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30 ? 3003 8<63?00 ?03 33 ?3 3333 33>0 #iSTDb1v@I뇫㇣ӃËЄܑˆÑǜŰꁏ£߇͐𢊫ćªֻƵ̀ėĐБȂ ҈책տ"ݓ"ŕλջ"" ""Ż"݀"Ջ" " ջ" ݀ݷ" Ի" ݀" " ݃" "   " "F"FHժHժտG E{Vu    ࠐ ȩ   %  6)Nv"HsFv$Gh x 0| 00?x ~ xAcG``fCÀƀ00?0_π \8=၁sff`pƆ 10q؏Ə<、v ̌FF@`@1a?1`1@` ێ̆p`ccsÃπX8y쇀ƆC Čٟπᰰ=ccnjx x xcN =cc >00``@@p > ̌    Հ  (ժժժժݮժժժժժժժժժՈÃժ䉣ժժժժݮժժժժժժժժժĀժÇժժժժݮժժժժժժժժժĈժ䉂Ĉ? ?~O?s~L??s|y{}?f|?vye߿̟ϙϙ{ߌ˟̈燎ϗP 糿P Oϟϟ矿̳̿ǻݻݻݻݻԪݻݻݻݻӪݻݻݻݻުݻݻݻݻ۪˕ݻݻݻݻނݻݻݻ݋۪տݻݻݻĀվݻݻݻԪݻݻݛժՀݻժ۪оժ݀ݻתժԈծժժݻݻժժٻݻժժժժſ߻ݻժժժݻݻݻժտժԪ߻ݻժժ̃ݻݻԪպժՂݻݻݻժ֪ݻݻݻݻժݻݻݻݻתݻݻݻݻժܻݻݻݻݻժݻݻݻݻݻԪܻݻݻݻݻժݻݻݻݻݻЪݻݻݻݻݻêݻݻݻݻݻƪݻݻݻݻժƻݻݻݻݻԪۚݻݻݻݻӪݻݻݻݻުݻݻݻݻ۪ە޻ݻݻݻ檰ޏݻݻݻ݋׊ݻݻݻתݻݻݻԯݻݻݛՀݻ۪ժ߀Ъ׮ݻժժԈêժիׯժժժݻЪժծٻժժſ߻ݻ߾ժժժݻݻݻժժժ߻ݻժժպ؋ݻݻԪժՃݻݻݻիߪݻݻݻݻժݻݻݻծݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻպݻݻݻݻݻԫݻݻݻݻիݻݻݻݻݻЮݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻݻiSTDb.r<D뇫㇣ӃËЄܑˆÑǜŰꁏ£߇͐𢊫ćªֻƵ̀ėĐБȂ ҈책տ"ݓ"ŕλջ"" " " ջ" ݀" " " ջ" ݀ݷ" ջ" ݀" " ݃" "   " "F"F,&Oy.Lh.F]t뇫ܑˆꁏ͐𢊫ć Ƶ̀ėĐБ҈책ݓŕλ   ջ ݀   ջ ݀ݷ ջ ݀     -!Kt(Gd~2Kc{ 뇫ܑˆ︮ꁏ͐𢊫ćዮ ̀ėĐБ҈책ݓŕλ   ջ ݀   ջ ݀ݷ ջ ݀  ݃ Օ ݗ 6+Y:b;^&Deャ뇫㇣ ˆ ꁏ£ ͐𢊫ćª ֻ ̀ėĐБȂȢ책տݓŕλջ  ݑ ջջ ܀   ջ ݀ݷ ջ ݷ   յՕՕλ ږλॅ ?:,]Fr+\#T9c 7a,P 뇫㇣ӃˈÑǜŰ £ 𢊫ćªֻ̀ėĐБȂ҈책տݓŕλջ  ʊ ջ    ջ Հݷ ջ ݗ λԵŅ ⋯ յĕ֛ ޖ؀⊮ʫŻοA-]+_%S 7d@l뇫㇣ӃˈÑǜŰ£𢊫ćªʂֻ̀ėĐБȂ҈책տݓŕλջ  ʊ ջ ݗ Օ  ᅕ Ԁ ջ ꪪꪪ չՕݳրق鯭 ÄՕ֛ě鵅 ޖЂʊο兤6 i2ga;!y:h-h7㻣:򅒅ŐŁշ߿7∂2׵Đđđđǟ.☮+倀فĐıϛ)棂‘ƛ&āđđœ"∢!ݑ!ƃ"ݧ͂ϐđđđﻪꪺݓĐߗԷđǝՕŭ⸪ đđǟՅ⨢㿿ϗĐđűıܳܓ Օ≆߅đđđﯾ؀đ̰đđđđĕՕ⨠꘮݇đđ’Օ∢đđđԻݷሇՅΣȣ DžݷÉɇ̀ݳ TջݻջԘѤ݃ݻŘĈݻͺݻĈكݻĈתݻ񂈋ժՁܛŀժݻ񄌪Ĉժ݀݋תժݻժժݻ݋ժݻժݻ݋ժժݻݻߪתժݻ݋תժݻݻĈժݻתժܻݸժĈݻժܻݻĀժ՟Ļݻժˆݻݻժݻݻ݉ĺݻݻʉݻݻܻ݉ݻݻتިݻݻ݈՗ݻݻݻԪǸݻ߈ުՑݻݻުݻݻ݈֪ݻݻݻתݻ߻݉ժݻݻݻתĐݻ߻ljת߻ժݻݻňժݻժߋժݻ߻ݻߏժݫĈݻ΁ػݣĀݻȅպڻݣǀȫݻĈ՞ػ݃葂ĀتΈݻĀު՗ܱ݃Āתǀݻתݻ쁢ժ̸ݻĈժݻݛĀժĿݻժݻݻګժݻĈޫݻݻժݻĈժݻݻѢתՊݻݻŻժ¿ݻݻ׮תݻݻժժݻݻݺתժݻݻժժݻݹժժݻժժݻݸժժހ߻ݻժժݻժժŀݻݻժժчܿݻݰժժĂ߻ݻժժݻժā߻ݻժժݻժպԉݻժݻժժſݻሀժպݻժݻժժժպĨԉݻժժцݻժǸ̓ݻTջƝĈ݃ĈݻăĸժтĈժժըݻժժժՀŃ߫ժժժ݃ЦĈժժժժċժժժժߪժժժժՂժժծݛЪժժժ⋀ժժժպݛԪժժժĈџժժժժݛ䁪ժժתĈժժLjܻЪժվ̈ԪժܻܺܪժψԪժĀݻԪժĈݻňԪ뿄ݻЪڏݻňЪċݻݻŀպĻػݻڈիݻՀ՞ĨݻݻΈĸݻ՞ňݻݻժڊĸݻňժՎݻݻժվݻ߻تպݻĻݻĈߋܹ݋ăժЎժ߻ŸժݫĀݻ΁Ĉբػݣ⁈ժĀݻȅĈպڻݣňժ܋ݻꝑػ݃聢̀ܪĈݻ聈ժܱ݃ԀժĀݻժݻ쁠ުժĸݻ끀תժݻݛĈժľݻժꉑݻݻՊĻݻ끈Ղݻݻߪՠݻݻݻ׺ݻݻծĸݻݻժкݻݻիՊݻݻՂݻݻתՠՒݻݹժݻժݻݸժԀ߻ݻբЪݻՂĀݻݻՀчܿݻݰՀԪĂ߻ݻݻ誕՞ā߻ݻժʈݻժ՞ԉݻժݻժպſݻሀժݻժݻժժĨԉݻժիцݻժĸ̓ݻ i!S/4})a1%z5\.i ظؘ  ᇗƏŕЁēđđđŗāǗœϏđŗ 檢ŗ⻦Ͽܑŗő őՓ ꫪ⊢ ᅕ 狷 ꪪ책սמ ŕLJʟ Š∢㦋鹁ǖ"݀ŗ͗݊ʏ" ˎ򨦋Օ9ćDZĐݷˏ3ꪮȠ3Ň͗ Š΋჏ Ցԇ  ꨢՕ  ⋯߿ Š滀յݗ ߷őܷ݁ꊊ Ọ̈̄θ⿯ՕҨŕϗݗϷŕ 蛆⻆ՉŅ񄇅Ł݀ŇߗܑԆȑܗŁݗœݷ⊫ᅕܖ̀đ̰ݑݗˍ⫯􎏪đʆđŇфđė͓ԐܑՅ⸢šʆćđّāܑ̔őĐŗĐđ煁םܱi 1 %Dc-         -1 $A`s-  ࠠ   𰰱ƀ-!lhI2a#Ӄ㋣﫪类`䡤ā@@Tu]U **. " "&̶ܶܶܖĔŒĀDDqT0\QT%Օƣ(`  *(*"ꪪӅu]@DAꋪ拦 +"(" ꪪŗܷԑձܕԷݷU]UTWTQDݗ깠«⹢ꨢ≠+(""""** űݱݕ̐đőEEPXDDݟ曢꫎ "" (:*("" Ӏāߗݿߗ·āԒ@EDAE꺦渮""(""(C ժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĈ䈑ĈĈĈĈĈĈĈĀĈĈŀՈĈĨЈժĈԨĊѢňĈתĪբՈĈ񈑢ĀĈĈŀՈĈĨЈժĈԨĊѢňĈתĪբՈĈ9/INIT-GRUc,Tg,6sg,Tg,7sg,Tg,8sgK,Tg,QKsgK,TgKsg,,TgK,sg,,CTgK,sg;SCU],,g,Z,g,gySCU,],Kg,p,&Kg,i,6,g,p,;,g,,[X Version 1.0%tX Copyright (c) 1986 YX by DecisiontX Development Co. tX All rights reserved.YX Use restrictedtX by license agreement.YyPROGU zFĆ?