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Now would be YXthe best%tXtime to get paper and pencil.Yʈ~包SCR1U/z,g,lzXThings like temperature YXchange,%tXwater, wind, and frost wear YXdown%tXrock and soil in an area. YXThis%tXprocess is called YX WEATHERING.Y~SCRU4\XLet's see what happens to YX this park%tXafter a one year period of YXbeing%tXexposed to the weathering YXprocess.Y~xSCR2U4\,*c,,g,lzXThe trail has washed away YXwith the%tXrains. The sidewalk has YX cracked and%tXis caked with mud. Part of YXthe%tXboulder has crumbled and YX fallen away.Y~SCRU4\XNow that you have seen what YXthe%tXnatural forces of weathering YXcan do,%tXlet's see how this process YXactually%tXworks.Y~SCR3U4\XLet's take a closer look at YXthe%tXstatue to see how water and YXwarm%tXtemperature can cause YX weathering.Y~-50YEARSAGU, 7 0 ,-,, ,Zm g,  , 0 ,4,, ,Zm g# # / +2HUNDREU,&,,,\g,-,,,Zg,4,,,ZgERODE-STATUU,&,,,[g, 92FK*c,[,Cg,*cK92FK*c,[Kg,*c,&,,,Zg, 92FK*c,[,g,*cK92FK*c,[,g‘SCR3U/z,Yg,?g,lzXIn a warm, wet environment, YXplants%tXlike moss and lichen produce YXa%tXchemical called HUMIC ACID.Y~_SCR3U4\XSlowly, over many, many years, YXthis%tXweak acid eats away the rock YXand%tXbreaks it into pieces.Y؁ёSCR3U4\XYou have seen how a wet and YXwarm%tX""environment causes weathering; now%tXtake a closer look at the YXboulder.%tXSee a cold, wet environment YXat work.YL~RAIN-BOULDEU,,#,(,,K ,me 0 m gK*c# UFREEZE-TEMU,,gWATER-WHITU ,m,0 ,m g, *c# OUTWARD-PRESU,  ,m,!0 ,m gK*c# 攊BREAK-ROCU,h,6,gK*c,^,8, gK*c,P,8, gK*c,J,8, gK*c,B,, gK*c,5,, g*c,&,,g*c,&,,g*c SCR3U/z,*g,lzXRain seeps into the rock's YXcracks.%tXPress T to start the rain. ,zd,lzXThe temperature drops to YX freezing.%t~,z,lzX!!As the water freezes, it expands.Y~,z~SCR3U-4\.XGreat! Your answer is YXcorrect!X Not exactly.%tXWhen water freezes, it YX expands. Ice%tXwidens the cracks in the rock YXand%tXhelps break the rock into YXpieces.Y~SCR3BU4\XWhat will happen to the rock YXas the%tXrain water freezes?%tXIt will Y[X * dissolve * freeze * crackY [,~XCRACK"p tt2XDISSOLVEt"pXFREEZEt"p  tttK SCR3U4\XOnce the rock has been YX weathered,%tXwind and water carry the YXcrumbled%tXmaterial away. This process YX is called%tXEROSION.Y~ySCR3U4\XWeathering (breaking rocks YXinto%tXsmaller pieces) and erosion YX (carrying%tXaway of rocks and soil) YX work together%tXto change a landscape. Y"PROGU?[K[]*팶g ɕ*,a.u♙a.u9O/INIT-GRGRNUc,Tg,Gsg,NTg,HsgK,Tg,IKsgK,)Tg,JKsg,,Tg,K,sg,,HTg,L,sg;INIT-TIMEMCU,Z, Tg,,Zsg,[, Tg,,[sg,\, Tg,,\sg,], Tg,,]sg,^, Tg,,^sg,_, Tg,,_sg,`, Tg,,`sg,a, Tg,,asg,b, Tg,,bsg,c, Tg,,csg,X,Tg,,Xsg,Y,Tg,,YsgINIT-GRPRKUc," Tg,sg,Q Tg, sgK, Tg,!KsgK,y Tg,"Ksg,,!Tg,F,sg,,Tg,D,sg,,!Tg,C,sg,, Tg,A,sgCLIMATœL,^INIT-GRVALUcƆ,TgnINIT-GR3CLIUc,TgKsg,TgsgK,Tg,TKsgK," Tg,KsgSCRUȇ~/z,g,lzXYou have seen how natural YXforces%tXerode and carry rock away. YX Let's look%tXmore carefully at how wind, YXrain,%tXand temperature influence YXerosion.Y~݈SCR4.U4\XDay to day changes of wind, YXrain,%tXand temperature are called YXWEATHER.%tXAverage weather conditions YXover a%tXyear make up an area's YXCLIMATE.Y~ERODE-PARU  ,0 1  , ,0 m g*c# }WIPEOUU/z,gTHERU,gڊGAUGU,,gSCR4Uh1 4\XIn a cold and dry climate, YX erosion is%tXslow. Water is needed for YX weathering.