as many chances to get jobs. But this is slowly changing. The work that Susan did is still helping women and society today. * * * Susan B. Anthony's work for women's rights failed because women didn't get the right to vote until after she died. does not matter now. changed the way society thought about women. did not help society. C ijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ La Causa is Spanish for "The Cause." It is the name given to a movement started by Cesar Chavez in 1962. This movement was organized to protect the human rights of poor migrant farm workers. Migrant workers are people who must travel to harvest crops. They must travel because crops become ripe at different times in different places. Chavez began his fight for the workers in California. Within a few years, La Causa was helping farm workers throughout the United States and the world. Which sentence best describes the main idea of this passage? La Causa spread throughout the country. Chavez fought for the rights of workers. La Causa, a movement to help farm workers, was started by Chavez. A migrant worker is someone who moves around. C Chavez knew what it was like to be poor and powerless. His family had been mistreated by rich landowners for generations. His grandfather, Papa Chayo, was a slave in Mexico. He escaped to the United States when he could no longer stand being abused by his owner. He settled his family near Yuma, Arizona. For a time the family did very well. They raised livestock and crops and even ran a small store. Soon these better times came to an end. What happened last? Papa Chayo escaped to the United States. Papa Chayo raised crops and ran a store. Papa Chayo was a slave in Mexico. Papa Chayo settled in Arizona. B In the 1930's, Chavez's father was tricked in a business deal. He lost the family's farm. Since this was during the Great Depression, Papa could not find a job. He was compelled to sell his store to pay bills. Chavez's family needed to make enough money to stay alive. They became migrant workers. During this time, the Chavez family went through many hardships. There was never enough to eat. Some of the children died because there was no money for a doctor. Chavez's father lost the farmlands because it was during the Great Depression. he had to pay bills. he couldn't find a job. he was tricked in a business deal. D As a child, Chavez witnessed much suffering. The life of the migrant workers was very hard. He felt that something had to be done. As an adult, he started to work toward this goal. Chavez knew that he had to force the landowners to treat their workers better. On the other hand, Chavez didn't believe in violence. He wanted the workers to stand together against the landowners. To do this he had to form a union. Chavez probably worked to better the lives of the migrant workers because he had always hated the landowners. he had heard that workers were treated poorly by landowners. he had been a migrant worker and knew how they felt. he wanted to form a union. C On September 30, 1962, Chavez founded a farm workers' union. He traveled all over the nation urging workers to join. As the union grew, it became more powerful. When the landowners refused to raise the wages, the union went out on strike. The landowners could get no other workers. Their crops rotted in the fields. Chavez also went on hunger strikes. His marches drew attention to the workers' problems. The union began to bring about changes, but there are still many poor workers. Chavez's work goes on. * * * This passage says that the union helped the workers by organizing strikes to force the landowners to pay higher wages. drawing attention to the problems of the workers. staging marches, going on hunger strikes, and giving speeches. paying higher wages to the workers. A Imagine that you live in a country where everything you do is controlled by the government. You cannot choose your leaders. The police can arrest you for no reason. They can send you to jail for as long as they want. You can't choose your job or where you live. This is what life would be like if you did not have any civil rights. Civil rights are legal rights that give you your freedom. Without civil rights you would probably have a better life. lose your freedom. get a better job. be able to vote. B Many civil rights are ensured by the amendments to the Constitution. The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. They promise freedom of speech, religion, the press, and other things. These freedoms are very important. Without them, you could be put in jail if your religion were different from the religion of the majority of the people. Also, you wouldn't be able to speak out against the government if you disagreed with it. Which of the following is not true about the Bill of Rights? It is important to our freedom. It says that you can't speak out against the government. It promises freedom of religion. It promises freedom of the press. B One of the most important civil right is the right to vote. If we were not able to choose our leaders, then we would have no control over what they did. In the early days of the United States, only white males who were landowners could vote. When slavery was abolished in the 1860's, new amendments to the Constitution gave blacks the right to vote. However, it wasn't until the 1960's that all local governments were forced to obey this law. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. What was the result of the constitutional amendment allowing blacks to vote? Women were given the right to vote too. Local governments still denied blacks the right to vote. Slavery was abolished and blacks began to vote in elections. More people voted in local elections. B Sometimes the promises of the Constitution have not been kept. A law is useless unless it is enforced. Here is an example. Blacks were given the right to vote, but in many places they couldn't! They had to pass unfair tests or pay special taxes before they could vote. Finally this was made illegal. The Voting Rights Act required officials to treat black and white voters the same way. The main idea of this passage is that although blacks had the right to vote, for a long time people wouldn't let them. laws need to be enforced and promises kept. now blacks can vote. blacks had to pay taxes and take tests to vote in many places. A Civil rights workers were people who challenged the law. They said that the law must treat everyone the same way. In the 1950's, some states had rules that said blacks had to go to separate schools and cafes or ride in the back of the buses. Civil rights workers broke these rules and were arrested. They told the judges that the Constitution promised equal treatment. After many arrests, the judges ordered that all public places be open to everyone. * * * We can see from reading this passage that the civil rights workers were all black. didn't like the judges. didn't mind sitting in the back of buses. got themselves arrested on purpose. D For hundreds of years, European traders looked for a shortcut to Asia. When Columbus discovered America, he was trying to get to Asia. Once North America was discovered, the traders tried to find a way around it. They sailed ships up rivers and into bays. Finally their search was narrowed down to the northern part of North America. The route they wanted to find was called the "Northwest Passage." The traders wanted to find a new way around the New World because they wanted a shortcut to Asia. wanted to explore new lands. Wanted to trade with new people. thought the New World was useless. A The Northwest Passage is a sea route that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is about 900 miles long. It passes along the North American coast of the Arctic Ocean. The Europeans called it "Northwest" because it lies to the north and west of Europe. The Europeans spent many years looking for the Northwest Passage. The search for it played an important part in the exploration of North America. Which of the following is not true about the Northwest Passage? It passes through the Arctic Ocean. The Europeans looked for it for many years. It was called "Northwest" because it was near the North Pole. It is about 900 miles long. C While searching for the Northwest Passage, the explorers claimed the lands they found for their governments. In 1497, while looking for the passage, John Cabot discovered Newfoundland. Then, in 1535, Jaques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River. He thought that it might lead to the Pacific. He claimed the lands he found for France. This is why French and English are both spoken in Canada today. The search for the Northwest Passage probably changed history because it happened long ago. the explorers claimed the lands for their countries. people sailed up the wrong rivers. both the French and English were exploring the area. B As time went on, more and more people tried to find the passage. Traders began to sail to Central America and carry their goods across Panama. They also found that they could sail around the tip of South America. After these discoveries, interest in finding the Northwest Passage began to fade. However, some people still believed that there was a shorter passage in the North. The main idea of this paragraph is that as other routes were found, there was less interest in finding the Northwest Passage. some explorers continued searching for the passage. the traders found that they could sail around South America. more and more people failed to find the passage. A Roald Amundsen of Norway was the first man to make a trip through the Northwest Passage. It took him and his crew three years. They sailed from 1903 to 1906. They confronted many kinds of danger. Thick fogs made it hard to see the icebergs. They were