[K[]}쇈đՁ đđđđđđĐ ĕ ՑđđđđđđĐ  đđđđđđđđđ  Ցđđđđđđđđđ  9/SC4U?[K[]Mz\, [XPROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS%tXThe following is a list of YXthe maintXcomputer keys used in this YXprogram.%tXRETURN -to record an YXanswer%tXSPACEBAR -to advance in YX the program%tXESC/ESC -to return to the YX Main Menu%tXCONTROL-C -to see the Credit YXScreentX (only at the Main YXMenu)%tXR-REVERSE -to repeat certain YXsections%t,<p,-pX -to erase an entryY;SCUB,lzXOther keys used only in certaintXsections will be explained YXin thosetX sections.Y,lz~SCRUMz,sX SCIENCE 2: GEOLOGYt, sXCopyright, 1986t,sXbyt,sXDecision Development YX Corporationt, sX2346 Stanwell Drivet, sXConcord, CA 94520t, sX(415) 798-3311%t,sXHarry J. Larson, EdD, CEOt,sXEllen M. Nelson, YX President%t,sX _____________%t,sX Design Team%t,sXRoger Bird YX Schulhoff Tam%t,sXBeckie Harvey Paul Vernon%t,sXMichael ShorrockY,lzXPress SPACEBAR to return to YXprogram.Y~PROGUy}9/INIT-GRU,Tgsg;SCRU/z,g,lzX$$Hello! Welcome to Geology, a program%tX##about the earth and how it changes!Y~XSCRU4\XHave you ever taken a walk YXafter a%tXlong rain storm? You may have YXseen a%tXriver or stream filled with YXmuddy%tXwater rushing by very quickly.Y~ʆSCRU4\XIf you went back to the same YXspot a%tXfew days later, you may have YXseen%tXthat the water was clearer YXand%tXflowing more slowly.Y~SCRU4\XDid you wonder why the water YXwas not%tXmuddy? Did you know why the YX water was%tXflowing at a different speed? YXWhat%tXcaused the changes in the YXriver? Y~7SCRU4\XYou may have noticed mud on YXthe%tXriver banks. Where did it YX come from?%tXHow old is the river? What YXdid it%tXlook like a long time ago?Y~SCRU4\XBy the time you finish this YXprogram%tXyou will be able to answer YXthese%tX questions.Y~SCR1U4\XYou will learn about the YXearth's%tXsurface and how it changes. YXThe%tXstudy of the earth is called YXGEOLOGY.Y~3SCR10U4\XYou will learn about the YXearth by%tXexperimenting with different YXkinds of%tXclimate and rock. You will YXsee how%tXthese change an area's YX landforms.Y~ˊSCR1U4\XYou will change the landform YXbytX choosing:tX1. the kind of rock.tX2. the amount of rainfall.tX3. the average temperature.tX4. the average wind speed.tX5. the age of the landform.t~SCR1UMzXThere are two ways you can YXdiscover%tXhow rock, climate, and time YX change an%tXarea's landform.