' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL] X  ` 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"ųųೳŪŪųųij  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?   1 '" *"( (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0"):$(%"%:$(%"%$$2%4%$$2%4%$(2()!)E(!8b $!H(+ "@H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`葠葠ȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 VDP (ED Z $0x8x D- ܸDD# H8`?E Vk *f???0xE Hh D#-EEE8` D ܸx D - ܸx8`-0ݩ?ʥD EEE`   LDcpq` [` ~  LӜu`".Q`pNФbptťܥm2<(-Py0\|e<6e<g< JJJJj귍hI  aUL@ kU8  L  Q^R(jQ0l^l\  wUuW ԧ H h@ [_ /QSIRb_L`LLLL`ª`LQLYLeLXLeLee ўQH\(h0L& Ꝥ$`( R \ZLl8 ўR HH\`\Z[YS6`LxQɿu3'RͲʎRʎ]]]ɍuL͟ɍ}RLRɍg^H8 ^hZLɍR LͲɊRR% QLܤͲ Z@ -^ ş\[Z QY\[Z8`l6Lş_Ȍb_Ͳ] )Y h( ֭ͲLɍ [LLĦ__ ^ 9 LҦ3 9 a   0LjLY u< (_9 ˭ɠuɠK_9 ?LˆʎõĵL õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QlXJ̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n `@-eff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLOCUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATALOMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- (  ՠ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ  / / ED B / / ]ƴS0Jȴ ȴ)  紅D贅E B ƴ  / 0L Ν `HD٤DEEhiHLGh ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLǵBȵC`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(` d ֠z# u` (A)C3AAC3(A):3222* A1%(I)A:N I0N:(1)C4A1%(I)A1%(I)CT y 25974,200:X CENTER OF TOP VIEW OMEGA900  1:1:"THE MILKY WAY" 5:"SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW" 9110:SET FOR ONE PLOT ONLY1 TARS IN THE MILKY WAY$ YC70:R101 C32767< N4N4b A3.1:A2.3:A5RA2I:A4(1A3)Np A5302N C2C(400):C332767:C4.5 CC1500 IN41N:R1%(I)RA5(IN4):A1%(I)CC(A4IA3(I)):YC%(I)YC: IN41N:AA1%(I)C2 A THIRD OF ALL SPIRALS HAVE A BARACROSS THE MIDDLE.":13\N XC225:R6:5:N1.2:YC90:20] R2.5R:7:XXCRXCR:I13:X,YC36(1)::b 6:A3100:A24:A5R:A4.2:A8500:A6RA8:40v 24:5:"- T H I N K I N G -"; N170: NUMBER OF S3d M$"BILLION STARS. THEIR SIZE IS FROM 3O,OOO TO 18O,OOO LIGHT YEARS ACROSS.":13l& 940 4:4:"NORMAL";:29:"BARRED": (12)" ";= M$" THE CENTRAL BULGE IS BIGGER IN":13:M$"TIGHTLY WOUND SPIRALS.":13::D M$" ABOUT:6:404 VT18:36035,VT1:36699:SET WINDOW TOP@ SP:VT M$" ABOUT HALF THE OBSERVABLE GALAXIES ARESPIRALS. THEY VARY FROM TIGHTLY WOUND":13 M$"AND SPHERICAL TO VERY OPEN ARRANGEMENTS.THEY HAVE FROM ONE BILLION TO A HUNDRED":149:TI,1:j 180 % 1:5? "SPIRAL GALAXIES"c 8:18:"TIGHT":15:18:"OPEN" R13:XC70:YC50:N1.6:5:20:6 A380:A211:A5R:A4.1:A8320:40 R6:5:YC100:N1.4:20: DOTTED SPHERE A390:A27:A5R:A4.3:A8500:A60OR URSA MAJOR" 'X"DRACO GEMINI HERCULES"JB'"LEO LIBRA LYRA"sL'"LEPUS PISCES PERSEUS"V'"ORION PEGASUS TAURUS"`'"SAGITTA SAGITTARIUS SCORPIUS"j'"TAURUS VIRGO URSA MAJOR" t'"URSA MINRESS ANYTHING ELSE TO GO ON."@2#SB,0:A$:A$(27)ĉ:::160F<#s'"ARIES AURIGA CASSIOPOEIA"'"AQUILLA AQUARIUS CORONA BOREALIS"$'"CEPHUS CYGNUS DELPHINUS".'"CANCER CAPRICORNUS CANIS MAJOR"$8'  5401 :10:11);"THE CONSTELLATIONS":V 9);"BY DR. CARL T. RUTLEDGE":^ X0( X);"EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, ADA OK 74820"< 24:"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE. ";:A$P :d (#:::"PRESS ESC TO GO BACK TO THE MENU.":"PPLEASE TRY ANOTHER OR CHECK SPELLING"::2180FI1N:X(I):Y(I):^I1N:Y(I)Y(I):iB$,H$yB$D$2340 2200$ 8 540L R(30(1)1)` K1Rt N J1N:X(J),Y(J):J I1N:Y(I)Y(I):I B$,H$ K 121,190,168,223,154,227,177,253,"PERSEUS"U4"THE DOUBLE CLUSTER IS HERE. HEROIC!"{H 4,0,0,11,61,54,20,64,54,"LEPUS"\ "THE STELLAR BUGS BUNNY!"p 0:"WHICH CONSTELLATION DO YOU WANT?":D$N-N0ĺ"CONSTELLATION NOT LISTED":",250,151,258,152,169,139,105,132,"CAPRICORNUS"N"THIS WILL GET YOUR GOAT!" 9,8,96,4,63,57,18,76,11,90,85,114,12,133,33,117,58,102,118,"CORONA BOREALIS" "FIT FOR A QUEEN!")  13,43,9,50,97,176,27,150,92,48,207,30,209,295,194,39,179,89,171,0,0,53,44,99,53,157,57,194,21,262,62,246,117,"URSA MAJOR"b"MERAK AND DUHBE ARE THE POINTERS." 5,14,65,53,29,93,43,124,4,159,44,"CASSIOPOEIA""SHE WAS QUEEN OF ETHIOPIA.". 13,23,145,42,136,48,115,55,88,65,74,113,44,141,21,161,36,244,131RDS QUESTION MARK?" b0 10,0,0,91,2,41,30,41,40,41,50,27,77,42,82,58,90,14,171,90,146,"ORION"D "THE GREAT NEBULA IS IN THE SWORD."X 6,0,0,65,69,175,55,127,122,60,176,159,175,"CYGNUS"l"THE BEAUTIFUL DOUBLE ALBIREO IS AT LEFT."9 7,"THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M13 IS INKEYSTONE."p 7,0,0,59,0,43,141,61,181,86,130,143,116,29,24,"CANIS MAJOR" "IT CONTAINS THE BRIGHTEST STAR, SIRIUS." 9,0,0,85,24,73,77,259,33,250,78,211,98,203,135,243,179,270,167,"LEO" "SEE THE BACKWA,>'SB,0:A$:A$;(7);.,?'A(A$):A0A6ıG,@'(8)" "(8);:10036Z,4::(4);"PR#0"g,9:::255,>:216,0:CLEAR ERROR FLAG,H:"END"::,::"PR#0",:216,0,:::"END",:::"LOADING MENU",:(4);"RUNMENU"-PòPOKE AMPERSAND RO"GALAXIES MENU"+'9A+'" 1. ORIGIN OF THE GALAXIES"g+!':" 2. ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES"+$':" 3. SPIRAL AND BARRED GALAXIES"+)':" 4. OTHER TYPES"+.':" 5. STOP"+4'19+<':2:"PRESS WHAT YOU WANT TO SEE. ";25972,(131):25973,(132)\*F#25990,OMEGA256:25989,OMEGA256(OMEGA256):ROTATION RATEb*P#*#26102,32:26103,192:26104,96:: SET FOR ERASING AND RE-PLOTTING*#26102,234:26103,234:26104,234:: SET FOR PLOTTING ALL DOTS*'(12)" "+'0:R10:C32767:N4N4M)I1N4:R1%(I)1R(1):A1%(I)C(1):YC%(I)YC:Im)A1%(0)0:R1%(0)0:YC%(0)YCs) )(#R1%(0)R1%(0):25968,(131):25969,(132):FIND THE VARIABLE IN MEMORY)2#A1%(0)A1%(0):25970,(131):25971,(132)*<#YC%(0)YC%(0): ";3(^7:5:" GALAXIES ";V(h17:20:" ";y(r20:20:" ";(|18:20:" COPYRIGHT 1981 ";(19:20:"  DR. MARK CROSS ";(N200: NUMBER OF STARS IN THE MILKY WAY)YC7ERT GALAXIES AND FINALLYINTO NORMAL GALAXIES AS THEY GROW OLDER.":13u':"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU.";'>SB,0:A$'HI20015:TI,1::BUZZ'\180'@28,213:62454:SOLID COLOR SCREEN'J5:5:" "(T9:5:" AND ARE THE MOST DISTANT OBJECTS KNOWN.":13&@M$"QUASARS COULD BE GALAXIES THAT LOOK LIKESTARS BECAUSE THEY ARE SMALL AND FAR AWAY. SOME ASTRONOMERS SPECULATE THAT":13F'JM$"QUASARS ARE YOUNG GALAXIES THAT LATER EVOLVE INTO SEYFTHE TOTAL"::13%M$"ENERGY FROM A SEYFERT GALAXY CAN BE AS MUCH AS 1OO TIMES THE OUTPUT OF THE MILKY WAY.":13%94%3&6M$" QUASARS ARE STRONG RADIO SOURCES THAT LOOK LIKE STARS. THEY ARE MOVING AWAY FROM US VERY FASTSTARSWITHOUT ANY SHAPE TO THEM."::13/$94$M$"  RADIO GALAXIES ARE GIANT ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES THAT SEND OUT A LOT OF RADIO ENERGY."::13$94$(12)" "%M$" N GALAXIES  AND SEYFERT GALAXIES  HAVE VERY BRIGHT CENTERS.  TOP # 180: BACK TO THE MENU'# K#(12)"UNUSUAL GALAXIES"#M$" ABOUT 1 OR 2 PERCENT OF GALAXIES ARE NEITHER SPIRAL NOR ELLIPTICAL."#5:13'$M$" IRREGULAR GALAXIES ARE SMALL GROUPS OF ABOUT  1OO MILLION TO A BILLION MILLION YEARS. IT HAS ROTATED ABOUT 5O TIMES SINCE IT WAS FORMED.":13f"R I15:26014:"W 23:"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU.""\ SB,0"f 26014:(KB)1283430" (KB)13114900:CONTROL-C# 36035,0:36699: RESET WINDOW60,YC10XC60,YC30R! XC32,YC2XC40,YC2:XC40,YC2XC32,YC2: X FOR SUNo! XC60,YC28XC60,YC28! I115:26014:: SPIN IT SOME MORE!* 36035,15:36699:(12)" ";!4 M$" THE MILKY WAY TURNS AROUND ONCE EVERY":13R"> M$"25O BILLION STARS.  IT IS ABOUT 1OO,OOO LIGHT YEARS ACROSS.  OUR SUN IS ABOUT 3O,OOO LIGHT YEARS FROM THE CENTER.":13  10:9:"3O,OOO" 12:4:"1OO,OOO" 7:XC,YC10XC,YC20:XC36,YC10XC36,YC20! XC60,YC10XC60,YC30:XC 16:M$" THE MILKY WAY IS A SPIRAL GALAXY LIKE THIS. IT HAS A DARK LANE ACROSS IT (SIDE VIEW) MADE OF GAS AND DUST.":13 9000 I020:26014::ROTATE THE TOP VIEW OF THE MILKY WAY  M$" THE MILKY WAY HAS ABOUT 1OODY:  DYE DYR10:X(100FDYFDY):XLXCX:X22X:NNX1.2w I1NN:XLX2(1),YCDY:XL(1)X2,YCDY: DY: DONE WITH CENTRAL BULGE IN SIDE VIEW 9000:FIND % MATRICES IN MEMORY I115:26014:: ROTATE THE TOP VIEW A LITTLE25966,N:25967,0:25965,F128: PLOT THE TOP VIEW; 9000F 26014j 9100: SET FOR ERASING+RE-PLOT} 7:XC61:YC60 F26:R5 DY0R:XF2(100DYDY):XLXCX:X22X NNX1.2:DY3NNX.15 I1NN:XL(1)X2,YCDY:XL(1)X2,YCA GRADUAL"8"SOLAR WIND. IT MAKES A PLANETARY"q"NEBULA WITH A WHITE DWARF AT THE CENTER."{90007:FOR WHITE DOT AT XM,YMI139:26016:XM,YM:T4I,3:17:30:"PLANETARY":30:"NEBULA "20:27:"WHITE DWARyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyTyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} +:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyykhȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} +:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyPЌsZW,7~Ĉs} :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {s} :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0  ~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} :ǀ;gyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 #PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 +PЌsZW,7~Ĉs}\:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy0 1PЌsZW,7~Ĉs}:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy7~}s}&:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 :PЌsZW,{{{zzgzH|yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 CPЌsZW,7~s}11,240,7,202,208,246,166,0,208,239,165,3,133,1,198,2,208,241,96a.(13)(4)"BLOADGRAPE,A31744"{.c36181:TURN ON GRAPE.|230,64:SET HGR2 SCREEN.~36223,128:DISABLE CLEAR TO EOL.37496,128: DISABLE CURSOR.UTINE INTO MEMORY.-Zù1013,76:1014,0:1015,3I-dÁI768833:P:I,P::-nÃ201,84,208,15,32,177,0,32,248,230,138,72,32,183,0,201,44,240,3,76,201,222,32,177,0,32,248,230 -xÃ104,134,3,134,1,133,0,170,160,1,132,2,173,48,192,136,208,4,198?.''255:(12)" "/''"DEATH OF A STAR"H''NNNNNNN16:7000''5:"STARS DIE WHEN THEY USE UP":"THEIR NUCLEAR FUEL."''NNNNNNN32:7000'':"THEY DIE IN INTERESTING WAYS":"DEPENDING ON THEIR MASSES." (!'NNNNN(N256):25967,N256:NUMBER OF DATA POINTSFOR MACHINE LANGUAGE SUBROUTINEQ&P#旹,32:26106,192:26107,96:: SET FOR ERASING AND RE-PLOTTING旹,234:26106,234:26107,234:: SET FOR PLOTTING ALL DOTS WITHOUT ERASING OLD DOTS)X%(0):25968,(131):25969,(132): FIND THE VARIABLE X IN MEMORY p%2#Y%(0)Y%(0):25970,(131):25971,(132)%<#VX%(0)VX%(0):25972,(131):25973,(132)%F#VY%(0)VY%(0):25974,(131):25975,(132): FIND THE VARIABLE VY IN MEMORY K&K#25966,N256 A S T A R ";5$h17:20:" ";X$r20:20:" ";}$|18:20:" COPYRIGHT 1981 ";$19:20:"  DR. MARK CROSS ";$NN76:IX0:7000:CALCULATE SOME DOT POSITIONS DURING A READING PAUSE$ D%(#X%(0)V2%(IX)/#V1%(I3)V2%(IX):V2%(I3)V1%(IX)5#;# b#@28,42:62454: SOLID COLOR SCREENk#E255#J5:5:" ";#T13:5:" ";#Y9:5:" ";#^7:5:" D E A T H OF ";$c11:5:" YCRYRRF+"vV1%(IX)RXC2:V2%(IX)RYC3G"I1IX1:I2IX2:I3IX3o"X1%(I1)XCRYRR:Y1%(I1)YCRRRXF"X1%(I2)XCRXRR:Y1%(I2)YCRRRYF"X1%(I3)XCRYRR:Y1%(I3)YCRRRXF"V1%(I1)V2%(IX):V2%(I1)V1%(IX) #V1%(I2)V1%(IX):V2%(I2 3 SUNS":13!::255:94(!180Q!W DO SOME OF THE N DOT CALCULATIONS !XIX(N3)7200: DONE WITH ALL DOT CALCULATIONS !ZIXIXNN4![IX(N2)IX99999:7110!]RRR(1)!bANANC1:RX(AN):RY(AN) "lX1%(IX)RRRXXC:Y1%(IX)6 :M$"MEDIUM STAR- WHITE DWARF PLUS NEBULA":13< t :M$"HEAVY STAR - DWARF IF CORE < 1.4 SUNS":13 :M$"  NEUTRON STAR IF BETWEEN 1.4 AND 3 TIMES THE SUN":13!:M$" BLACK HOLE IF OVER "O 20:22:"WHITE DWARF ?":22:"PULSAR ?":22:"BLACK HOLE ?"W 16 "PRESS A KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU." 96:180 SUMMARY (12)"S U M M A R Y"SP5:M$"LIGHT STAR - FADES OUT AS A WHITE DWARF":13R  (PULSAR) ABOUT TEN MILES ACROSS." "3. OVER THREE TIMES THE MASS OF THE THE SUN ITS GRAVITY IS SO STRONG" " THAT NOTHING CAN PREVENT THE COLLAPSE OF THE STAR DOWN TO A BLACK HOLE." 22:" RE OF A HEAVY STAR CAN ":"BECOME THREE THINGS:"l :"1. IF ITS MASS IS LESS THAN 1.4 TIMES OUR SUN THEN IT BECOMES A WHITE DWARF.")v "2. BETWEEN 1.4 AND 3 TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN IT BECOMES A NEUTRON STAARS THEN EXPLODE IN A SUPERNOVA."+0 94E5 22:17:"SUPERNOVA "`? R2:3:XCXM:YCYM:50wC J26016:X56:9000D I1X:TI,2:J:: EXPLODE WITH AMPERSAND NOISEN 11:94X 36036,16:(12)" ";:36036,23:CLEAR TOP OF SCREEN8b "THE CO HEAVIER ELEMENTS UP TO IRON NEAR THE END."d T3:I0N:VX%(I)TV1%(I):VY%(I)TV2%(I):l 95 36036,14:(12)" ";:36036,23:CLEAR TOP OF SCREEN#& " THE LAST STAGE OF NUCLEAR FUSION RELEASES ENERGY VERY QUICKLY. HEAVY STTING 22:17:"RED GIANT") 7:95 "THEY FUSE HELIUM INTO CARBON AND HEAVIERELEMENTS IN A THIN SHELL AROUND THE CORE. SOMETIMES A CARBON CORE IGNITES"3 "SUDDENLY AND RELEASES ALL ITS ENERGY AT ONCE. EXTREMELY HEAVY STARS MAKE  HEAVY STARS 3 (12)"HEAVY STARS" SP:4:"OLD STARS OVER THREE TIMES HEAVIER THAN THE SUN ARE RED GIANTS." I0N:X%(I)X1%(I):Y%(I)Y1%(I): 9110:9000:26016:PLOT ALL THE DOTS ONCE 9100:SET FOR ERASING AND RE-PLOTF" 78"THE WHITE DWARF COOLS DOWN TO RED THEN"i"BLACK. THE PLANETARY NEBULA ENRICHES" "THE INTERSTELLAR GAS WITH HEAVY ELEMENTS"; "MADE IN THE STAR." 90 "PRESS A KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU."$ 96` 180ASE9INCREASEQ IF THE SOURCE APPROACHES THE OBSERVERWHAT HAPPENS TO THE FREQUENCY OBSERVED? DOES IT INCREASE} DECREASE} OR STAY THE SAME? 10STAY THE SAME9DECREASE8INCREASE1S C THE EAR REPRESENTS AN OBSERVER. IF THE OBSERVER AND THE SOURCE ARE BOIS MOVING TOWARD THE EAR. C NO. LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE AND NOTE THATTHE FREQUENCY INCREASES. 12B NO. THE TIME BETWEEN OBSERVED PULSES IS DECREASED BUT THE FREQUENCY INCREASES 12B THAT'S CORRECT. HERE'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 11STAY THE SAME10DECRETHE SOURCE. SINCE THE SOURCE IS AT A NEW POSITION AT THE BE- GINING OF EACH PULSE THE OBSERVED FREQ- UENCY SHIFTS.6C2S NOTICE THAT THE WAVE FRONTS ARE CLOS-ER TOGETHER IN FRONT OF THE MOVING SOURCE AND SPREAD OUT BEHIND IT. 2S THE SOURCE PART.2022MORE22BIGGER22GO UP22INCREASE18LITTLE18LESS18SMALLER18GO DOWN18DECREASEQ IF THE OBSERVER IS BEHIND THE SOURCE WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE OBSERVED FREQ- UENCY?5S LOOK AT THIS CASE... 2S EACH PULSE MOVES OUT IN THE MEDIUM INDEPENDENT OF V = F1L0 6S A GREATER TIME INTERVAL OR PERIOD MEANS A LESSER FREQUENCY. 6S SINCE THE WAVES ARE SPACED FARTHER APART THEY WILL ARRIVE AT THE OBSERVER WITH GREATER TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN THEM. 19C RIGHT...THE WAVES ARE SPACED FARTHER AN AFTER EACH ENTRY.2S 16B NO... TRY AGAIN.19B NO...YOU HAVE IT BACKWARDS. THE FREQ-UENCY IS LOWER IF THE SOURCE IS MOVING AWAY.25BREMEMBER THESE DEFINITIONS... PERIOD = T = 1/1D0T FREQUENCY = F WAVELENGTH = 1L0 WAVE SPEED = D OF 10 IN THE LAST EXAMPLE} YOU NOTICED THAT ALL THE FOR- WARD WAVES WERE COMPRESSED ONE ON TOP OFEACH OTHER. 3S THE WAVE SPEED IS 10. ENTER A NUMBER FROM 0 TO 10. WHEN YOU ARE READY TO GO ON ENTER ANY NUMBER GREATER THAN 10. PRESS RETUR THE CASE WHERE THE SOURCE IS MOVING WITH A SPEED OF 15. THAT IS THE SOURCE IS MOVING AT 1.5 THE WAVE SPEED. 10S NOTICE THAT THE SPACING OF THE WAVES TO THE REAR OF THE SOURCE IS TWICE THE SPACING OF THE STATIONARY SOURCE. 7S IF YOU USED A SPEEURCE WILL THE OBSERVED FREQUENCY INCREASE OR DECREASE? 9S HERE IS THE CASE WITH THE SOURCE SPEEDEQUAL 20. 