in blizzards that were so bad that the men could not stay on the ship. They finally made it through. Even though the passage was found, people realized that it was much too dangerous to be used. * * * What is the main idea of this paragraph? Amundsen finally found the passage. The Northwest Passage is a dangerous place. It took Amundsen three years to sail through the passage. Amundsen found the passage but it was too dangerous to use. D Just before Christ was born, the Roman Empire ruled most of the known world. Their great fleets and armies were conquering the last of the other kingdoms. For a long time Egypt had kept its freedom. But the Roman navy was poised off its coast waiting to attack. At the time a brother and sister were struggling for Egypt's throne. The Romans knew it was only a matter of time before the armies of Egypt would begin to fight each other. Then the Romans would attack the troubled country. This passage suggests that the Romans were afraid to attack right away. The Egyptians would probably lose the fight with the Romans. the argument over the throne would keep the Romans from attacking. the Roman navy would probably be defeated by the Egyptian army. B Ptolemy and Cleopatra were the brother and sister fighting for the throne of Egypt. Ptolemy's army chased Cleopatra out of the capital city. Afterwards, the Romans landed. Their leader was the Roman Emperor, Julius Caesar. Cleopatra met Julius and asked him to help her depose her brother. Cleopatra was not a beautiful woman, but she was clever, charming, and graceful. Julius fell in love with her. He agreed to help her win back her country. Just before Cleopatra asked Julius for help, she and her brother fought for control of Egypt. she fell in love with him. she was chased out of the city. the Romans landed in Egypt. D Julius Caesar and Cleopatra defeated Ptolemy. Her brother was killed while trying to escape. Now, Cleopatra was the ruler of Egypt. Since Julius was in love with her, Egypt was safe from attack. Soon afterwards, Cleopatra had a son. She named him Caesarion. He was the son of Julius. Julius then asked her to come to Rome. She stayed there until Julius was killed in 44 B.C. Right after Cleopatra had a son, Julius defeated her opponents. Julius was killed. her brother died. she went to Rome. D After Julius's death, Cleopatra went back to Egypt. She was not there long. The new Roman leader, Mark Antony, told her to meet him in Turkey. He needed money and asked her for financial aid. During their meeting, Antony fell in love with Cleopatra. Some people thought that she won the love of these Roman leaders simply to keep them from attacking Egypt. Octavian, a powerful Roman, feared that she wanted her child to rule the Roman empire. He went to war against Mark Antony to stop Cleopatra. Octavian went to war against Mark Antony because he was afraid Cleopatra wanted her child to be the Roman emperor. he felt that Cleopatra won the love of Roman rulers to keep Egypt safe. he wanted to rule the Roman empire himself. he wanted to invade Egypt. A In 31 B.C., Antony's navy was defeated by Octavian's navy. Cleopatra and Antony fled to Egypt. Octavian followed them. He meant to put a final end to the war. When he arrived, Cleopatra spread a rumor that she was dead. Antony heard the rumor and killed himself. Octavian then captured Cleopatra. He said that he was going to take her to Rome. Believing that he would humiliate her in Rome, Cleopatra killed herself by letting a poisonous snake bite her. * * * This passage is mainly about Octavian's battle to defeat Antony and end the war. the capture of Cleopatra. Antony killing himself because of a rumor. the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra and their deaths. D  After the American Revolution, the newly freed people were worried about their future. They were afraid that the freedoms that they had fought for would be taken away by their own new government. They wrote a constitution to outline how the government should work. They also added ten amendments that guaranteed the people certain basic rights. These first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. Right after the Americans wrote a constitution, they were afraid to lose their new freedoms. won their independence. worried about their future. added ten amendments. D The First Amendment promises citizens five crucial rights. The first is the freedom to practice any religion without fear of persecution. The next two are the freedom of speech and the press. These allow people to say and write what they think, even if they disagree with the government. The First Amendment also protects the people's right to call public meetings and to sue if they have been wronged by the government. This amendment is important because it keeps the government from having too much control over our lives. The freedoms of speech and the press would probably help to keep a government honest by letting newspapers print lies without being punished. allowing people to call attention to any wrongs done by the government. letting the people sue the government. forcing people to say what they think. B The Second and Third Amendments state that the government can't take all of the weapons away from the people. They also say that people do not have to house soldiers during peacetime. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the government from searching a person's home without a warrant. This warrant must be signed by a judge. The police also need a warrant to arrest somebody. This keeps the police from having too much power over the people. If the police search a house, they must have a warrant. they are breaking the law. they must be trying to arrest somebody. the owner has no rights. A The rights of any person accused of a crime are given in the next four amendments. People do not have to testify against themselves. They have a right to be tried promptly and to have a lawyer defend them. There are even rights for people that are guilty of crimes. The Eighth Amendment states that no one has to pay an unreasonable fine. It also says that no punishment shall be cruel or unusual. The amendments discussed in this passage are mainly about the rights of people when they are placed on trial. how unreasonable fines and cruel punishments are illegal. the rights of people accused or guilty of crimes. how a person guilty of a crime has no rights under the law. C The last two amendments in the Bill of Rights limit the government's power in a different way. They say that individuals and local governments have certain powers that the national government doesn't have. The people that wrote the Bill of Rights wanted to safeguard the people's freedom. They knew that the government had to be checked or it would eventually oppress its citizens. Today, thanks in part to the Bill of Rights, the United States is one of the freest countries in the world. * * * The writers of the Bill of Rights failed to keep the people free. wanted the government to have more power. limited the government too much. wanted to protect the people's freedoms. D During the 1800's, many slaves in the Southern United States tried to escape from slavery by traveling north to Canada. The journey to the north was very dangerous because food was scarce and the runaways didn't know whom to trust. They often slept outside and foraged for food in the woods. There was a group of people, however, who helped these runaways. They guided them through unfamiliar areas and gave them food and shelter. The system that they set up was called the Underground Railroad. The main idea of this passage is that the runaway slaves didn't know whom to trust as they traveled north. runaway slaves had a hard time but were helped by the Underground Railroad. the Underground Railroad helped capture escaped slaves. the journey to the north was dangerous for the runaway slaves. B The most famous member of the Underground Railroad was an escaped slave named Harriet Tubman. Harriet was always a strong-spirited person. When she was 13, she tried to stop a supervisor from punishing another slave. Enraged, the supervisor fractured Harriet's skull. She recovered but had blackouts for the rest of her life. When she was 29, Harriet escaped from her owner. Aided by the Underground Railroad, she made it to freedom in Philadelphia. Which of the following events caused Harriet's blackouts? Her skull was fractured. She went to Philadelphia. She was injured on the Underground Railroad. She escaped from her owner. A After Harriet escaped, she couldn't help thinking about the slaves that were still in bondage. She decided to become a member of the Underground Railroad and help others escape. Over the next 15 years she made 20 dangerous trips to the South. At one time as much as $40,000 was offered for her capture. But Harriet was never caught. She helped about 300 slaves escape to freedom using the Underground Railroad. Harriet probably decided to help slaves escape because she wanted adventure on the Underground Railroad. could make a lot of money. had been a slave herself and understood them. hated white people. C When the Civil War started, Harriet wanted to do all that she could for the North. She worked as a nurse, scout, and spy for the Union Army. She also never forgot the people that were still slaves. Harriet went along on military campaigns and helped free the slaves that the army encountered. On one campaign she freed over 750 slaves. When slavery was outlawed at the end of the war, Harriet settled in Auburn, New York. Which of the following is not true about Harriet's actions during the war? She was a spy for the South. She went along on military campaigns. She worked as a nurse for the Union Army. She still helped to free slaves. A Harriet felt that black people still