%tX . you can find out about YXthese%tX FACTORS before you try%tX experimenting.%tX . you can experiment first YXand%tX then review information.Y[,lzXPress the SPACEBAR for YX MAIN MENU. Y[~{PROGU?[K[]F_ц> ;Ԋ}󍍍9/INIT-TIMEMCU,Z, Tg,),Zsg,[, Tg,*,[sg,\, Tg,+,\sg,], Tg,,,]sg,^, Tg,-,^sg,_, Tg,.,_sg,`, Tg,/,`sg,a, Tg,0,asg,b, Tg,1,bsg,c, Tg,2,csg,X,Tg,(,Xsg,Y,Tg, ,Ysg;INIT-GR3VAUc,M Tg,!sg,,Tg, ,sg>INIT-GR3TTUc,Tg, sg,TgKsgK,STg,KsgK, Tg, KsgvINIT-GR3RIUc, Tg,D Tg,sg,.Tg,sgK,.Tg,KsgK,.Tg,Ksg,,bTg,,sgJȇINIT-GR3VOUc,Tg,Tg,sg,Tg,sgK,NTg,KsgK,Tg,Ksg,,Tg,,sg,,Tg,,sg,,Tg,,sg,,Tg,,sg, ,)Tg,, sg, ,)Tg, , sg, ,DTg,Y, sg:INIT-GR3MTUc,Tg, Tg, sg,ATg, sgK,)Tg, KsgK,Tg,Ksg,,Tg,,sg,,Tg,,sg,,Tg,,sgJ"SCRU],p,$g,i,6g,p,;Kg,*,PKg0ySCR1.U/z,lzXIn this unit, you will learn YXhow the%tXearth is constantly changing. YXThese%tXchanges have happened over YXbillions%tX of years.Y,g~SCR1U4\XOver many years, rock builds YXup and%tXbreaks down. Gradually this YXprocess%tXhas formed mountains, plains, YXand%tX plateaus.Y~SCR1U4\XYou might want to take some YXnotes%tXwhile you are learning about YXROCK and%tXSURFACE FEATURES. Now would YXbe the%tXbest time to get paper and YX a pencil.Y~kSCR1U4\X4.6 billion years is a long, YXlong%tXtime! Changes in the earth YX are often%tXso slow that we cannot see YX them. But%tXthe earth does not stay the YXsame.Y~7SCR1U4\XThat's right! Changes in the YXearth%tXare often so slow that we YX cannot see%tXthem. But over a long period YXof time%tXthese changes do occur.Y~SCR1U4\XThe earth has been in YXexistence about%tX4.6 billion years!%tXDo you think the earth has YXchanged%tXvery much over all this YXtime? YGy ?SCRU/z,Yg,?g,lzXHere is a picture of a YXmountain as it%tXmay have looked millions of YXyears%tXago. Let's see what happens YXwith a%tXslow and gradual change.Y~{ERODE-MOUNTAIU,,K*c,c,g,*cK,K*c,c, Kg,*cK,K*c,c,Kg,*c,K*c,c,,g,*c,K*c,c,,g,*c,K*c,c,,g,*cPSCR2U4\XHop aboard the time machine! YXYou will%tXvisit this mountain every YX 1,000,000%tXyears. Notice the changes YX that have%tXoccurred since your last YXvisit. YX##Press T to start the Time Machine. a,z~ SCR2U4\XOver many millions of years, YXwind and%tXwater carry away the rock YX and soil.