8S THE WAVE FRONTS NOW ADD TO FORM A SHOCK WAVE. IN THE CASE OF SOUND WAVES THIS FRONT IS A REGION OF HIGH PRES- SURE. 8S HERE ISVE PROBABLY NOTICED THAT THE PITCH OR FREQUENCY OF THE SIREN DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE CAR IS COMING TOWARD YOU OR GOING AWAY. 35DECREASE34INCREASEQ CONSIDER THE CASE OF THE STATIONARY SOURCE AND MOVING OBSERVER. IF THE OBS- ERVER APPROACHES THE SOA HIGHER RATE. THE FREQUENCY WILL INCREASE.36BCORRECT...2B THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE DOPPLER EFFECT THAT YOU CAN EASILY OBSERVE IF YOU WILL LOOK FOR IT. C IF A WHISTLE OR SIREN IS SOUNDING ON A CAR THAT ZOOMS BY YOU AT HIGH SPEED YOU'44",c36181:TURN ON GRAPEI,h230,64:PLOTTING ON SECOND HGR2 SCREEN_,|230,64:SET HGR2,~36223,128:DISABLE CLEAR TO EOL,37496,128: DISABLE CURSOR,177,0,32,248,230,138,72,32,183,0,201,44,240,3,76,201,222,32,177,0,32,248,230 +xà 104,134,3,134,1,133,0,170,160,1,132,2,173,48,192,136,208,4,198+à 1,240,7,202,208,246,166,0,208,239,165,3,133,1,198,2,208,241,96,(13)(4)"BLOADGRAPE,A317ONERR GOTO FLAG*9:::255-*H::"END"::<*::"PR#0"G*:216,0V*:::"END"o*:::"LOADING MENU"*:(4);"RUNMENU"*:*PòPOKE AMPERSAND ROUTINE INTO MEMORY*Zù1013,76:1014,0:1015,3*dÁI768833:P:I,P::W+nÃ201,84,208,15,32,NNNN12:7000$).':"4. SUMMARY"=)/'NNNNNNN12:7000Q)0':"5. STOP."f)1'NNNNNN:7000)<'24:2:"PRESS WHAT YOU WANT TO SEE. ";)>'SB,0:A$:A$;(7))?'A(A$):A0A6ı)@'(8)" "(8);:10044)4::(4);"PR#0"*6:216,0:CLEAR NN28:7000R($':"WHAT SIZE OF STAR DO YOU WANT TO LEARN ABOUT ?"k(&'NNNNNNN20:7000((':"1. LIGHT STARS"()'NNNNNNN12:7000(*':"2. AVERAGE STARS"(+'NNNNNNN12:7000(,':"3. VERY HEAVY STARS")-'NNN <"<"""<< <"""<"><$""< """"  "" 6***""""""""""<""< :< $"""2,"""""**6"""""< >>8  8"*:<"">""""""""""""">>><2"<""">""" ""  ">"6**"""""&*2""""""""""""*,"" "" ">""""""""""""""**6"""""""> >>> >00000>">>< (&20 *, **>> "2*&" " >>  ">> "8""> """"""< >> "$! $%%#,fp% "Lp"% $`"H *+)hi#"H !*0+i+idH#d hd`"%$$%H hi#`$% c,d*+Me,dPMc*!0 +i+`%J) b+je *`PPPP򠥹͠0tL"$!e (' !!%##`f`" e$$ ",r0st(!#L"L $b .  %   `L a,gPgA[8 & & &mh)mi e$*+Me$(Mc,dp ,cpP!pA* +i+Me$rs"t`,Tb@0,U`* L" {LB$!$$"% %L"c`g`g`,,Lҩc`@a`de` qLXde`s$t%L$td`e`g`f`Yd`e`L$e (' 8!$!$%",rL !%# "L5 )5`)aW L| JHIHa`G~#+@HPXs{GG+R$a`1  emhi` b` ,r0rbj$s%t`@b`s$$hLde`,rSjbLL  L%L% C `u8967 ,R,W U ,P`ɭӠҠΠΠ ((*)  b+*HN OI*P,h*,H,`0ɛ` ɍ $h`ɐ 6+` qL L {.<&( <*(6$ 0($ $1"$*$ "8$ $$ #)-*8  80,R. 32B THIS IS A LESSON IN THE CLASSICAL  DOPPLER EFFECT. IF YOU ARE ASKED A QUES-TION} TYPE THE ANSWER AND FINISH BY PRESSING THE CARRIAGE RETURN. WHEN YOU SEE THE CURSOR BLINKING AND WANT TO GO ON} HIT THE SPACE BAR. 100DOPP.BRRING PULSES WITH AN INTERVAL OF 1D0T. THAT IS EACH NEW PULSE IS SENT OUT 1D0T SECONDS AFTER THE LAST ONE. 1S CONSIDER A SOURCE SENDING PULSES OUT THROUGH A MEDIUM AT EQUAL INTERVALS OF TIME. AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE PULSES OF SOUND IN AI SOURCE ARE BOTH STATIONARY THE OBSERVED FREQUENCY WILL BE THE SAME AS THE TRANSMITTED ONE. 4S C THE TIME BETWEEN PULSES} 1D0T} IS THE PERIOD. THE NUMBER OF PULSES EMITTED PERSECOND IS THE FREQUENCY F. F = 1/1D0T 1S THE SOURCE IS SENDHE SAME10DECREASE9INCREASEQ IF THE SOURCE APPROACHES THE OBSERVERWHAT HAPPENS TO THE FREQUENCY OBSERVED? DOES IT INCREASE} DECREASE} OR STAY THE SAME? 10STAY THE SAME9DECREASE8INCREASE1S C THE EAR REPRESENTS AN OBSERVER. IF THE OBSERVER AND THE.BR.HE SOURCE IS MOVING TOWARD THE EAR. C NO. LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE AND NOTE THATTHE FREQUENCY INCREASES. 12B NO. THE TIME BETWEEN OBSERVED PULSES IS DECREASED BUT THE FREQUENCY INCREASES 12B THAT'S CORRECT. HERE'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 11STAY TH AN INTERVAL OF 1D0T. THAT IS EACH NEW PULSE IS SENT OUT 1D0T SECONDS AFTER THE LAST ONE. 1S CONSIDER A SOURCE SENDING PULSES OUT THROUGH A MEDIUM AT EQUAL INTERVALS OF TIME. AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE PULSES OF SOUND IN AIR. 32B100DOPPTH STATIONARY THE OBSERVED FREQUENCY WILL BE THE SAME AS THE TRANSMITTED ONE. 4S C THE TIME BETWEEN PULSES} 1D0T} IS THE PERIOD. THE NUMBER OF PULSES EMITTED PERSECOND IS THE FREQUENCY F. F = 1/1D0T 1S THE SOURCE IS SENDING PULSES WITժժՊԪժՊԪժՊ  8ԪժժժժժՊ@`ԪժՊ 80 ԪժՊ(U(U*ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ@ppp 0`|ԪժՊ`| ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ8pԪժՊBaԪժժժժժՊ p}`ԪժՊ0vGO>ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ<8@AԪժՊ`A2@ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊp`?`CAg`08xԪժJ@@ !ԪժՊ`ԪժժժժժՊ`00 fx0@?8ԪժՊ@0B  ԪժժժժժժՊԪժՊ ԪժՊ0 ԪժժժժժՊ@`ԪժՊ ԪժՊ(U*U*ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ<`p 0`ԪժՊ0@ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊxԪժՊ~`ԪժժժժժՊ`0`` ԪժՊd0  `ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ80~@ԪժՊ@080A bԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ<~@c|p8xԪժJ@C!ԪժՊ>ԪժժժժժՊ@@0f}q0p9ԪժJ``F!0ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊԪժՊ0  ԪժՊ ԪժժժժժՊ``ԪժՊ ԪժՊ_*_? ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ```p0 @ԪժՊ@1ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ088 ԪժՊ@ ԪժժժժժՊ@0` ԪժՊ @|8` @?ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊxp @ԪժՊ` `@B ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊD$@appXsԪժJ@A  ԪժՊԪժժժժժՊ| 0fa3<0x9ԪժJ@ ! ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊԪժՊ`8`ԪժՊ ԪժժժժժՊԪժՊ0pԪժՊ ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ|A?p|p? @ԪժՊ>p@!ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ`80 ԪժՊ@ ԪժժժժժՊ @0p{` ԪժՊ`X,@0|AԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊp`#|ԪժՊ8 x@`Ԫժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժ9I 137,92145,98150,97148,101144,102131,94130,91127,91118,100& 94,108100,124104,128108,128114,129118,130114,133112,132100,13296,1280 87,12681,11987,12688,13791,14097,14193,14488,14284,13882,130' : 76,12672,11660MAJOR":10-X30:Y42:M$"ORION'S DOG":10`M$"VIEW LOOKING SOUTH IN MARCH":X0:Y174:10M$"RIGHT AFTER SUNSET":X0:Y183:10I13500:I 114,54116,56116,60112,66118,75136,79159,80 162,78165,78161,84148,86137,92123,844:198,57:250,500^X210:Y64:M$"ORION":10ShX192:Y75:M$"THE HUNTER":10104,62:94,70:120,80:104,81:146,82:128,8690,100:96,104:72,110:76,112:92,118:58,118M$"SIRIUS":X120:Y60:105127,68 X30:Y34:M$"CANIS A VERY SMALL AND DENSE WHITE DWARF STAR.":FL06160H 53:800020:"PRESS ANY KEY AND YOU WILL SEE HOW TO FIND SIRIUS IN THE SKY. ";$M$@: DRAW CONSTELLATIONSJ193,10:240,12:210,34:220,32:230,30T216,40:216,42:216,":10"DX45:Y19:M$"WHITE":10@X45:Y126:M$"EARTH":10OFL05830]50:6000Y183:X0:M$"PRESS ANY KEY FOR MORE."10:M$p:"SUMMARY -":"SIRIUS WOBBLES SLOWLY IN THE SKY."+:"IT SWINGS AROUND AN ORBIT WITH 70I05060X,Y:I1'X,Y.UMX220:Y90:M$"SIRIUS":10PX0:Y165:M$"RELATIVE SIZES - DWARF IS SIZE OF EARTH"10X0:Y174:M$"BUT DWARF IS AS HEAVY AS OUR SUN":1012960,40|12960,120X45:Y28:M$"DWARFH.":X0:Y174:10 ?FL04420.A51:5000`DM$"PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE MORE.":X0:Y183:10hNM${:PI3.1415926XC500:YC95:R290I0:3:1:0U160200UUUPI180:XR(UU):YR(UU)XXCX:YYCYX279Y0Y19150:YC55:R33XCR,YC(U06.3.1F,XCR(U),YC.83R(U)M6UhrM$"SUN":Y52:X71:10t83,111M$"WHITE":X68:Y115:10M$"DWARF":X68:Y124:100M$"A WHITE DWARF IS ABOUT THE SAME":X0:Y165:10:M$"SIZE AS THE EARTUND A COMMON CENTER OF MASS.", FL03045: 51:3080B 20q "PRESS ANY KEY FOR A PICTURE OF SIRIUS.";y M$ XC200:YC70:R55XCR,YCU06.3.1XCR(U),YC.83R(U)UM$"SIRIUS":Y67:X180:10 XC80:u20200E$A$P20705P/Q CLEAR UPPER SCREENYQ(26):1:(22):17:40:(23);(16)_QjQ(26)Q18:(22);(9):22: RESTORE LOWERE SCREENQQ20750:20757:"QQZ0100ZD:QZ:0u"TRY AGAIN...":1005u"FILE NAME? ";NZ$ ;"CLOSE";NZ$.OELO"DID YOU MEAN ";AN$(I,J);" ? (Y/N) ";:Y$:YP INPUT ROUTINEdPTE$""rP16368,0PA$:A$" "ĺA$;:20705PA$(27)İ20100:20700PA$(13)ĺ:20730PA$","A$(253)PA$";"A$(254)PA$;PTE$TS15.5)NWS:LN------------------- READ ARRAY FROM DISK ------------ZND$(4):mND$;"OPEN";NZ$ND$;"READ ";NZ$NN$:N(N$)NQ$(N),AN$(N,10),BR$(N,10)OI1NOQ$(I) OJ010:AN$(I,J)OBR$(I,J)OJ$OI )OD$ժժՊ p`ԪժՊ`@HԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊ8@C@ԪժՊp0~N`ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժՊppAGg@18?8ԪժJ@@!Ԫժժժժժժժկתݺժժ>ժժժժժժժժժՊ,0 f0ԪժՊ p1 B0ԪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժLqc b $7< 6l'i766.?  ,,.>><$%%-..677?<<,$%-,-.55.67>>7?'?<$66v- ?-:$I166>?d--?l= 76 eo?666D6 56/I66;666  )66v?66!$|6&66D-6&-6?$-"$6m ?R36&R-r-?-7v(6v-$$6 $6v !!$m666Lv-$?----Iv= 66v/  v=76)/?$$666M$-$4i766+ -766? 666M 666--. 666$$$.>66LN$$)66?$$-?$6&)6$$-7#d9'$)ܛv-?m66&66v- $$466 $$66v a$$4vn  4v 6&--.-==666= 566> --R-? -*>5--5'I)56?, $$g66v?b----o2?%6v$?' m6-6? I.?$--6)?d- )67D8$5*>)>56;I--9?/b-7)~.?$$ 66#l=$ -?/$l?$26v- @?-66?$$$-3v=76---3vd$c66D%$66e $--:--m.7.5>--766$$$--76$--.-%6%-= .6$$<62- 666)-265'%$#--366-??U9: 661n$1~5nd?%,%4 n%.'>5.lM,>6$  6I6q6- Ƕ.5 6.6 $i6?IS^fpv} !*5<FNV_s|(--666??$$$666%$$,666%$$,666b $7< m6662. -f2md;)$d=' m6>$J=7.6?$vv>?' $2--1-6> =$26D-6666D-$ 6307! M$"DONE? PRESS ANY KEY FOR MENU":X0:Y183:10?!4!M$G!>!M$\!H!(4);"RUN MENU".7@H)R]fpy2';AFSblw{ ")1:GOWcq},12050,12042,11356,11468,109104,82G D 92,7292,68102,60114,54m N 92,72100,77104,74100,7096,67~ l I11000:I M$"SIRIUS IS THE BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY.":X0:Y165:10 FL08405 50:900 I12000:I! N40:X0:Y183:T66,166,0,208,239,165,3,133,1,198,2,208,241,96N6(13)(4)"BLOADGRAPE,A31744"h6c36181:TURN ON GRAPE6h230,64:PLOTTING ON SECOND HGR2 SCREEN6~36223,128:DISABLE CLEAR TO EOL637496,128: DISABLE CURSOR6IPTTT2IPT1013,76:1014,0:1015,335dÁI768833:P:I,P::5nÃ201,84,208,15,32,177,0,32,248,230,138,72,32,183,0,201,44,240,3,76,201,222,32,177,0,32,248,230 5xà 104,134,3,134,1,133,0,170,160,1,132,2,173,48,192,136,208,4,198,6à 1,240,7,202,208,24SS")437:I1180:279(1),191(1):14390743J44::(4);"PR#0"W49:::255b4>:216,0q4H::"END":w4R:4::"PR#0"4:216,04:::"END"4:::"LOADING MENU"4:(4);"RUNMENU"4PòPOKE AMPERSAND ROUTINE INTO MEMORY4Uî5Z$:A$;32/T20(A$),20935/(A$)3ġ:14900:CONTROL-CP3:/A(A$):A0A9ır3D/(8)" "(8);:T155,10:12080x32323:12:"T Y P E S"327:18:"O F"3211:12:"S T A R S"3220:20:"COPYRIGHT 1981"4220:21:"DR. MARK CRON SEQUENCE STARS"?2." 3. NOVAS AND SUPER NOVAS"\2/" 4. WHITE DWARFS"2/" 5. RED GIANTS 7. VARIABLE STARS";2/" 6. BLUE GIANTS 8. STOP."2&/1:24:" WHICH DO YOU WANT ? ";30/16368,0:A203:Y(13)72:X(14)195:Y(14)77:X(15)200:Y(15)75:X(16)201:Y(16)78K1.1.36035,14:36699:(12)" ":36035,0:36699: CLEAR OUT THE BOTTOM OF THE SCREEN1.2551.15:2:"C H O I C E S :"1.:" 1. EXPLAIN THE H-R DIAGRAM."2." 