needed help after they were freed. Believing that an education would help them adjust to their new life, she raised money for black schools. She also became active in the women's rights movement. A few years before her death, she established a home for elderly and needy blacks. After Harriet died, the people of Auburn erected a plaque in her honor. Today she is recognized as a great figure in the black struggle for freedom. * * * A short time before Harriet died, she started raising money for black schools. a plaque was erected in her honor. she started working for the women's rights movement. she started a home for needy blacks. D On the morning of March 1, 1909, a furious wind howled across Cape Columbia, Canada. Inside their igloos, members of Robert Peary's expedition to the North Pole put on their fur outfits. Most people wouldn't have traveled on a day like this. However, Peary was determined to start his historic journey. He had made seven earlier attempts to reach the North Pole and failed every time. This time, Peary felt, was going to be different. Robert Peary was probably a coward. a man who enjoyed his comforts. determined and brave. a weak man. C Robert Peary was a man who was used to adventure. As a boy he read about the journeys of Arctic explorer Elisha Kane. He dreamed of visiting the frigid north. After Peary graduated from college, he joined the Navy. They sent him to Central America to look for canal routes that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Even while he was in the steaming jungles, Peary never lost sight of his goal to explore the Arctic regions. What did not happen before Peary joined the Navy? He explored Central America. He read about Elisha Kane. He became interested in the North Pole. He graduated from college. A In 1886 Peary got a five-year leave from the Navy and went to Greenland. He went farther north than any other man had ever gone. Over the next 15 years, he visited the Arctic six more times. On each trip he got closer to the North Pole but always had to turn back. Harsh weather and dwindling supplies made it necessary to return. These trips were very dangerous. On one trip Peary lost eight of his toes to frostbite, but he never gave up. Then, in 1908, Peary organized his eighth expedition to the North Pole. The main idea of this passage is that traveling in the Arctic is dangerous. Peary got permission from the Navy to go to Greenland. by 1908 Peary had tried to reach the North Pole seven times. it is easy to get frostbite and suffer serious injury from Arctic travel. C On July 6, 1908, Peary's ship, the Roosevelt, left New York and headed north. The men knew that they were in for a hard journey. When the ship was stopped by ice, Peary and his men loaded the dogsleds with supplies and continued north. They suffered many hardships. Often they had to haul the sleds over ridges of ice. It was so cold that the food had to be thawed in their mouths before they could swallow it. At times, they had to cross open water on ice floes. Yet the men pressed on. Which statement is not true about Peary's eighth journey north? It was dangerous. They were forced to turn around. They crossed water on ice floes. They traveled by boat and by dogsled. B One day, Peary calculated his position and discovered that he was only three miles from the pole. The next morning he and his men set out on the final journey north. In a few short hours, they reached the North Pole. The tired men celebrated while Peary planted the United States flag. They knew that they had a long and difficult journey south, but nothing could take away from their happiness of the moment. Peary had finally achieved his lifelong goal. * * * What happened just after Peary made it to the North Pole? He planted a flag. He calculated his position. They journeyed south. They journeyed north. A The mountain men of the 1800's told tales of a strange place. They said that it had huge pieces of ice and great mountains. They said that there was ice there all year long. This place also had beautiful valleys. The valleys were full of green grass and wild flowers in the summer. The place that these people had seen is now called Glacier National Park. This passage suggests that the mountain men lied. the place was not real. Glacier has always been beautiful. Glacier used to be much greener. C Glacier Park is located in the Rocky Mountains in Montana. At one time, the park was part of an Indian reservation. Nobody controlled how the land was used. The beauty of the place made it very popular for people to visit. But man put the park in danger of being used too much. Its green valleys and plants were in danger. Many people wanted to keep the area in its natural state. In 1910, those people made the area a national park. The main idea of this passage is that the area was made into a national park to keep it safe from man. Glacier Park was one of the most famous Indian reservations in the U.S. the animals in the park were in danger from man. Glacier Park had beautiful scenery that was destroyed. A Glacier Park got its name from all of the glaciers in the area. There are more than fifty in all. Glaciers are large, slow-moving mountains of ice. They begin to form when enough snow falls that it can't all melt in the summer. The glaciers that are in the park now are parts of a larger glacier that disappeared long ago. Some glaciers in the park now are very small. Others can be up to three square miles in size. Many years ago the park was probably covered by a huge glacier. warm and sunny. covered with water. flat and green. A Most people come to Glacier Park to see the spectacular scenery. The snowy mountains are surrounded by glaciers and green valleys. Trails lead to clear mountain lakes. It is common to see mountain goats, elk, and bear on the trails. People who visit there say that there is no other place like it. People who love Glacier Park probably like to drive a lot. to hike and camp. to sleep. sunny weather. B Glacier Park was made into a national park to save its beauty forever. Now so many people come to the park that it is in danger again. More campgrounds and parking lots are being built. The wildlife lose their homes to make room for tourists. The grizzly bear is a dangerous animal that does not like to be close to people. Sadly, the grizzlies have been shot to protect visitors in the park. There is no easy answer to the problems. But the park that has been the subject of such great stories will have to be preserved. * * * What is causing the danger for the park animals? There are too many bears in the area. Human beings are hunting the animals in the park. There is not enough food for all of the animals around the park. People are building more camps and parking lots in the park. D  In 1974, a black baseball player named Hank Aaron hit a home run. The players stopped the game for a big celebration. This was Hank's 715th home run, and a new major league record. Hank was a great ballplayer, but he knew that if it weren't for a man named Jackie Robinson, he might not have had a chance to play pro baseball. Jackie Robinson, a gifted athlete, was the first black to play pro baseball. He opened the way for future black athletes in all professional sports. Which of the following is not true about Jackie Robinson? He was the first black to play pro baseball. He was a great athlete. He opened the way for future black athletes. He broke the record for home runs. D Jackie first played for a black baseball team. Several major league scouts took a look at him, but Jackie did not get his hopes up because no one had ever signed a black player. He didn't know that Branch Rickey, a scout for the Dodgers, was looking for a black player. Rickey felt that it was unfair to exclude blacks from pro baseball. He wanted to find a black athlete who not only could play baseball, but also could take the taunts that were sure to be thrown at him from the players and fans. He decided on Jackie Robinson. Why did Rickey want to hire a black ballplayer? He needed a good player. He thought it was unfair to deny blacks a chance. He was black himself. He liked Jackie Robinson. B When Rickey approached Jackie about signing him on, Jackie couldn't believe it. He was finally getting a chance. Rickey told Jackie that he was going to face a lot of problems. He said that Jackie couldn't lose his temper because it was important for the public to see him as a gentleman. Jackie said that he was ready to play. Like most players, Jackie had to spend a year in the minor league. During that year pitchers threw balls at his head and some teams refused to play his team. Jackie Robinson took this abuse and maintained his pride and dignity. During Jackie's year in the minors, he had a good time. lost his temper. took a lot of abuse. quit baseball. C Jackie's first year with the Dodgers was even worse than his year in the minors. Most of his teammates disliked him and other teams tried to injure him on the field. By midseason, however, he began to be accepted for his ability to play ball. Soon the fans and his teammates were cheering when he stepped onto the field. Even the other teams had to admit that he was a great ballplayer. That year Jackie batted .297, knocked in 48 runs, hit 12 home runs, and stole 29 bases. He was named Rookie of the Year. It was obvious that he was going to be a star. The main idea of this passage is that despite prejudice, Jackie gained acceptance for his ability to play ball. Jackie was named Rookie of the Year for his outstanding ability. other teams tried to injure Jackie because they didn't like him. Jackie was going to be a star as a professional baseball player. A Jackie Robinson retired in 1956 after playing ten years for the Dodgers. During that time he had proven beyond a doubt that