%tXSlowly the mountains wear YXdown.Y~SCRU4\XWe have seen how rain and YX wind cause%tXthe earth to change slowly. YX Now let's%tXtake a look at how a quick YXchange%tXmight take place.YH~LAVUM M , ,:,Kg*c0 ,m 7 M  M ,P, ,g# M M VERUPT-VOLCANU,,O ,H0 g,j ,:,Kg*c,4Kg*c,4,g*c,,,g*c,,,g*cM ,M ,P, ,gM ]SCR3U/z,*g,lzXA volcanic eruption is an YX example of%tXa sudden change in the YXearth's%tXsurface.YX$$Press T to see a volcanic eruption. ŒSSCR3U4\XOne type of volcanic eruption YXoccurs%tXwhen MAGMA, hot molten rock, YXescapes%tXfrom deep within the earth YXthrough%tXthe earth's CRUST or YXsurface.Y~SCR3U4\XThe magma, when it reaches YXthe%tXsurface, is called LAVA. YX The lava,%tXflowing out of the volcano, YX cools and%tXhardens, changing the earth.Y~̔SCRU4\XYou have seen two ways in YX which the%tXearth changes. One is when YXwind and%tXwater wear down a mountain, YX the other%tXoccurs when a volcano YXerupts.Y~SCR4U/z,lzXThe changes outside and YX inside the%tXearth are all part of the YX ROCK CYCLE.%tXOld rocks are worn down and YX new rocks%tX are formed!Y,g~NSCR4AU4\XThere are three major rock YXtypes on%tXthe earth. Two types are YXcreated%tXinside the earth. The other YXtype is%tXcreated on the earth's YXsurface.Y~SCR4AU4\XRocks formed on the surface YXare%tXcalled SEDIMENTARY rocks. YXThey are%tXformed from tiny particles of YXrock%tXand soil called sediments.Yև~՗5THOU,,,,_g؂SCR4AU/z,Yg,?g,lzXRivers are one way that YXthese%tXsediments are carried and YX deposited.%tXThe river is continually YX depositing%tXsediments on the bottom.Y~TVIEWBUUM ,2M gx M ~SPIN-NUU ,4,-,,, b,Zm gRIVER-SEDIMENU, K0 ,Zm ,,, g0 7 ,&e ,?e ,  , 0 ,&,, ,Zm g 0 K/ 7 K1  m 0 # 0 K1 L,>L L ؂2FK*c ,Le ,?e ,g# NؙSCR4AU4\XThe increasing weight of the YXnew%tXlayers squeeze and compress YXthe%tXbottom layers of sediment. YXThis%tXprocess takes many years.Y؁陶SCR4AU4\XIn time, this pressure YX changes the%tXbottom layers of sediment YX into rock. %t~,zMM,ZM ,dM , ,?,g,?g# ,?,gM M ,lzXRocks formed in this way YX cover more%tXthan half of the earth's YXsurface.YH~_SCR4AU/z,*g,lzXTwo types of rock are formed YXwithin%tXthe earth. One is called YXIGNEOUS%tXrock. The other is called%tXMETAMORPHIC rock.Y~SCR4AU4\XIgneous means 'changed by YXfire.'%tXIgneous rocks are formed YXfrom the%tXcooling lava. As the lava YX cools, it%tXhardens and becomes rock.Y؁Œ7SCR4AU4\XMetamorphic means 'changed YX in form.'%tXMetamorphic rock is formed YXfrom%tXigneous rock, sedimentary YXrock, or%tXother metamorphic rock.Y~META-PROCESU, ,z,4, g*c,z,4, gK*c# *c,i,H, gSCR4A1U4\XDeep within the earth, YX tremendous%tXheat and pressure cause YXthese%tXdifferent rocks to be YXsqueezed%tXtogether until they change YXform.Y؁,z~SCR4U/z,g,lzXEven though rocks form YX differently,%tXthey are made up of similar YX MINERALS.