2. MAI126:Y(0)60:X(1)135:Y(1)58:X(2)136:Y(2)64:X(3)144:Y(3)63:X(4)153:Y(4)620.X(5)154:Y(5)67:X(6)163:Y(6)65:X(7)170:Y(7)69:X(8)180:Y(8)67:X(9)181:Y(9)72E1.X(10)187:Y(10)69:X(17)189:Y(17)76:X(11)190:Y(11)74:X(12)197:Y(12)71:X(13)): / -*/O- MAIN SEQUENCE ON H-R PLOT I/P-N2:6:K1200:K270:K3140Y/R-K4.3:K564n/U-X0K1:XK2Ē7{/Z-XK3Ē5/d-K5X,4XK46(1):/x-X022:DYX.8/-245X,64DY(1)/-:/-I017:X(I),Y(I):::PLOT THE WHITE DOTSP0|.X(0)STXSTYXORLSRRORROLASLADREQUORGOBJEPZSTRDCMASCICLENDLSTNLSHEXBYTHBYPAUDFSDCIFLTPAGINVBLK??????SBC^}jLvȱj0I;Luj00 Hj:hLu xj: x Lvh:Lu 5v 5vLu xj)H |he||}|mt|}mt}H| xh 5vj^ɻH sh r` tBGEBLTBMIBCCBCSBPLBNEBEQBVSBVCBSBBNMBM1BNZBIZBIMBIPBICBNCBRABTRBFLBRKBKSCLVCLCCLDCLIDEXDEYINXINYNOPPHAPLAPHPPLPRTSRTIRSBRTNSECSEISEDTAXTAYTSXTXATXSTYAADDCPRDCRINRSUBLDDPOPPPDSTDSTPLDRSTOSET???ADCANDORABITCMPCPXCPYDECEORINCJMPJSR???LDALDXLDYSTA sxILLEGAL # ` q q` s % r` r, ȹ r` Drv frLNsrsvw qɠ,Ƀ,L-p,j ;v \u srv˥sw`rLfr s r`H r qjh` )rh,ȹ r` r s r s`jej`kia`a s` mr r yx`H shj`ka``ras`hbic`pdqe`d`ea`jdke`pbqc``tau``vaw`fjgk`brcs`jLfrb` Mrj _rLrr r`jhki` q q` mrrs s r` r r r r vx qd~e q {r fre~d r )r 2r yx` |x x`a8`px qYLgv sxTEXT NOT CLEARED ` sH pمv sx OPEN qhH sx WRITE q sxINS Mrj \u sLVq sx CLOSEh q٩v` p q sx  `ȹ x `  ` ` Mrbcbrcsjejjk _r drLq Vr`HH Ohh`LgvL-pL$pL3pLL\uLmrL;vLq` tLQo x r w! x px qypzp8 yp* sx BAD CMD L3pBRLOLESAAPIDLANMW   p`pa pL3pl`Y#wpwwrsspsq ppq sxLENGTH= mr8hfHig ph p ` sx OK TO CLEAR? MARKS!.H+C1:11500:RED GIANTSc.M+C4:Y4768:63,Y66,Y::66,4469,44:LUMINOSITY TIC MARKS.R+C3:11700:WHITE DWARFS.\+11600:MAIN SEQUENCE.+., RED GIANTS ON H-R PLOT .,X1952392.,X,2214(1):/-X1672342:X,913(1IM"5- +11:8:"2OOOO 1OOOO 5OOO 25OO"Z-*+12:14:"T E M P E R A T U R E"-4+13:10:"BLUE YELLOW RED"->+2:Y105108:0,Y279,Y:-C+C4:63,063,79279,79.E+133,79133,75:203,79203,75:273,79273,75: TICET FULL SCREEN5,9180:CLEAR AND RE-DRAW EVERYTHINGQ,* DRAW THE H-R DIAGRAM ,*C15:C37:C41:COLORS OF RED GIANTS, DWARFS, AND GRAPH,+255,+1:1:M$"LUMINOSITY":I1(M$):(M$,I,1):, +1:3:"BRIGHT H-R DIAGRAM"-+10:5:"DTHE PERIOD OF A VARIABLE STAR TELLS THEM ITS TRUE BRIGHTNESS.":13N+91+M$"THEN ITS APPARENT BRIGHTNESS LETS THEM CALCULATE HOW FAR AWAY IT MUST BE.":13+90+:"PRESS A KEY TO GO BACK TO THE MENU. ";+96,436035,0:36699:S PEAK.  THE PERIOD RANGES FROM A FEW HOURS TO 1OO DAYS":13s*M$"FOR DIFFERENT VARIABLE STARS.":13{*94*(12)" ";:1*M$" ASTRONOMERS USE CEPHEID VARIABLES TO MEASURE THE DISTANCES TO OTHER GALAXIES.":13*90F+M$" N THE LEFT OF THE RED GIANT REGION.":13O)q2:22:"VARIABLE":24:"STARS"~)v1:151,3207,3207,33165,29151,3: BOX ){17)M$" THEY PULSE BRIGHTER AND DIMMER IN REGULAR CYCLES. THEY GET UP TO TWICE AS":13F*M$"BRIGHT AT EVERY211,78:UNDRAW ARROWh(j4:117,56182,58212,72212,78180,78124,63117,56:UNDRAW BOX AROUND DWARFS(~185:BACK TO MENU(W VARIABLE STARS (X36035,14:36699:(12)" ";:CLEAR WINDOW AT BOTTOM OF SCREEN(bSP+)lM$" VARIABLE STARS ARE O"WE CAN'T SEE MOST OF THE OLD WHITE DWARFS BECAUSE THEY ARE SO DIM."'"SPACE MIGHT BE LITTERED WITH OLD BALLS OF COLD MATTER FROM DEAD WHITE DWARFS."'894'B36035,0:36699:RESET FULL SCREEN WINDOW(L4:140,50222,77216,70:222,77DDOWN TO BARE NUCLEI WHICH TOUCH EACH OTHER."9&94h&(12)" SINCE IT HAS NO ENERGY SOURCE,"&"A WHITE DWARF GRADUALLY COOLS DOWN TORED AND THEN BLACK AS IT FADES AWAY."&7:140,50222,77216,70:222,77211,78&95&M'91I%M$"IT IS THE LAST VISIBLE STAGE IN THE LIFEOF A STAR.":13U%91:95%"IT HAS NO HYDROGEN LEFT SO IT CAN'T GENERATE ENERGY BY FUSION."%941&"A WHITE DWARF IS SO STRONGLY COMPRESSED BY GRAVITY THAT ITS ATOMS ARE STRIPPE$36035,0:36699F$24:"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU. ";N$ 96W$185l$o WHITE DWARFS $p36035,14:36699$z7:117,56182,58212,72212,78180,78124,63117,56$SP$15:(12)"  A WHITE DWARF IS VERY SMALL AND DIM."% OF COMPRESSION BY GRAVITY."k#"FUSION REACTIONS HAPPEN SO FAST THAT IT RUNS OUT OF HYDROGEN IN ONLY"#"1OO MILLION YEARS."#90#M$"THESE STARS MAKE INTERESTING SUPERNOVAS AND BLACK HOLES WHEN THEY DIE.":13#90#24:::BLUE GIANTS ARE AT THE UPPER LEFT OFTHE H-R DIAGRAM."i""THEY ARE FIVE TO SIXTY TIMES HEAVIER"""THAN THE SUN AND UP TO 1OO,OOO TIMES BRIGHTER.""94"" THE CENTER OF A BLUE GIANT IS VERY HOT";#"BECAUSE2,22215,27:212,22207,24: ARROW +!,90]!623:"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU."e!@96!J36035,0:36699:RESET FULL WINDOW!T180:REDRAW THE HR DIAGRAM AND MENU! BLUE GIANTS !36035,14:36699!