blacks would be a major influence on the game of baseball. Having overcome racial prejudice, one of the worst handicaps ever to plague a ballplayer, Jackie is still regarded as one of the greatest athletes in baseball. He had a lifetime batting average of .311. Five years after he retired, he was elected to the Hall of Fame. * * * We can tell from reading this passage that Jackie Robinson played baseball in order to overcome racial prejudice. was elected to the Hall of Fame because he was a great ballplayer. retired too early in his career to make his place in history. was elected to the Hall of Fame because he was black. B The Persians hid behind the low wall and glanced nervously across the plain. They could see the Greek army preparing to charge. Most of the Persians now felt a knot of fear growing in their stomachs. The Greek leader, Alexander the Great, was supposed to be unstoppable. When the charge came, the Persians fought valiantly but they were finally forced to retreat. Alexander had won another battle. Just before the Greeks charged, the Persians fought valiantly. glanced over the wall. became afraid. were forced to retreat. C Alexander was born in 356 B.C. in Macedonia, an area that is now northern Greece. He was the son of the Macedonian king. As a boy, Alexander showed great promise as a leader. He understood his father's complicated battle plans and proved that he was a good fighter. When Alexander was twenty, his father died and Alexander became king. He immediately set out to retake some Greek cities that had been conquered by the Persians. We can tell from reading this passage that Alexander showed early that he would be a good military leader. was raised by his father to be a kind and gentle person. was hated by the Macedonians because he was a Persian. attacked the Persians too soon and lost the Greek cities. A After Alexander retook the Greek cities, he pressed on into Persia. The Persians ruled a vast empire, the largest of the time. It included Syria, Turkey, and parts of India. Alexander continued to beat the Persians, and in a few years he had taken most of their empire. Alexander had himself crowned king of Persia and then went on to conquer Egypt. There he founded a new city named Alexandria, which became a center of trade and education. What happened last? Egypt was conquered by the Greeks. Alexander founded Alexandria. Alexander became the king of Persia. The Persian army lost the war. B Alexander strove to turn the lands that he had conquered into one nation. He tried to get all of the people to speak Greek and follow Greek customs. Naturally, there was some resistance to this. People were reluctant to part with their old ways. Alexander forced traders to use Greek money, and he took a Persian wife. These efforts kept the empire together for the duration of Alexander's life. This passage is mainly about Alexander's attempts to unify his empire. the unwillingness of the people to follow Greek customs. the traders being forced to use Greek money. Alexander taking a Persian wife. A When Alexander was 32, he became ill with malaria. He was told that he didn't have long to live. Alexander grieved that he could conquer no more lands. Just before his death, he had all of his men pass through his tent so that he could say goodbye. After his death at the age of 33, Alexander's generals divided up the empire. Alexander may have been a brilliant military leader, but his dream of a united Greek empire was never realized. * * * Which of the following is not true about Alexander? He was saddened by his coming death. He died as a young man at 33. His generals divided the empire after his death. His empire lasted long after his death. D Imagine that you are living about 1,200 years before Christ. You live in a small land that is governed by a king. This king has complete control over your life. He can make you do anything. If you break one of his laws, he can give you any punishment he wants. This kind of life was accepted as normal in 1200 B.C. However, this was changed in the city of Athens, Greece. A government was created there that gave the people a voice in how their country was run. Today we call this a "democratic government." The main idea of this passage is that a democracy is better than rule by kings. in 1200 B.C., even though kings still ruled the world, Athens began a democracy. in 1200 B.C. democracy spread all over the world. in 1200 B.C., the kings and emperors could do anything they pleased. B Around 1250 B.C., Athens was a city in trouble. Aegeus, the king of Athens, was having problems with the smaller, surrounding kingdoms. Also, there was a powerful kingdom on the island of Crete that demanded tribute from Athens. Aegeus's son Theseus was being held captive on Crete. Aegeus had told Theseus to fly white sails on his ship when it returned if he were still alive. When Theseus returned, he forgot to change the sails. Aegeus, thinking that his son was dead, killed himself and Theseus became king. This passage suggests that Aegeus loved his son so much that he couldn't bear to lose him. Theseus did not change the sails so that he could become king. Athens was a very powerful kingdom in 1250 B.C. Crete paid tribute to the king of Athens. A When Theseus became the king of Athens, he decided that the first thing he would do would be to consolidate his kingdom. He knew that a divided kingdom was a weak kingdom. He didn't want to fight all of his neighbors, since that would disrupt the country and make his kingdom weaker. Theseus visited the various rulers and told them that he did not want war. Then he invited them to Athens to discuss the political future of their country. Theseus didn't want to fight his neighbors because he knew that he would lose to a stronger ruler. had finished consolidating his kingdom. hated violence and bloodshed. knew it would weaken his kingdom. D When the rulers gathered at Athens, Theseus unveiled his plan. He told them that he would still be king, but they would have certain powers. They would meet regularly to pass laws and everyone would have a part in making decisions. Theseus did have to fight a few of the rulers, but finally they all agreed to his plan. This was not a true democracy, since the common people didn't have a say, but it was the first time that a king willingly shared his power. Right after Theseus unveiled his plan, he became king of Athens. everybody agreed to the plan. rulers met regularly to pass laws. he had to fight a few of the rulers. D As the years passed, Theseus's new form of government was slowly improved. The right to participate in the government passed to the wealthy people, and then to all the people that owned land. Eventually all the citizens of Athens were given a say in the government. Since women and servants were not citizens, they couldn't vote. However, Athens' government was still ahead of its time. All of today's democracies originated from Theseus's idea for a new form of government. * * * Which of the following is not true about Athens? It is the birthplace of democracy. Its government was ahead of its time. Everyone had a say in the government. Women and servants were not citizens. C Outward Bound is a group that organizes survival trips. The people on the trips learn to climb cliffs, float wild rivers, and find their own food in wild and rugged areas. Many trips take place in the Rocky Mountains where there are thousands of square miles of untouched wilderness. The rugged peaks and green valleys shelter many kinds of wildlife. Some people think that the Rockies are the most beautiful mountains in the world. Why are the Rocky Mountains a good place for Outward Bound trips? A lot of people live in the Rockies. The valleys offer shelter for campers. It is easy to buy food in the Rockies. There is a lot of wilderness in the Rockies. D The Rocky Mountains form one of the world's greatest mountain systems. They stretch from Alaska to New Mexico. Beginning north of the Arctic Circle in Alaska, they run east through Alaska and into Canada. Once in Canada, they run south into the United States. In Idaho and Montana, the belt of ranges is almost 400 miles wide. The Rockies' highest peaks are in Colorado where there are 50 peaks that rise over 14,000 feet above sea level. The Colorado Rockies are so lofty that some valleys are over one mile above sea level. Where are the Rockies 400 miles wide? Colorado Montana and Idaho Canada Alaska and the Arctic Circle B Millions of years ago the Rocky Mountains area was covered by a sea. Layers of mud and sand collected and formed sedimentary rock. Then pressure from the Earth's crust pushed the rock upward as the seas receded, and the Rockies were born. Erosion formed valleys and carved out lofty peaks. Then, during the ice age, huge glaciers also wore away at the mountains. The valleys were made deeper and the peaks became even more pointed. These forces of nature created the Rocky Mountains as we know them today. Which of the following events happened second? Pressure from the earth's crust pushed the rock upward. The Rocky Montain area was covered by a sea. Erosion and glaciers formed valleys. Layers of mud and sand formed sedimentary rock. D Many Indian tribes lived in the Rocky Mountains. The first Europeans to reach the Rockies were Spanish explorers who came north from Mexico. Then, in the mid-1700's, French explorers named the region "Montagnes des Roches," which means "Rocky Mountains." The first European to cross the Rockies was a Scotsman named Alex Mackenzie. Lewis and Clark crossed the Rockies shortly afterward. Soon there was regular travel over the mountains. These early explorers made the settlement of the West Coast possible. Who first called the mountains the "Rocky Mountains"? the Spanish explorers the Indians the French explorers a Scotsman named Alex Mackenzie C The Rocky Mountains' natural resources have brought many people into the region. In the early 1800's, trappers came for the pelts of beavers and other animals. Precious metals were discovered in the Rockies in the 1800's. Prospectors searched the area for gold, silver, and other minerals. The wide ranges and green valleys of the Rockies are perfect places to raise cattle. Ranchers kept their herds on vast areas of land. Today, people come to the area just to enjoy the outdoors. Some of the most popular national parks are in the Rockies.