%tXThe cold also slows plant YXgrowth.%tXOnly wind moves the rock and YXsoil.Y~ʊSCR4Uh1 K,,,g,, ,g4\XIn a wet and cold climate, YX erosion is%tXaverage. Water speeds up YX weathering,%tXbut the cold slows down plant YXgrowth.%tXWind cannot pick up wet YX material.Y~ʊ狅SCR4Uh1 K,,,g,, ,g4\XIn a dry and hot climate, YX erosion is%tXaverage. Warmth speeds up YXplant%tXgrowth. But lack of water YX slows down%tXweathering. Wind moves YX materials.Y~ʊ䌅SCR4UKh1 K,,,g,, ,g,,,g,, ,g4\XIn a wet and hot climate, YX erosion is%tXfast. Water speeds up YX weathering.%tXThe warmth speeds plant YX growth. But%tXwind cannot pick up wet YX material.Y~ʊڍTU, ,[X 1.Y펂TU,,[X 2.Y TU, ,[X 3.Y%TU,,[X 4.YA(SCR4AU4\,lzXPick one of the four climatic%tX$$conditions below. See how it affects%tX%%erosion: 1. Dry, cold 2. Wet, cold%tX$$ 3. Dry, hot 4. Wet, hotY, 0 h  W[J\0 b *FK[J\# ,lzX##Type your choice and press RETURN. Y]SCR4U4\XWeathering and erosion do YX not happen%tXat the same rates in all YX climates.%tXPick again, but this time YXchoose a%tXdifferent weather condition!Y~vCHK-CLIMATUtK 0 h # 4SCR4UK 0 h1 # gX1234,1 b B ~ZSCRU4\XYou have seen how climate YX changes the%tXamount of weathering and YXerosion.%tXAnother factor also changes YXthe%tXamount of erosion - rock YXtype!Y~SCR5U4\XIn time, weathering will YX break down%tXeven the hardest rock. How YXrapidly%tXthis happens depends on YX the climate%tXand what MINERALS are in the YXrock.Y~jSCR5U4\XThe statue in this picture is YXmade%tXof GRANITE. Let's take a YX closer look%tXat it.YI~4SCR5U/z,*g,lzXTwo minerals found in GRANITE YXare%tXFELDSPAR (a key mineral found YXin many%tXrocks) and QUARTZ. In a mild YXclimate%tXgranite lasts a long time.Y~SCR5U4\XWhat do you think happens to YXgranite%tXin a tropical (wet and hot) YXclimate?%tXIt Y[X * erodes * melts * freezesY [,~XERODES"p tt:XMELTSt"p tt!XFREEZESt"p tttK ~SCR5U4\XPress T to start the Time YXMachine!%tXSee if your answer is YX correct ...%tX SCR5U4\XThe feldspar is weathered to YXwhitetXclay.Y*c,>,g*c,8,]Kg~,z,lzXIt no longer sticks to the YXquartztX crystals.Y,>,Kg*c~,z,lzXThe granite crumbles.Y*c,8, ,g*c,*,#,g~SCR5U4\XSlowly the eroded material YXwill be%tXcarried away by wind and YX water. One%tXday it will change into YX sedimentary%tXrock.Y~SCRU4\XNow you know how climate YX influences%tXweathering and erosion. Let's YXsee how%tXclimate changes the shape of YXa%tXvalley.Y|,Yg,?,g~SCR6U4\XOops! Don't forget the YX importance of%tXwater on erosion!%tX Try again!Y~lERODE-VALLEU, ,0 ,,?,0 g# ӘSCR6BU4\XPress T to start the Time YXMachine!%tXSee if your answer is YX correct ...YX ☶ SCR6U4\XYou are right! In a humid YXclimate,%tXthe erosion is rapid. The YX water cuts%tXinto the soft slopes quickly YXand%tXcarries the sediment away!Y~SCR6U4\XNot quite! As you saw, in a YXhumid%tXclimate the erosion is YX rapid. The%tXwater cuts into the soft YX slopes and%tXcarries the sediment away.Y~9SCR6U4\XIn an ARID (dry) climate YX erosion is%tXmuch slower. There isn't YX much water.