(12)" ";!SP;"" OUTER LAYERS FARTHER AWAY.":13) 947 (12)" " " THIS STAGE LASTS ABOUT ONE PERCENT OF A STAR'S LIFETIME. OUR SUN WILL BECOME A RED GIANT 5 BILLION YEARS FROM NOW." 5:28:"SUN" 7:186,44192,50:186,50192,44#!"189,4721ANT."94(12)" "M$" EVERY STAR BECOMES A RED GIANT LATE IN ITS LIFE. THE CENTER OF THE STAR HAS NO HYDROGEN LEFT THEN.":13! M$"THE CENTER OF A RED GIANT IS VERY HOT SOREACTIONS HAPPEN QUICKLY. THE GREAT HEATPUSHES THEYTHAN HOT STARS OF THE SAME SIZE, BUT"V"SOME RED STARS EMIT OVER  1OO TIMES"}"MORE ENERGY THAN THE SUN."94"THESE RED STARS MUST BE VERY LARGE. THEY ARE SO BIG THAT EARTH'S ENTIRE ORBIT WOULD FIT INSIDE A RED GITO RETURN TO THE MENU. ";" 966 36035,0:36699b 180:RETURN AND RE-DRAW THE HR DIAGRAMw RED GIANTS 36035,14:36699:SET WINDOW TOPSP2:28:"RED"29:"GIANTS"(15:(12)" COOL STARS SHOULD EMIT LESS ENERG ASTRONOMERS THINK THAT SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS CREATED THE HEAVY ELEMENTS"; "SUCH AS OXYGEN, IRON, URANIUM, ETC. THATMAKE UP THE EARTH. THE MATERIAL THAT IS ON OUR PLANET ONCE WAS INSIDE A SUPERNOVA." 90 "PRESS ANY KEY S AS BRIGHT AS AN ENTIRE GALAXY. ITS OUTSIDE IS BLOWN AWAY.  THE CORE IS LEFT BEHIND TOSLOWLY FADE."xN 94 (12)" SUPERNOVAS ARE SO RARE THAT OUR GALAXYHAS HAD ONLY 3 VISIBLE IN THE" "LAST THOUSAND YEARS." 91T "ERY HEAVY STARS BECOME SUPERNOVAS AT THE ENDS OF THEIR RED GIANT PHASES."|0 "THESE STARS COLLAPSE NEAR THE END."5 91: "THE SUDDEN HIGH PRESSURE HEATS THE CENTER CAUSING AN EXPLOSION."? 91pD "A SUPERNOVA SUDDENLY BECOMEBEFORE GETTING ONE NOVA.":13& 94B (12)" ": CLEAR TEXT  M$"  A STAR THAT FLARES UP INTO A NOVA WILL RETURN TO NORMAL IN A YEAR OR SO.IT MIGHT REPEAT AND BECOME A NOVA AGAIN3O  TO 5O YEARS LATER.":13 94P (12)" V"Q "A MILLION TIMES BRIGHTER.  THEN WE SEEA NEW STAR IN THE SKY."e 6:10:"NOVAS"m 19 3:60,2988,21109,4390,5760,5760,29 94 M$" NOVAS ARE VERY RARE. WE WOULD HAVE TOPUT  1OO MILLION STARS ON THIS DIAGRAM ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU."(96A36035,0:36699:180^ NOVAS AND SUPERNOVAS  36035,14:36699:SET WINDOW TOP (12)" ";:CLEAR WINDOW SP 15:" NOVA MEANS NEW. A NOVA IS AN OLD STARTHAT SUDDENLY FLARES UP AS MUCH AS xqqqq Bfee `neLeoe`)7 eȱJJJJ ee) ȱJJJJ eeɿ`e`M$" STARS LEAVE THE MAIN SEQUENCE WHEN THEIR CORES RUN OUT OF HYDROGEN. SEE 'RED GIANTS' TO LEARNABOUT THE NEXT STAGE."137:189,44210,20213,24:210,20206,22: ARROW TO RED GIANTS91 22:"PRESS EVER GET HOT ENOUGH TO START NUCLEAR FUSION."]hSB,0::" PRESS A KEY TO GO ON."j1:225,45275,59275,78225,61225,45: BOXlI180:n4:225,45275,59275,78225,61225,45:BOXoI170:I:(KB)1282154z(12)" "EI170:I:(KB)1282113\(12)" THE DIMMEST RED STARS HAVE ONE HUNDREDTH THE MASS OF THE SUN AND EMIT 1/1O,OOO OF THE SUN'S LIGHT."`90.f"VERY DIM STARS LAST TEN TRILLION YEARS.STARS SMALLER THAN THIS WOULD NOOO TIMES BRIGHTER"m>"THAN THE SUN. THEY BURN UP SO FAST THATTHEY ONLY LAST 1OO MILLION YEARS."?SB,0::" PRESS A KEY TO GO ON."A2:66,598,1298,2266,1566,5: BOX BI180:C4:66,598,1298,2266,1566,5: BOX2)" "["  A STAR ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE GETS ITS ENERGY FROM FUSION OF HYDROGEN INTO" "HELIUM. THIS PERIOD IS OVER 9O % OF THE LIFETIME OF EVERY STAR."*944(12)" THE BRIGHTEST BLUE STARS ARE 6O TIMESHEAVIER AND 1OO,E DIAGONAL LINE FROM UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT IS THE MAIN SEQUENCE."O91{ "IT HAS 9O PERCENT OF ALL STARS."6:29:"SUN"7:186,44192,50:192,44186,50: X18"OUR SUN IS AN AVERAGE STAR AT THE 'X'."94(190 239 "PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU. "A96U36035,0:36699^l180t MAIN SEQUENCE 36035,14:36699:SET WINDOW TOP3:14:"MAIN"4:14:"SEQUENCE"(12)" ";:HOME CURSOR, CLEAR SCREENSPG" THHE UPPER LEFT"="TO DIM RED STARS AT THE LOWER RIGHT."c5:22:"MAIN":7:28:"SEQUENCE"k20w90:90"THE OTHER TWO GROUPS ARE RED GIANTS AND WHITE DWARFS."2:28:"RED":29:"GIANTS"8:19:"WHITE":20:"DWARFS" LOW ENERGY RED LIGHT. STARS COLDER THAN25OO KELVIN PROBABLY EXIST, BUT THEY"|V"WOULD BE TOO DIM TO SEE."`94~(12)" NINETY PERCENT OF ALL STARS ARE ON""THE MAIN SEQUENCE. THIS IS A LINE FROM GIANT BLUE STARS AT T"OUR SUN'S BRIGHTNESS IS THE LONG DASH ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE GRAPH."y "EACH STEP UP IS TEN TIMES BRIGHTER." "THE TOP OF THE GRAPH HAS STARS 1OO,OOO TIMES BRIGHTER THAN THE SUN." 94UL:" COOL STARS ON THE RIGHT SIDE EMIT ERTZSPRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM WAS FIRST MADE IN 1911. IT HAS THE BRIGHTNESS (ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE) AND TEMPERATURE OF MANY STARS." 94 (12)"OUR SUN IS AN AVERAGE STAR AT THE  X." 7:180,41185,46:185,41180,46 91L ITLE PAGE1 (12)" ":11000: DRAW H-R DIAGRAMY 12000:PRINT MENU AND GET KEYPRESS A1000,2000,3000,6000,4000,5000,7000 15000  EXPLAIN THE H-R DIAGRAM 36035,14:36699:SETWINDOW TO BOTTOM OF SCREEN SP (12)" THE HRES PRINTER( y GRAPE NOW INITIALLIZEDD }50000:AMPERSAND TONESq SB16368:KB16384:STROBE AND KEYBOARD X(20),Y(20) 11900:GET DOT DATA FOR WHITE DWARFS SP120:READING SPEED F.82:SCREEN ASPECT RATIO FUDGE FACTOR 13000:TORT DELAY! ^I1(255SP)10:I= _22:"PRESS A KEY. ";_ `SB,0:A$:I10047:TI,2:~ a22:" ";:1 b(A$)3ı c:14900:CONTROL-C n14900 s(32000)96(33000)0(37000)4İ63075:121 x63000: TURN ON HI-/7TYPES OF STARS COPYRIGHT 1981 DR. MARK CROSS N 31744:26271:110r LL(M$):SLOW PRINT SUBROUTINEI1LL:(M$,I,1);T33LL,1:::ZI1(255SP)12::GENERAL PURPOSE DELAY LOOP; SP= READING SPEED [I1(255SP)4:::SH                           Y' !