* * * The Rockies might not be a good place to grow crops. raise cattle. sightsee. look for gold. 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The President clutched his throat. There were more shots and the governor was hit. The President's car raced to the hospital. Later the nation heard the news. President Kennedy had been assassinated. Lyndon Johnson became President. President Kennedy probably was hated in Dallas. knew he was in danger. was not a popular President at that time. was liked by many people in Dallas. D After Kennedy's death, the Dallas police caught Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald claimed that he was not the killer. But the police didn't believe him. His rifle was found in the building where the shots were fired. ~However, Oswald never told his story in court.~ As he was moved to another jail, he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby. Ruby said that he killed Oswald for killing Kennedy. The police then said that the case was closed. Lee Harvey Oswald was proven to have been the killer. lying to the police about the murder. not brought to trial in a court of law. definitely not the killer of John F. Kennedy. C People everywhere mourned Kennedy's death. They wondered if it could have been prevented. ~Other questions came up.~ No one saw Oswald pull the trigger. He did not confess. It was possible that he was innocent. Maybe others helped him. Some believed that Oswald couldn't have hit Kennedy from that distance. They thought that others must have shot from a closer range. President Johnson asked seven men to look into these matters. They were called the Warren Commission. Johnson probably wanted to look into Kennedy's death because there were some unanswered questions. he wanted to find the others who helped Oswald. he didn't think that Oswald did it. he wondered if it could have been prevented. A The Warren Commission talked to witnesses. They looked at films of the shooting. They also acted out the crime. ~They came up with no proof.~ But they decided that Oswald killed Kennedy.~ They also decided that he acted alone. However, some people did not believe the report. They said the report only showed that Oswald might have done it. It didn't prove anything. The Warren Commission proved that Oswald did kill John F. Kennedy. hid the truth about John Kennedy's death. couldn't answer all of the questions about the murder. proved that Oswald didn't kill John Kennedy. C Most people think that Oswald did shoot the President. ~But many say that there were more people involved.~ Witnesses said that the shots came from a small hill. But Oswald was shooting from a building. Also, films showed that the governor and Kennedy were both hit within two seconds. Oswald's old rifle could not fire that quickly. The report says that both men were hit by the same bullet. Even the governor doesn't believe this. People still wonder about Kennedy's death. Maybe someday the mystery will be solved. * * * If others did help Oswald with Kennedy's murder, they probably will be caught. will not be caught. moved to another country. paid off the Warren Commission. B Imagine that you are a poor farmer in the 1930's. There has been almost no rain. Your crops are dying. One day you go out to work in the fields. You notice a dark cloud in the distance. When it gets closer you see that it is a dust storm. Quickly you get your animals in the barn. Then the dust storm hits. ~After it is gone, your crops have been buried under mounds of dust.~ This is what farmers had to face in the "Dust Bowl" during the 1930's. If you were the farmer in this passage, the dust storm would probably destroy your crops. be a small problem. be an excuse not to work. be no problem at all. A The "Dust Bowl" was a name given to a part of the Great Plains. It included parts of Texas, Colorado, Kansas, and other states. It covered some 50,000,000 acres. It is called the Dust Bowl because the soil turned to dust. ~The farmers did not know how to protect the soil from erosion.~ When it was hot the soil dried out. Then the wind blew. It carried the dust in huge clouds. These dust storms destroyed thousands of farms. The destruction of the farms was probably going to happen anyway. a good thing since the farms didn't produce that much food. the government's fault for not helping the farmers. because the farmers didn't protect the soil. D The first farmers came to the Dust Bowl after the Civil War. They found a huge area covered with grass. It seemed like a perfect place to farm. At first it was. But the farmers did not know how to take care of the land. They planted the same crop year after year. It ruined the soil. ~Not knowing any better, the farmers would just start a new field when the old one wore out.~ The old field turned to dust because it was left empty. This was the beginning of the Dust Bowl. The farmers probably didn't take care of the soil because they didn't plan on living there very long. didn't know what would happen. weren't very smart. didn't care what would happen. B During the mid-1930's, dust storms ruined thousands of farms. The farmers were very poor. They had to sell a crop every year in order to eat. When a crop was ruined by a dust storm, they had to move and look for work. Most of them went to California. The fruit growers in California needed workers. ~But there were more men than jobs.~ They had to settle for low wages. Sometimes they couldn't make enough to feed their families. Why do you think the fruit growers were able to pay such low wages and still get workers? There were many men who needed jobs. Things didn't cost as much back then. There were no unions. The workers were used to being poor. A Today the Dust Bowl is being farmed again. Even today there are dust storms. But they are not as bad. ~Today the farmers use modern methods of farming. They know how to protect the soil.~ They change crops. They plant trees to block the wind. There are still problems with dry weather in the Dust Bowl. But it is rare for a farmer to lose his crop to a dust storm. * * * Why do you think there are fewer dust storms in the Dust Bowl today? It is not as dry as it was. There are fewer farmers. Today the farmers know how to protect the soil. The wind doesn't blow as hard anymore. C Imagine that you are in a private club in the 1920's. ~Well-dressed people sip whiskey. A band plays dance music. Some of the people are businessmen from downtown.~ Suddenly there is a noise at the door. Someone is pounding at it. Then the door bursts open and policemen rush into the room. People try to escape but most of them are caught. They are led out to a police van and taken to jail. They have broken the laws that ban alcohol. This is the era of U.S. history when alcohol is illegal. This is "prohibition." This passage suggests that alcohol shouldn't have been illegal. the alcohol laws were disobeyed by people who were not really gangsters. the alcohol laws were never enforced by the policemen at that time. most people refused to drink alcohol in bars. B In 1920 the Volstead Act became law. It made the sale of alcohol illegal. ~Thousands of people disobeyed the law right away. They felt that no one should be able to stop them from drinking.~ People bought alcohol from gangsters. This made the gangsters rich and powerful. They fought one another for territories. The government tried to stop the gangsters but there was a lot of bloodshed. Prohibition was probably not very popular. stopping people from drinking. a good idea. hard on the gangsters. A The gangsters were not the only ones making alcohol. Many people made their own alcohol at home. These home-brews were called "white lightning" and "moonshine." This brew was very strong and very unhealthy. ~Many poor people drank home-brew. It was cheaper than the alcohol the gangsters sold.~ It was clear that the Volstead Act wasn't working. The people who drank the homemade brews were probably rich people. gangsters. not bothered by prohibition. trying to save money on alcohol. D Prohibition changed American life. Millions of people disobeyed the law. ~This changed the way people thought. It didn't seem very important to obey the other laws.~ Illegal bars were packed every night. Powerful gangsters ran entire cities. It was well known that policemen and politicians sometimes had a drink. This lawlessness helped give the 1920's their nickname, the "Roaring Twenties." How do you think the Volstead Act may have caused the lawlessness of the time? Not being able to drink made people want to get even with the police. The police didn't care if the gangsters controlled cities or if the laws were broken. So many people disobeyed the Volstead Act that they also broke other laws as well. People would have broken the law anyway. C By the late 1920's, it was clear that prohibition wasn't working. ~A large part of the people still drank.~ There was crime. The government couldn't stop the sale of alcohol. The gangsters were too powerful. They bribed judges and policemen. Some people said that if prohibition ended, the gangsters couldn't make as much money. They said that the government could tax the sale of alcohol if it were legal. Finally, in 1933, the Volstead Act was repealed. Prohibition had ended. * * * The Volstead Act probably didn't work because the government needed taxes. too many people wanted to drink. the gangsters couldn't make enough money. there was too much crime. B  ~In 570 A.D., the Middle East was a wild and lawless place.