%tXMinerals are natural YXmaterials found%tXin the earth's crust.Y~ɟSCR4U4\XRocks have different YX qualities of%tXhardness. The minerals YX contained in%tXthe rock help to determine YXthe%tXquality of hardness of that YXrock.Y~SCR4U4\XDo you think that hard rock YXand soft%tXrock wear away at the same YXrate? YG,z,lzyX Not quite.X That's right!Y~WSCR4U4\XSoft rock wears away easily. YXHard%tXrock does not wear away as YXeasily.%tXOver time, however, all rocks YXwill%tX wear away!Y~SCR5U4\XThe differences in hardness YXof rocks%tXis one reason why the earth YXhas%tXdifferent landforms.YL~SCR5U4\XThat's right! This is an area YXof%tXsoft, non-resistant rock. YX Soft rock%tXwears away faster than the YXhard,%tXresistant rock. Y~-SCR5U4\XThere are hard, resistant YXrocks in%tXthe picture. However, this is YXmainly%tXan area of soft rock. Soft YX rock wears%tXaway faster than hard rock.Y~ڣSCR5U/z,*g,lzXLook at the valley picture YXabove.%tXDo you think the valley YX walls are%tXmade out of hard or soft YXrock? Y[, ,[X* Hard * SoftY [K~XSOFT"p ttXHARDt"p tttK 5⣶SCR6U4\XNot quite! The ridges are YX made up of%tXresistant rock. The soft rock YXerodes%tXaround the resistant rock, YXforming%tXthe valley walls and ridges. Y~SCR6U4\XThat's right! Softer rock YXerodes%tXfaster, leaving the harder YX resistant%tXrock to form the valley's YXridges.Y~tSCRU4\XIn this picture, which YX feature is%tXmade of hard, resistant rock? YX * Valley Walls * RidgesYK, [, ~XRIDGES"p tt&X VALLEY WALLSt"p tttK | SCR6U4\XThe type of rock helps YX determine the%tXshape the land will be. After YXa long%tXtime, the soft rock that is YXcarried%tXaway will form plains.Y~SCRUMz,lzXThis ends the unit on ROCK YXand the%tXEARTH'S SURFACE FEATURES. YX These are%tXthe main ideas of the unit: %tX. The earth's surface is YX constantlytX changing.%tX. Rock is formed inside the YXearthtX and on the surface.%tX. Rock is shaped into YX landforms.Y~PROGU?