%tXThe eroded material from the YXsoft%tXslopes doesn't go far.Y~SCR6U4\XThat's right! Do you think a YXwarm and%tXwet climate will make the YXvalley%tX$$* deep and steep? * wide and gentle?YK, [,~XDEEP AND STEEP"p tt)XWIDE AND GENTLEt"p tttK A(SCR6AU4\XWhich climate will affect YX the shape%tXof the valley more?%tX * wet and warm * dry and coldYSCR6UK, [, ~X WET AND WARM"pt(X DRY AND COLDt"p tttK ,(SCR6GUlzXThis ends the unit on YX CLIMATE and%tXWEATHERING. These are the YX main ideas%tX of the unit:%tSCR6UMz,lzX*Weathering is the wearing YXdown oftX surface features by water, YX wind, andtX temperature changes.%tX*Erosion is the carrying away YXoftX weathered material by wind YXandtX water.%tX*Weathering and erosion rates YXdependtX on climate and rock type.%tX*How materials in rock react YXwithtX water and air determines YXtheirtX strength in resisting YXerosion.Y~PROGU?[K[]br< 4!XRUm 1 ,a.uXMUm 1  }a.uK}/ ꟟ ՟u/ ڟ 9Ȱ/INIT-GAUGEU,, Tg,A,sg, ,!Tg,C, sg, ,Tg,D, sg, ,!Tg,F, sg;INIT-GRMTUc, Tg,sg,ATg,sgK,)Tg,KsgK,Tg, Ksg,,Tg, ,sg,,Tg, ,sg,,Tg, ,sgIINIT-GRDELTUc,Tg,:sg,Tg,;sgK,Tg,<KsgK,Tg,=Ksg,,?Tg,>,sg,,Tg,?,sg,,Tg,@,sgI.INIT-GRVAUc, Tg,M Tg,sgIINIT-GRSIUc,h Tgsg,TgKsg,TgsgK,STgKKsgK,h TgKsgLOCALG8PT]e1 m2v4(7TAUas.LANa.CHANGa.ROCa.RAIa.TEMaɈ.WINaՈ.TIMaሃ.Ea툉.EI.CLASa(.EI.CLASSa.END.LOOPa.CLIMATE.RAa*.CLIMATE.NORMALIZEa=CLIMATUňb{Y݈br{ňbKaшbr{ňbim m a9W!!C̓L y to day changes of wind,LOAD.CU,},z,y,i,f,e,_,\,[,I,D,B,@,?,>,:,8,5,3,0,,,*,&,", , 0 ȉ1 # 䉍ORDER.CLIMATU, 0 ȉ 91 0 # aSh.A.AVaDYU4\X Do you want YTTU,lzX!!Type A, B, or C for your choice. YЊACCEPT.ABU֊XABC MORE/LESU Xmore XlessY'$WINstrong48W$LANplaiink$ROChardo$CHANGmajorate$TEMcold$RAImoderate$YEAR 6,000,000Yʋ@44⋃@9\싂UUK k,n ,5,H ,n , # ,0 h,0 j,j END.LOCALCSIM1.U[?[[[\],p,$g,i,6g,p,;KgaYKgyTSIM1.UMzilzX%%In this experiment you will erode the%tX!!surface of the earth. You will be%tX$$able to control the type of rock and%tX##climate in an area and the duration%tX$$of the weathering. You might want to%tX##keep track of the items you choose.%tX!!Now would be the best time to get%tXpaper and pencil.Y~LANDFORMU/zaKg,lzXto change the shape%tXof at,sX A. mountain?t,sX B. valley?t,sX C. plain?Y7 aH )1 =Xplain·XvalleyXmountainsX썇CHANGEU/z,*g,lzXto change the Ys%tXA. by a minor amount.%tXB. by a moderate amount.%tXC. by a major amount.Y7 aH '1 XmajorXmoderate XminorXSIMUMzX$$You will now pick five factors which%tXmay change your YsYX:%tX1. Rock.%tX 2. Rainfall.%tX3. Temperature.%tX4. Wind speed.%tX5. Time.%tX##Try to pick factors which will help%tXyou reach your goal: to cause a%tYX change in your YsYX.Y~ROCKU/z,*g,lzXYour YsYX has a river. Do you%tX want your YsYX to have%tX A. soft, less-resistant rock?tX%% B. a mixture of hard and soft rock?tX C. hard, resistant rock?Ye 7 aH #1 Xsoft Xmixed XhardXRAINUXthe average annual%tXrainfall to be%tX A. light?tX B. moderate?tX C. heavy?Y7 aň)ň1 XheavyXmoderate XlightXϑTEMPUXthe average annual%tXtemperature to be%tXA. cold?tXB. mild?tXC. hot?Y7 1   7 aшH !1  Xhot Xcold XmildXWINDUXthe average annual wind%tX speed to be%tX A. strong?tX B. moderate?tX C. light?Ye 7 a݈*݈1 XstrongXmoderate Xlight_X2TIMEU4\X Should the weathering happen for%tXA. 5,000 years.