~ There were many different tribes living there. Some were nomadic while others stayed in one place. These tribes were always at war with one another. Often they fought because of differences of opinion about religion. Some tribes believed in the God of Moses and Abraham. Others believed that there were a host of gods. It was into this world that Mohammed was born. The Middle East in 570 was probably a dangerous place to live. very peaceful. a safe place to live. under one ruler. A Mohammed was born in Mecca, a city in Arabia. For a time, he lived with a desert tribe. They had their own religion. Later, he traveled with his uncle throughout the Arabic world. ~As he traveled, he heard people of different religions talk about their ideas.~ He respected their beliefs, but he felt that something was missing. He felt that all religions had an important idea in common. This common idea for Mohammed was the only true religion. How do you think Mohammed was able to see a common idea in all religions? He learned about many different religions. From his youth, he felt that something was missing in his life. He realized his tribe's religion was wrong. He did not believe in God or any single religion. A Mohammed spent a lot of time mulling over his idea about religion. One day he went to a cave to think by himself. ~It is said that while he was there, the angel Gabriel appeared with a sudden flash of fire.~ The angel told Mohammed to be a prophet. He told him that there was one God, named "Allah." He said that Mohammed should go out and tell the world to change its ways and follow this new religion. How do you think Mohammed would feel to be visited by an angel? unhappy surprised and scared disappointed and bored relieved B After his vision in the cave, Mohammed began to preach in Mecca. Most of the people ridiculed him for his ideas. Some people hated him for trying to change their beliefs. But others believed him and became his followers. They called themselves Muslims. Soon, thousands of people were listening to Mohammed's teachings. He became the ruler of the city of Medina and made his teachings into law. ~By the end of his life, much of the Arabic world was Muslim.~ We can tell from reading this passage that most Arabs never believed Mohammed or his teachings. Mohammed shouldn't have tried to change people's laws and governments. all the people believed Mohammed right away and followed the prophet. after many years, many people in the Arabic world were Muslims. D Mohammed wrote his teachings down in a book called the "Koran." Today most Arabs and many other people are Muslims. They use Mohammed's Koran to guide them in every aspect of their lives. ~Even Islamic governments make decisions based on Mohammed's teachings.~ Mohammed wanted to create a religion that would be followed by everyone. Although this did not happen, he influenced a large part of the world. * * * We can tell from reading this passage that the whole world follows Mohammed's teachings. Mohammed was a failure. Mohammed influenced history. only Arabs are Muslims. C ~The people of Brazil are like the people of most other countries.~ They work hard on their farms or at their businesses. They go to church and raise their families. Once every year, however, a certain madness takes hold of the people. For four days they wear costumes, dance in the streets, and watch parades. The entire country takes part in this wild celebration. It is called "Carnival." The people of Brazil probably like to party all of the time. are like people all over the world. are all poor workers. never do anything but work. B About one fourth of the people of Brazil live in the countryside. Many are farmers who work hard to feed their families. Others live in the crowded cities. For many, life is full of hard work and struggle. ~But during Carnival, the people forget their problems.~ The rich celebrate alongside the poor. There is enough food and fun for all. We can tell from reading this passsage that most of the poor are criminals. Carnival is only enjoyed by the poor. Carnival is a break in the hard lives of the people. Carnival is a time of hard work in Brazil. C Carnival started because of a religious holiday. Most Brazilians are Roman Catholic. Before Easter, the Roman Catholics observe a period of fasting called "Lent." ~Fasting means to eat less, or to stop eating for a while. Knowing they had to fast, the people enjoyed a feast just before Lent.~ After a while, families feasted together. Soon whole towns held celebrations. Now the entire country participates in the event. The word "feast" probably means to eat a lot. to stop eating for a while. to eat with friends. to practice religion. A A number of different events take place during Carnival. There are soccer matches and horse races. Most of the towns and cities have parades. Some of the larger cities have contests for the most elaborate float. ~People spend months making costumes for Carnival.~ They proudly wear them as they dance in the streets. Anywhere you go in Brazil, people are celebrating day and night. We can tell from reading this passage that Carnival only takes place in the cities. Carnival can sometimes be boring. most people have to work during Carnival. people look forward to Carnival. D Carnival lasts for four days. The festival continues day and night. ~As it starts to wind down, the exhausted people start to slow down.~ Finally, the celebration ends. Musicians gather their instruments and go home. The floats are taken apart and put away. The streets are cleaned of the litter left by the celebration. Arm in arm, friends help each other home. * * * By the end of Carnival, the people are probably ready to go home and rest. wishing it would last longer. wishing they had stayed home. ready to go back to work. A George Washington Carver saw things other people ignored. Among other things, he saw that education could make his life better. ~Carver was born to black slave parents in the 1800's.~ As a boy, he was interested in rocks and plants. He learned the names of plants and studied their growth patterns. His friends called him "the plant doctor" because he nursed dying plants back to health. Carver wanted to go to college to study. However, he had a hard time getting a school to accept him. Carver probably couldn't find a school that would accept him because most schools wouldn't take Negroes at that time. he was interested in rocks and plants. there were no classes on plants. he was already a "plant doctor." A Carver was finally accepted at Iowa State College. Carver worked his way through school. ~He earned a living as a cook and a janitor. He always found time for his studies.~ The school did not regret the decision to accept Carver. He did so well that he was given a job there when he finished his education. He was the first Negro to graduate from that school. Carver was probably sorry for his decision. not a good student. a very hard worker. too busy to make good grades. C Carver was placed in charge of a greenhouse at Iowa State. He studied different kinds of plants and wrote papers about his findings. ~These papers made him famous at other colleges.~ In 1869, the Tuskegee Institute asked him to teach. Being asked to teach at this school was a great honor. Carver spent the rest of his life there. Even though he was now teaching, he did not neglect his own research. Carver was probably asked to teach at Tuskegee because it was a great honor. he was in charge of a greenhouse. he studied plants. his papers on plants made him famous. D Carver is probably most famous for his work with food crops. At that time, Southern farmers were having problems. Their main crop was cotton. They had been growing it for so long that the soil had been robbed of its richness. He told them to grow other crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes. These crops would enrich the soil. ~But the farmers said that these crops would not provide enough income.~ So, Carver went to work to solve the problem. Why do you think that the farmers had grown only cotton? They didn't care about ruining the soil. It was easy to grow and harvest. The other crops didn't make as much money. They didn't think about growing anything else. C Carver searched for new ways to use peanuts and other plants. ~From the peanut alone he made more that 300 products.~ Some of these were ink, soap, medicines, and dye. Carver then convinced the farmers that they could make as much money with the new crops. Their problem with the soil was solved. Since Carver's death, he has been honored all over the world. Farmers everywhere are grateful for the work that he did. * * * Why were the new crops suddenly worth more money? People probably started eating more peanuts. Carver discovered new uses for them. The problem with the soil was solved because of Carver's work. Cotton was not used as much in the new fashions. B  In 1936, Ralph Ellison moved to Harlem, New York. Ellison was an aspiring young writer. But in the 1930's, being black limited a person's chance for success. Back then, Harlem stood out as a symbol of racial progress. ~Black artists and intellectuals gathered there to share ideas.