[K[]/ É Ɋsč [ ԔVޗh@ џ_7 XRUm1  XMUm1  }a.u,}XMUm1  }a.uKa.u a.u/ , Tg,sg,ATg,sgK,)Tg,KsgK,Tg, Ksg,,Tg, ,sg,,Tg, ,sg,,Tg, ,sgYINIT-GRDELTUc,Tg,:sg,Tg,;sgK,Tg,<KsgK,Tg,=Ksg,,?Tg,>,sg,,Tg,?,sg,,Tg,@,sgꆊINIT-GRVAUc, Tg,M Tg,sg}INIT-GRSIU,h Tgsg,TgKsg,TgsgK,STgKKsgK,h TgKsgLOCAL8P1 '204(97TAUsB.LANaQ.CHANGa].ROCak.RAIaw.TEMa.WINa.TIMa.Ea.EI.CLASa(.EI.CLASSa.END.LOOPaӈ.CLIMATE.RAa䈓.CLIMATE.NORMALIZEa.A.AVaDYU4\X Do you want Y%TTU,lzX!!Type A, B, or C for your choice. YCACCEPT.ABUIXABCs zMORE/LESUg Xmore XlessY$WIN.WIN48ʉ$LAN9/INIT-TIMEMCU,Z, Tg,),Zsg,[, Tg,*,[sg,\, Tg,+,\sg,], Tg,,,]sg,^, Tg,-,^sg,_, Tg,.,_sg,`, Tg,/,`sg,a, Tg,0,asg,b, Tg,1,bsg,c, Tg,2,csg,X,Tg,(,Xsg,Y,Tg, ,Ysg;INIT-GRRIVUc,6 Tg,Gsg,Tg,HsgK,Tg,IKsg>INIT-GRDELTUc,Tg,@sg,Tg,AsgK,Tg,BKsgK,Tg,CKsg,,?Tg,D,sg,,Tg,E,sg,,Tg,F,sgJINIT-GRRIVUc, Tg,D Tg,sg,.Tg,sgK,.Tg,KsgK,.Tg,Ksg,,bTg,,sgJINIT-GRRIVUc,h Tgsg,Tg,@sg,HTg,4sgK,HTg,5KsgK,?Tg,9Ksg,,eTg,:,sg,,{Tg,;,sg,,PTg,<,sg,,PTg,=,sg, ,Tg,>, sg, ,Tg,?, sgINIT-GRRIUc,Tg, sg,TgKsgK,WTg,KsgK, Tg,JKsgaSCRUn],p,$g,i,6g,p,;Kg,,PKgySCR1U/z,g,lzXIn this unit, you will learn YXhow a%tXriver's path is shaped by the YXwater%tXwithin it and the landforms YXit%tXtravels through.Y~SCR1U4\XYou might want to take some YXnotes%tXwhile you are learning about YXRIVERS%tXAND HOW THEY ARE SHAPED. Now YXwould be%tXa good time to get paper and YXpencil.Y~SCR1U4\XThe amount of water in the YX world does%tXnot change. It forms a WATER YXCYCLE.%tXIn this cycle water moves from YXoceans%tXto sky to land, and back to YXoceans.Y~EVAU ,, 0 KgK*c# SEVAPORATE-WATEUZ,,KgK*cZ,K,gK*cZ,,gK*cM M ,M ,M ,*gM M *cMOVE-CLOUDU,- ,0  7 ,g,m 7 ,,g,,g# M M ,M ,M ,*gM M *c, ,P0  ,g*c# M L M ,*M ,L ,M , ,,0  ,g*c# , , 0  7 ,g,m 7 ,,g,,g*c# M L M MOVE-RIVEU,  ,>,., gK*c,F,-, gK*c# :SCR1U/z,*g,lzXWater evaporates from the YXocean.Y,lzXClouds form and blow over the YXland.%tXWater returns to earth as YX rain, snow,%tX hail, or fog.YG~{SCR1U4\XMuch of the water soaks into YXthe%tXground. The rest, RUNOFF, is YXcarried%tXback to the ocean in rivers YXand%tXstreams.YG~FSCRU/z,lzXIn the mountains, rainfall YXcollects%tXand flows in small streams. YXThese%tXstreams form the branches of YXa river.%tXThey make a tree-like river YXpattern.Y,,Jg~폅SCR2U4\XThe SOURCE, or beginning of YXa river,%tXis always higher than its YX MOUTH, or%tXend. The source usually can YXbe found%tXhigh in the mountains.Y~ːSCR2U4\XThat's right! The force of YXgravity%tXhas a strong effect on the YX water. It%tXpulls the water towards the YXriver's%tXmouth by the shortest path YX possible.Y~SCR2U4\XNot quite! What happens when YXyou ride%tXa bike down a steep hill? YXGravity%tXpulls you! Gravity pulls the YXwater%tXdown by the shortest path YX possible.Y~SSCR2U4\XWhy does the water flow from YXthe%tXhighest to the lowest points?