%tXB. 3,000,000 years.%tXC. 6,000,000 years.t7 a.鈮1 X 6,000,000X 3,000,000 X5000ӋX쓉TEMP.MILU4\X$$Mild temperature causes less erosion%tX%%than hot or cold weather. Heat causes%tX!!more plant growth and more humic YXacid.tX$$Cold makes ice that crumbles rocks. Y~TEMP.COLU4\X%%Cold climate causes more erosion than%tX""mild climate and less erosion than%tX hot climate. Y~4\X$$Cold climate breaks rock faster than%tX%%mild climate due to ice. But a region%tX!!with cold climate lacks the plant%tX$$growth which occurs in hot climates.Y~vTEMP.HOU4\X$$Hot climate causes more erosion than%tX$$cold or mild climate. This is due to%tX!!the abundant plant growth and the%tX humic acid. Y~TEMP.RESULU4\XThe YYX temperature that you chose%tXwas Yш  Xnot YXthe best choice for the%tYX change that you wanted. Yш Vs#1  XHot XCold XMildYX would have been better. Y~:TEMP.RAIN.HEAVU4\X##The effect of temperature in a very%tX%%rainy climate is very important. In a%tX$$cold climate, ice forms glaciers. In%tX a hot climate, many plants grow.Y~;TEMP.RAIN.MODERATU4\XThe effect of temperature in a%tX%%moderately rainy climate is much less%tX##than in a very rainy climate. Plant%tX%%growth and ice formation is limited. Y~TEMP.RAIN.LIGHU4\X However, in a dry climate as you%tX""chose, temperature has very little%tX$$effect on erosion. Ice does not form%tXand few plants grow.Y~RAIN.>.TEMUňb˙MeTEACH.TEMUшbHsRAIN.WRONU4\X%%Rainfall is one of the most important%tXcauses of erosion. You chose Y%tXrainfall which could cause Yň3X thanYsXthe YYX change you wanted. Y~RAIN.RIGHU4\X##Amounts of rainfall and erosion are%tXconnected. The YYX rainfall you%tXchose goes along well with the%tYX change you wanted. Great! Y~oTEACH.RAIUň1 |"PL.ROCU4\X""A plain has a gradual slope. Water%tX flow is slow. The river meanders%tXacross the plain in a treelike%tXpattern.Y~4\X%%The amount of change is caused partly%tX by the type of rock found in the%tX%%mountain. Eroded rock is carried down%tX%%the river and deposited on the plain.Y~EPL.ROCK.RIGHU4\XGood job! The YYX rock on the plain%tXand mountain was appropriate%tXfor the YYX change you wanted. Y~ROCK.WRONU4\X You wanted a YYX change. The%tYX rock you chose could cause Y3sXchange to the YsYX than you%tXwanted. Y~TEACH.PL.ROCUO1 %MT.ROCK.WRONU4\X""When a mountain has a steep slope,%tX!!the water flow is fast. Soft rock%tX!!erodes fastest. Water cuts a wide%tXpath. Y~%ឍMT.ROCK.RIGHU4\X##Good work! The water flow over your%tYX mountain rock goes along with%tXthe YYX change that you wanted. Y~}TEACH.MT.ROCU1 VAL.ROCK.WRONU4\XYour choice of YYX rock for the%tXvalley was too Y Xsoft XhardYX for the Y%tX change that you wanted. Perhaps Y%1 Xsoft Xmixed Xhard%tXrock would have been better. Y~4\XHard rock in a valley keeps the%tX%%valley steep. Soft rock erodes faster%tX%%and helps reduce the valley's slope. Y~9VAL.ROCK.RIGHU4\X%%Good job! Erosion of the valley walls%tX$$depends on how hard or soft the rock%tXis. Your choice of YYX rock was%tX correct for YYX erosion. Y~áTEACH.VAL.ROCU1 ԡJGET-TOTAU1 + 1 Km ňmm ш+ ňmm ݈1 ň+  ݈ mm DO-CALU+ K鈦1 e m4SET.EU>7 a7 K 7 , a/ pSCR1UMzW[J\,',\, lzXTo return to the Main Menu, YXpress M.