~ Ellison hoped that living in Harlem would help his career. He was not disappointed. Harlem turned out to be all that he had dreamed it would be. How did living in Harlem help Ellison's career as a writer? He learned from other successful black artists. It was able to give him a place to write about. He didn't have to be surrounded by white people. There was no racism in New York at that time. A Ellison spent his childhood in Oklahoma. His father died when Ralph was young, leaving the family with no money. Mrs. Ellison gave her son books that had been discarded by others. As a result, Ralph became an avid reader. From books he learned about new places. ~Ellison wanted to escape his life of poverty.~ Getting an education seemed to be the only way out. It was also a way to show that a black man could do the same things as a white man. This passage suggests that Ellison was lazy. disliked white people. was ambitious. thought he would always be poor. C Ralph studied hard in high school. He knew he needed good grades to get into college. After he graduated, he was accepted into Tuskegee Institute. There he took a job at the school library. This was a turning point in Ellison's life. At the library he read some of the more modern books. ~These books talked about ideas. There was no mention of any difference between races.~ Ellison realized that literature could rise above racism. By the time he finished college, Ellison was writing poetry. How could literature rise above racism? Both black people and white people read great literature. A good idea stands by itself, whether it was written by a black or a white person. People of all races enjoy talking about great books and important ideas. People of all races can take literature classes in college. B Ellison went to Harlem after he finished college. At first life was difficult. He worked at low-paying jobs just to survive. But then Ellison began to meet other writers. He got a job writing for a paper and started writing short stories. These stories were about young black men trying to find out who they were. This would be the theme of Ellison's greatest work, "Invisible Man." ~It is the story of a young man who tries to find his place in society.~ Sadly, however, he ends up being used by people around him. We can tell from reading this passage that Ellison was concerned about social issues. mostly wrote funny stories. wrote on subjects he knew nothing about. never used the same theme twice. A "Invisible Man" was published in 1952. One year later it won the National Book Award. Critics and writers praised the novel. They called it one of the best books of the decade. ~After this success, Ellison continued to write.~ As the years passed, he became one of America's most respected authors. Then, in 1975, Ellison went back to Oklahoma. A public library in his hometown was being named after him. At the ceremony, Ellison was greeted by thousands of cheering fans. It was a great moment for a brilliant man. * * * This passage suggests that Ellison was envied by other writers. didn't deserve all of the praise for his book. wrote other books after "Invisible Man." took it easy after he was successful. C At the beginning of the 20th century, little girls were supposed to be seen and not heard, but Amelia Earhart was different. Born in Iowa in 1898, little Amelia was a very active girl. She loved to do things that little boys did. She fished and climbed trees and played baseball. Because she was so athletic, the other girls made fun of her. ~Amelia didn't care what the other girls thought.~ She loved adventure and, in her opinion, she led a very exciting childhood. From this passage we can tell that Amelia's childhood was unhappy. boys were afraid of Amelia. Amelia had no friends. Amelia was a self-confident child. D In the summer of 1907, Amelia and her family went to the Iowa State Fair where Amelia saw her first airplane. ~This was only four years after the Wright brothers had made their first airplane flight.~ The plane Amelia saw at the fair was called a biplane because it had two sets of wings, one above the other. The pilot sat between the wings in front of a small motor. Although Amelia was only nine, she was thrilled by the sight of the plane. Few people could have imagined that that young girl would someday be sitting at the controls of such a plane. In 1903, the Wright brothers flew the world's first working airplane. flew their plane at the Iowa State Fair. introduced Amelia to airplanes. took Amelia for a ride on a plane. A After Amelia graduated from high school, she went to Canada to visit her sister. ~There, she saw many wounded soldiers who had fought in World War I. Vowing to help the soldiers, Amelia took a job as a nurse's aide in a military hospital.~ On one of her days off she went to an airfield with a friend, where she saw the new airplanes from the war. Though these planes were different from the planes she saw as a child, they thrilled her just as much. Amelia was probably a very shy person. a weak woman. very kind-hearted. very undependable. C Four years later, in California, Amelia Earhart decided to realize her dream of learning to fly. ~While working for the telephone company, Amelia spent her weekends at the airfield.~ Her teacher was Neta Snook, one of the first female pilots in the United States. Neta taught Amelia everything she knew about airplanes. She even learned how to take apart the engine. After many hours of lessons, Amelia went for her first solo flight. Except for a rough landing, everything went fine. Amelia Earhart had become a pilot. From this passage, we can see that Amelia was planning on a career in communications. had never lost her interest in flying. was already an expert pilot. was not happy about her life in California. B As a woman pilot, Amelia Earhart set many world records, including many speed and altitude records. She was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Her greatest goal was to circle the globe at the equator. On June 1, 1937, Amelia took off to achieve that goal. She flew to South America and then on to Africa. ~A month later, while flying over the South Pacific, Amelia's plane vanished. She and her plane were never found.~ But the world has not forgotten the courageous spirit of Amelia Earhart. * * * From this passage, we can say that we know what happened to Amelia. Amelia got caught in a storm. Amelia's plane was broken to pieces. we don't know what happened to Amelia or her plane. D Penicillin has been called a wonder drug because of its power to bring about cures. ~But one of the most amazing things about the drug is the story behind its discovery and development.~ A brilliant scientist discovered the drug by accident. Then, when he realized what the drug could do, he fought for over ten years to get other scientists to accept it. When they did, people all over the world called the drug a "lifesaver." What makes the story of penicillin so amazing? the way the drug was discovered and developed the way the drug saves lives the power of the drug to cure the way other scientists accepted it so quickly A In 1928, Dr. Alexander Fleming was trying to grow a certain type of germ to study. One cool, damp summer day, he set the experiment aside. When he came back to take a look at the germs under the microscope, he was frustrated by what he found. ~The germs he had carefully grown were being eaten away by mold that had grown on top of them.~ At that point, Fleming could have tossed away the experiment in anger. Instead, he decided to investigate. Dr. Fleming felt frustrated because he tossed away the experiment in anger. he found the germs growing when he looked in the microscope. he thought the mold had ruined his experiment on the germs. the cool, damp weather was a problem for the experiment. C Dr. Fleming did more experiments on the strange mold. He found that it could grow rapidly by placing it in a protein solution. He put the mold on plates containing different kinds of bacteria. Some of the bacteria changed dramatically. He injected the mold serum into mice. The serum did not harm the animals. Then Dr. Fleming added the penicillin mold to a sample of human blood. ~The human blood was not harmed!~ From this passage we can see that the penicillin mold could not kill bacteria in humans. was not safe for humans. was dangerous for all animals. was safe for humans to use. D The world needed this lifesaving drug and yet scientists resisted its use. News spread slowly about the wonder drug. There was little money for production of penicillin. Nobody believed that a drug discovered by accident could be so beneficial. For ten years, the world ignored Fleming's find. ~But Dr. Fleming would not be discouraged.~ He would not allow his mold to die or let the world confuse him. Dr. Fleming was probably a very self-confident man. a very cruel man. a very rich man. a shy person. A ~The deaths of soldiers in World War II made the development of penicillin very important.~ Some doctors worked together to find a fast and effective way to make penicillin. In 1940, the drug was used on the first human patient. The patient was a policeman with blood poisoning. He never recovered. The second case had a happier ending. This person got enough of the drug to cure him. Because of this success, the doctors were invited to the United States to continue their work. They gave a miracle drug to the world. * * * What speeded up the study of penicillin? The doctors worked together. There was more money for research. The soldiers needed the drug. There were many cases of blood poisoning. C   ! During the Middle Ages, Europe was divided into small areas that were ruled by lords. ~The more powerful lords had their own armies of metal-clad fighters.~ The battles between these armored men must have been awesome events. Mounted on their horses, they crashed into one another, trying to knock each other from their horses. These armored warriors came to be known as knights and they played an important part in European history. How do you think the knights influenced history? They were the ones who fought the battles. They decided who they were going to attack. The laws of the time were written by knights. They changed the way that soldiers looked. A ~A young man had to go through many years of training to become a knight.