%tX Because of Y[X * rocks * oceans * gravityY [,~XGRAVITY"p t/XOCEANSt"pXROCKSt"p  [tt SCR2U4\XAll rivers follow a COURSE, YXor path.%tXThe water carves a CHANNEL, YXor%tXgroove, in the land. This YXchannel%tXkeeps the water flowing in YX its course.Y~SCR2U4\XAs the water cuts the YXchannel in the%tXearth, it picks up SEDIMENT: YXrocks,%tXsoil, and minerals.Y~ؔSCR2U4\XIf you follow the river's YX course from%tXhigh in the mountains, YX you will see%tXthat other rivers flow into YX it making%tXa larger river with a wider YXchannel.Y~`SCR2U4\XWhen the river nears the YX ocean, the%tXchannel becomes very wide YXand the%tXflowing water slows down.Y~1SCR2U4\XAs the water slows down, YX what happens%tXto the sediment being YXcarried by the%tX river? It Y[X* settles * floats * freezesY [,~XSETTLES"p tt1XFLOATSt"pXFREEZESt"p  tttK TVIEWBUUM ,2M gx M SPIN-NUU ,4,-,,, b,Zm g旅5THOU,,,,_g؂SETTLE-RIVEU, K0 ,Zm ,,, g0 7 ,&e ,?e ,  , 0 ,&,, ,Zm g 0 K/ 7 K1  m ̗0 # 0 K1 L,>L L ؂2FK*c ,Le ,?e ,g# N7SCR2U#/z,Yg#,?g,lzXLook at this underwater view.YX##Press T to see if you are correct. FSCR2U4\XYou're right! X Not quite. YXThe sediment falls to%tXthe bottom making the YX river's mouth%tX shallower.Y~ERODE-DELTU,,K*c,?,g,*cK,K*c,?,Kg,*cK,K*c,?,Kg,*c,K*c,?,,g,*c,K*c,?,,g,*c,K*c,?,,g,*cSCR2U/z,Yg,?g,lzXAs the water slows down it YX DEPOSITS,%tXor drops, the sediment in YX layers. The%tXlayers build up and form a YXDELTA in%tXthe shape of a fan.YXPress T to see a delta form.%͚SCR2U4\XThe dissolved minerals from YXthe%tXsediment are carried into YX the ocean.%tXIt is these minerals that YX make ocean%tX water salty.Y~ěSCRU/z,Yg,?g,lzXWater creates the greatest YX change on%tXthe earth's surface because YXof its%tXrole in erosion and the moving YXof%tX sediments.Y~qSCR3U4\XTwo actions which cause the YX landscape%tXto change are erosion and YXsediment%tXdeposit.Y~7(SCR3BU4\X%%Watch the erosion process again. This%tXtime notice which changes occur%tX##because of erosion, and which occur%tXbecause of sediment deposit.Y؁%SCR3U4\XWhich landforms changed due YXto%tX erosion? Y[X* ocean * river * mountainsY [, ~X MOUNTAINS"pXRIVERt"p  ttXOCEANt"p tttK eSCR3BU4\XThat's right! X Not quite. YXThe mountains and hills%tXwere eroded by rain, wind, YXand the%tXactions of ice and snow. YX Rivers are %tXalso eroded by the water YX they carry.Y~2SCR3U4\XWhich landforms changed YX because of%tXsediment deposits? Y[X * river * mountains * deltaY [, ~XRIVER"pXDELTAt"p  tt#X MOUNTAINSt"p tttK SCR3CU4\XThat's right! X Not quite. YXThe plain or delta %tX##as well as the river itself changed%tX%%with sediment deposits dropped by the%tXslowing water of the river.Y~SCR3CU/z,Yg,?g,lzXLet's watch the erosion and YXsediment%tXdeposit process again. This YXtime%tXwatch the river's course and YXhow it%tXchanges over time.