%tXTo repeat this unit, press R.Y[ \/ c~XMUm 1  XRUm1 K[J\SHOW-GAUGEU,gш1  $,{, gш1 ,r, g,rgň(,,, gň1 ,, , gVERODE-VALLEU ,*,0 g# d֤ERODE-MOUNTAIU,{,,, a ,Oe 0 m g,*c# dERODE-DELTU ,*,0 m g,*c# dPDO.GRAPHICUH b^START.T.MACHINU4\,lzXOk! Press T to start the time%tXmachine. The land will begin to%tXchange.YX RUN.GRAPHICUy(TIMU4\X""Time influences the effect climate%tX%%has on a landform. Over a longer time%tX$$a landform erodes more. In a shorter%tXtime a landform erodes less. Y~ATIME.RIGHU4\XThe YӋYX years you chose for%tX!!change to take place was good for%tXthe YYX change that you wanted.Y~TIME.WRONU4\X You chose YӋYX years for change%tXto take place. That is usually Y3sXtime than is needed for the Y%tXchange that you wanted. Y~TEACH.TIMUH鈭1 1WINU4\X Wind changes YsYX s by blowing%tXgrit and sand. TheYVWIND.RIGHU_YX wind%tX you chose was just right for the%tYX change that you wanted. Y~WIND.WRONU_YX wind you%tXchose could cause Y݈3X erosion than %tXthe YYX change you wanted. Y~WIND.&.NO.RAIU4\X In an arid climate wind blowing YXsand%tX$$has a sandpaper effect on the rocks.%tX""This causes erosion. So wind is an%tX$$important factor in an arid climate.YWIND.&.RAIU4\XIn an area of YYX rainfall, wind%tXis Yň1  XunXnot too YXimportant because the sand%tXor grit is too moist and Yň1 XnoneXnot muchYX of%tXit will blow around.%tPTEACH.WINU],,[݈ ň^~BREDO.SIU4\XDo you want to%tX A. try again?tXB. get some information?Y,lzXType A or B for you choice.YXAB a&EROSION-INDEU,lzX Erosion Indext,,[X0'1'2'3'4'5'6'Y,,[W[J\m X Y# K[J\,lzTOO.MUCH.CHANGU,"Xa shorter time period.Y1 X harder rock.Yň1 X less rain.Y݈1 X weaker wind.Yш1 !Xa milder temperature.YY"Xa shorter time period.Y3X hard rock.YňX light rain.YTOO.LITTLE.CHANGU  Xa longer time periodY X softer rockYň X more rainY݈ X stronger windYш Xa different climateY\鈦1 X6,000,000 yearsY91 X soft rockYň1 X heavy rainYCHANGE.WRONU4\$X You wanted a YYX change, but got%tXa Y'1 Xlarge Xmedium XsmallYX change. Perhaps next time%tXyou could pick Y X.Y~CHANGE.RIGHU4\$X You wanted a YYX change and that%tXis exactly what you got.%tXCongratulations! Y~a&INITIAL.RESPONSU1 ̮DO.TEACHINUb#ɞ/O>=SET-UP.FACTORUŎב:gPROGU?[K[]]x7%&KXRUm1  }a.unge and that%tXis exactly what you got.%tXCongratulations! Y~a%RINITIAL.RESPONSU1 aOӰDO.TEACHINUbkSET-UP.FACTORUďɒy,收(PROGU?[K[]\9% XRUm 1 ,ca=u`a.u)XMUm 1  }a.u,ca=u`a.u/ ar%tX time period Y1X hard rock%t(X light rain%tޠTOO.LITTLE.CHANGUL &Xa longer%tX time period Y X softer rock%t( X more rain%t@ Xstronger%tXwind Y4 .Xa hotter%tXor a colder climate YcL1 "X 10,000,000%tXyears Y91 X soft rock%t(1 X heavy rain%tCHANGE.WRONU4\X You wanted a Y_YX change in the%t8YX but you got a Yf'f1 Xlarge Xmedium XsmallYX change.%tXPerhaps, you could select Yf X next time. Y~>CHANGE.RIGHU4\X Erosion Indext,,[X 1'2'3'4'5'6'Y,,[W[J\x X Y# K[J\,lzX You wanted a Y_YX change and that%tXis exactly what you got.%tXCongratulations! Y~a"INITIAL.RESPONSUf1 1MVDO.TEACHINUb7%PROGU?[K[] P3XRUm 1 ayća.u'XMUm 1  }a.uayća.u/ ayća.uW%(j(((*?,Y,,----</2#416!8r;==========(=4=@@dCF<HJHJnJJJDJKK4KZKmKK5KLLMpNxPMPQ;RTUvWWXYZ[h]M]X]Z]{]]]___`!ab%bb3bbAbcOc