~ As a boy, he was a page and served his lord's family. During this time he learned to ride and use a small sword. Next, the page became a squire. A squire served a knight and trained with real weapons. This training was very rigorous. When the young man was finally ready to become a knight, he spent a night praying alone in a church. The next day he knelt before his lord and was tapped on the shoulder with a sword. He was now a full-fledged knight. To become a knight, a person would probably have to be someone who enjoys going to war. very religious. willing to train long and hard. afraid of nothing. C Knights wore cumbersome suits of armor to protect themselves from their enemies' weapons. They were covered with metal from head to toe. When the knights weren't fighting, they participated in tournaments to keep their battle skills sharp. At a tournament, two knights on horseback charged each other with lances. Each knight tried to knock his opponent off his horse. ~Although they used dulled weapons, knights were often hurt or killed during tournaments.~ This passage suggests that the armor worn by the knights made it impossible for them to get hurt. the knights were crazy to risk their lives. the knights tried to kill each other at the tournaments. being a knight was a dangerous occupation. D There was a detailed set of rules about knighthood. These rules said that knights should follow a code of behavior called "chivalry." This meant that a knight should be loyal to his lord, a good Christian, and unafraid to risk his life to help someone in distress. Often the knights went on quests to find religious objects or to rescue people from a cruel lord. ~However, many knights were cruel themselves and terrorized the people.~ We can tell from reading this passage that all of the knights hated cruelty. not all knights followed the code of chivalry. nobody paid any attention to the rules about knighthood. none of the knights were afraid to risk their lives. B The era of knighthood has inspired many poems, songs, and stories. The most famous of these is the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Knighthood still exists in England. ~It is an honor that the king or queen bestows on people who have done things for society.~ For example, rock musician Bob Geldof was made a knight for his efforts to raise money for the starving people in Ethiopia. * * * This passage suggests that the knights of today still participate in tournaments. to be made a knight you must raise money for starving people. the knights of today are not fighters. today knighthood is meaningless. C The late 1800's was an exciting time in history. New inventions were being discovered every day. ~The bicycle, the telephone, the automobile, and many other inventions were firing the imaginations of people everywhere.~ Some people in Europe had also made a glider that could carry a man, but no one had yet made a plane that was powered by an engine. Wilbur and Orville Wright became intrigued with this idea and started to work on a power-driven airplane. This passage suggests that the late 1800's was a time when men had no modern conveniences. an important period for the development of technology. a time when people could make a lot of money. a difficult time for the poor. B The Wright brothers were inspired by a German engineer who had designed several successful gliders. ~The brothers built thousands of model gliders and tested them in a homemade wind tunnel.~ They were looking for a design that would support the weight of an engine and a pilot. Finally they decided on a plan and built "the Flyer." The Flyer had two sets of wings made of canvas and wood and had a 12-horsepower engine. When it was finished, they took it to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina to try the first flight. We can tell from reading this passage that the Wright brothers were overconfident. very thorough. afraid to fly their airplane. too careful when they built their airplane. B When they got to Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers readied their plane. They attached a cable to the plane to keep it stable as the motor roared to life. The brothers tossed a coin to see who would go first. ~Wilbur won and nervously climbed into the cradle built on the bottom wing.~ Orville released the cable and the Flyer took off into the air. Although Wilbur only flew two and one-half seconds, it was man's first powered flight. The brothers were excited, but they felt they could do better. How do you think Wilbur felt just before he took off? terrified bored angry and unhappy nervous and excited D Three days later, the Wright brothers were ready to try again. They flew several times that day, each time going higher and further. On the last flight, they took advantage of a brisk wind and flew 850 feet, staying in the air for 59 seconds. ~Orville and Wilbur's airplane was a success, but they continued to improve its design.~ By the fall of 1905, they had flown the Flyer 24 miles. This passage suggests that the Wright brothers were not satisfied with just being the first to fly. should have quit while they were ahead. progressed too quickly with the Flyer. were in great danger during their test flights. A The rest of the world did not hear about the details of Orville and Wilbur's flights for some time. In fact, it was several years before their successful flights became public. ~The Wright brothers were afraid that their ideas might be stolen, and so they kept the information a secret until they got a U.S. patent.~ A few years later, they started their own successful company. Today you can see the Flyer on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. * * * We can tell from reading this passage that the Wright brothers were greedy. although they were good inventors, the Wright brothers were not good businessmen. the Wright brothers didn't want someone else to profit form their work. it took a long time for flying to catch on. C At one time England was a great empire. Countries all over the world were English colonies. It was said that the sun never set on the British Empire. India was part of this empire and ~her people were treated like second-class citizens by the English.~ Naturally, the Indians hated this and there were rumors of rebellion throughout the country. Their long struggle to be free would be led by one of the greatest men in history. His name was Mohandas K. Gandhi. Why do you think that the Indians wanted to rebel against the English? They hated white-skinned people. They wanted to control all of England's colonies. Their leader was one of the greatest men in history. They disliked being treated poorly in their own country. D Gandhi was born in India in 1869, and studied law in England and India. When he finished his law degree, he went to work in South Africa, another English colony. He saw that the dark-skinned people there were being treated poorly. They did not have the same rights as the English people and usually lived in poverty. ~Gandhi decided to stop practicing law and devote his life to liberating his people~ from English rule. This passage suggests that all Englishmen were cruel people. Gandhi disliked practicing law. Gandhi was not a selfish man. Gandhi hated the English. C Gandhi was a peaceful man. He felt that the use of violence to achieve any goal was wrong, no matter how right the goal was. His chief weapon was what he called "soul force." This meant protesting the injustice of a law or government in a peaceful way. In order for soul force to work, a person must be brave and believe in what he or she is trying to do. At first, some people thought this would never work. But as time went on, they realized that soul force was working despite the harsh actions of the English. A person using "soul force" would probably not fight a policeman who was arresting him. fight a policeman during an arrest. use bombs to make sure the laws changed. stay away from all political problems. A Gandhi led many protests against the English government. The most famous was a protest of a British law that said Indians had to purchase their salt from the government. Gandhi and his followers marched to the sea. There they made their own salt from sea water. ~The government sent troops that attacked. But Gandhi's followers did not fight back.~ Marches like this one slowly changed the world's opinion about the English occupation of India. After 30 long years, the English were finally forced to give India its independence. The salt march probably helped turn world opinion against the English by showing how badly they treated the Indians. showing how stubborn the Indians were. proving that the English were in control of India. proving that the Indians were weak. A In 1947, India gained its independence from England. ~This would have been a great moment for Gandhi, but the new nation was still in strife.~ The Hindus and the Muslims were not getting along. Finally the nation was split into Pakistan for the Muslims and India for the Hindus. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated by a man who thought Gandhi had betrayed the Hindus. Gandhi's idea of nonviolent protest has influenced other great leaders who want to end injustice. His efforts have bettered the lives of people all over the world. * * * We can tell from reading this passage that Gandhi failed in his efforts to free India. was disappointed that his people couldn't get along. betrayed the Hindus when he failed to keep the nation together. ended English rule all over the world. 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