%t؁%MEANDEU, *c,[g,*c,[KgSCR3UL/z,*g,lzXThe river forms MEANDERS, YXlooplike%tXbends in the river's path. YX As a river%tXdevelops, its meanders YX become more%tXcurved. This is caused by YX water flow.YXPress T to watch this process. SCR3U4\XRivers usually erode YXmaterials from%tXthe outside of a curve, and YXdeposit%tXthem on the inside of a YXcurve.Y~ƣSCR3U4\XThat's right! As a river YX meanders,%tXits speed and strength YX increase on%tXthe outside curves. This YX speed and%tXstrength causes the erosion.Y~^SCR3U/z,*gXNot quite! Watch the YX meandering%tXprocess again. Watch the YX arrows that%tXrepresent the flow of water.YXPress T to see this process. (SCR3FU4\XThe RIVERBANK, or side of the YXriver,%tXis eroded on the outside of YX the curve%tXbecause the water is flowing Y[X * faster * slowerYԥSCR3Uޥ [,~XFASTER"p ft$XSLOWERt"p"ޥ ttSCR3U4\XOn the inside of the curves, YXwater%tXspeed decreases. The water YXcannot%tXcarry much sediment. It YXis Y[X * eroded * depositedY [, ~X DEPOSITED"p tt XERODEDt"p tttK ⦅SCR3U4\X That's right!X Not quite.%tXSlow water does not have YXenough%tXenergy to move a lot of YX material. It%tX is deposited.Y~姆(SCR4UMzKlzXThis ends the unit on RIVERS YXAND HOW%tXTHEY ARE SHAPED. Here are the YXmain%tXideas of the unit:%tSCRU, lzX.A river carries water over YX the earthtX back to the ocean.%tX.A river flows from its YX highest totX its lowest point by the YXshortesttX path possible.%tX.Water carves channels in the YXlandtX and sets the river's course.%tX.A river's speed influences YXerosiontX and deposition along its YXcourse.Y~PROGU?[K[]/ NӐ&h9Ė՚̛x?m;!ȡɢΣ7 XRUm1  XMUm1  }a.u,}XRUm1  XMUm1  }a.uftX surface features by water, YXwind andtX temperature changes.%tX*Erosion is the carrying away YXoftX weathered material by wind YXandtXwater.%tX*Weathering and erosion rates YXdependtX on climate and rock type.%tX*How materials in rock react YXwithtX water and air determines YXtheirtX strength in resisting YXerosion.Y~NEXT-PROGRAUx1CeC z z,a.uPROGU?[K[]/ 쉩vn9ߏ˔S$wĚe*X& 頳zҦէ܀7 XRUm1  XMUm1  }a.uЬa.u/ ìì%(j((2(w()))/)+--.....0N0U00(001v1%3k5678_88:<?ACFHdHAHMHYHeHqH}HHHHHJJ(JrK3L@LLL}LLLLM>NP P QRS<TUXY[&^C^N^P^q^u^^``8``F``T`ab