|(]Fzo+P53_)\=w]LZ_`3m<vYcMqxl9,mjOA5:f7tـk>,wpVd98#,aQ#IBYn3? nr"i xetSr4NHpFQXC~YC A C1 C2}LR R2HRR~SHX!:Y~I3\؀qqqq Bfee `neLeoe`): eȱJJJJ ee) eȱJJJJ eeɿ`e`LIP@ZWTWK1 K2?K3K4K5HK6z# >SBKBgikmJ9 *peeqeereeseeteeueeveewee Bfee `|yvspmjgc`]ZWTQOLIFC@>;8631.,*'%#!  !#%'*,.1368;>@CFILOQTWZ]`cgjmpsvy|$$$$ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @   !!!!!!!"""""""#######@((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPТ m @  L ` ` L`@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_`c````a``b`]WW``@ L`            z #?????    ӠƠӠ1Ġ Ӡ"Ũ̩ȮŠϠà" Ҡ!ӠĠŠŠƠՠ"Š ӠԠӠ(٠ȠƠҠ&`00`@|r  Frr|>"&dDd1#"#1$dDlx Fb"bF xx Db1$;"bD xx FbbF x`0 xx Dd?$  0#'0D D <?A#F ~Af3 1cALf3!??AcF 0~Af3  0p~rZn0? #1 ;-' ? Fb~|DDDDDDDDDD|2fL0 3&<`@||||`0 $<   `@x~f$dd$$fB~x b3q3""#"0xYc>Cbx~f$dd 9)3d$fB>x Dd 87(#&'0!�T$Dl~2:. ? &.: 0p~Bf$$$$>"6$dD xAc&DL~Bf4 0 `o9)SR{Dn*&4 Bf$$p>Bf$dd>!33!>$$fB>p0  0p` `? 9  |Dd xaSR2? 9 9 ?"rSa_~Bf$$$$$$f~?!cBJ ~Bc!%$&&'eB~:k~BFT4>"6tT4">xb33""""313b0`x bsII3&$$'0 s|` 0PHl 3bAv!?~f$dd3&�$$f~pDf"""7(#&,<8,'0"fFp~f$$$$1#""""#1$$f~~f$ddd$f~~f$dd$$fB~pFf"""(#&,?A'$#(7"fD|x DD   dtd xx DddD 8#fFC@Gf#8x>> > ``00`0p~~? ?`00`@`08,&3 Lf2`00 ``00`cIIc> 1$$1LfrZxL$$L "="b|`00`0p01,44:802,254 ^798 rA |36181: TURN ON GRAPE PRINTINGe 37496,128: DISABLE CURSOR 36223,128:DISABLE CLEAR TO END OF LINE GET END OF PROGRAM POINTERZ9(121)256(122):Z9Z973:232,Z9(Z9256)256:233,Z9256:(13)(4)"PR#0" " E N D") 5:@ ,:(13)(4)"PR#0"N 6:5:4:Y 63999 ,D(71612)256:DH(D256):DLDDH256 6EZ96656:EH(E256):ELE256EH @60,(232):61,(233):62,EL:63,EH:66,DL:67,DH T798,160:799,0:800,76:8"İ300:"LOADING TYPES OF STARS":D$"RUN TYPES OF STARS"~ A$"4"İ300:"LOADING DEATH OF A STAR":D$"RUN DEATH OF A STAR" A$"2"İ300:"LOADING GALAXIES":D$"RUN GALAXIES" A$"6"İ300:"LOADING DOPPLER EFFECT":D$"EXEC AUTO" :: iA$;K j(A$)0(A$)7Ģ23:1:" ";:90Y nD$(4): xA$"3"İ300:"LOADING SIRIUS AND THE WHITE DWARF":D$"RUN SIRIUS AND THE WHITE DWARF" A$"5"İ300:"LOAD CONSTELLATIONS":D$"RUN CONSTELLATIONS"8 A$"1, <:" 3. SIRIUS AND THE WHITE DWARF"M >:" 4. DEATH OF A STAR"j ?:" 5. CONSTELLATIONS" K:" 6. DOPPLER EFFECT" P:" 7. EXIT, DON'T RUN ANYTHING." Z23:1:" WHICH NUMBER DO YOU WANT? "; d16368,0:A$ f(7); 31744:24576963000: TURN ON HI-RES PRINTERe36631:INVERSE BLACK PRINTING ON WHITEn 255(12)" ":3:"STELLAR ASTRONOMY":" FRONT SIDE OF THE DISK"(:" 1. TYPES OF STARS"2:" 2. GALAXIES"          6 Ɍ% %`Ì%$ %% ^`Ɍ% %$z6{7 `LZLbLjL```}~```$) Ҍ o$Œ$`nj nj Eɍ$Ō Ō$% %$Lt ʌƌˌʌ.ˌ Ҍ oƌƌ$L%L$L%$&$$L%i %%$L$nj ?`ʌiʌˌiˌ LK ͔ Ҍ0 o$'$L`xɌx7w6 'ŒČ`7 nj Eɍ L0 ʌ Ҍ o y%$$Œ$LÌČ$ $L% %%$L$nj ?`0%%% Ҍ B%`%%% Ҍ k%`vw` J$)$%)%EɇLɒ ?`Ɇ ) ?`Ɍ  z ? ?`Ɍ % z ?`ɒ ͔ L?Ʌ ӓ ?`ɑ I ?`ɗ I ?`% %EɎ!w ?`ɉvή ~ ?`Ɉ$ ͔ $ L?əLZv0w. Lʌ Ҍv0 Bw ?` kvL摭nj`Ì'ŒČ`Eɓ ьhh ?`Ɂь0E8LAE8``EjLVjMje `e A` ҌIe `H%h%H$h$`Ʌ ӓ ?`Ɍ z ?`Ɇ ͔ )L?Ɉ$ ͔ $ L?L JEɇ`|0͌I`͌@T`U`I0 DE`EID`͌i ͌`ILC$Ì%nj`@``⏭0 L`ȼ~pd^TKG?82/)%#Լvj^ZOGC;5/,'#!|6}789 Č Ì ͌8 ŽJÎmKMmN쵎KiKNiNα̴ЮmŒiαβ`L 4-14-81 !!""##( (!!(""(##P P!!P""P##`P0ЌLό$ΌЌό.Ќ͌ ̌mΌ i mό mЌ `123 }e `L-ьx`PRWU`LA ’ Lr ߍ [`ˌʌ.ˌȌmʌɌmˌ`$)! Ҍ0 o$Œ$ߩ L`Ì%$ ؔ%Č%L`Œ>>>> JEɇLLnjnj Eɍ L7 ʌ Ҍ o$Œ$LÌČ$ $L%Č %$L$nj ?` Ҍ k`Lz Ҍ B`Ȍ`x0 Ҍ o ?`x0 ” Ҍ o ?`'@s%8ό$iPΌL%8ό$i(><$$88<$<($$8 $$$$ $ ****$$$$$$$$$04 < <$$$$8""""**""$$$8 >> >"A"">""""""""""""">>><2"<""">""" ""  ">"6**"""""&*2""""""""""""*,"" "" ">""""""""""""""**6"""""""> >>> >00000>">>>< (&20 *, **>> "2*&" " >>  ">> "8""> """"""< >> "0N$$>A]E]A>AAIAI~DD~ P"""A>*""@@  |*((6>6>"6*">88>>>>*>><> ?:{><AG ?!9  8 ? ga~N ?!; 0 >B~|dT,D|('4$"""! @ @@ r2"""B~BBzzB? !!//!!!!! ?BBBB~N0N0N0N99999990N0NxnFd1#"#1$dDdfB~x Fb?3!?"bF x|$ H HHL||bB   "&$1$?$dD x~N?!; 0 `o+*{Dj*4 RVd$dd x>"&d$d3!>$$fB>` `p0 0p`00`p0 <$|>"&$$dd?!8 9!>dfB>p0  0p;D9qDNJJND{))9o~Fd3!?$$fB~x Fb1#"#1"bF L` ͔ Ҍ o$'$L`Eɔ LБ L֑ @p | k e b 珩 X ZɌDE@͌`5,- `ƌ *U٩ƌ UL*L MAY JESUS CHRIST BE PRAIE jjejje8}ee}e~ee~eeeee**e~e*e*e}e*~e*ee**ee*e*~ee*e*}em}ee~eie`eɿ`eeeee}ee~e$em}e}eem~e~eemee e ee*ee*eLg`ȱmeme 4fee `neLeoe`deeee g}e~eeejeejej~eejj}e8}e}e~e~eee**~e*e*}e*~e*mveeeLgeeeeme g}ee~ee@d gjehjloU**peeqeereeseeteeueeeȱe 4fee|yvspmjgc`]ZWTQOLIFC@>;8631.,*'%#!  !#%'*,.1368;>@CFILOQTWZ]`cgjmpsvy|$$$$ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @   !!!!!!!"""""""#######((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPТ m @  L ` ` L`@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_@DHLPTX\@DHLPTX\AEIMQUY]AEIMQUY]BFJNRVZ^BFJNRVZ^CGKOSW[_CGKOSW[_`c````a``b`](U(U``@ L`     ,69,45,10,47,58,50,80,54,0,54,9,57,82,63,80,71,87,"AQUARIUS"c "THE DAWNING OF THE AGE OF ...?" 7,0,0,0,58,61,0,60,56,118,64,170,90,209,136,"URSA MINOR""POLARIS IS THE NORTH STAR." 6,0,0,25,105,21,182,91,170,64,104,103,47,"HERCULES"-92,230,82,49,205,40,217,34,228,34,229,26,242,26,239,34,"TAURUS"XT"SEE THE PLEIADES?"h 7,10,35,43,0,45,43,65,90,105,73,140,77,143,41,"SAGITTARIUS"|"THE CENTER OF THE GALAXY IS HERE."< 18,0,52,8,4,13,2,19,39,22,4,22,43,27,65,33,41,41,50,43 28,22,0,22, 17,"CANCER" L"DON'T LET THIS MAKE YOU CRABBY!"| 4,85,205,375,165,545,45,585,125,"SAGITTA","IT IS TINY & NEAR AQUILA."1 6,0,3,5,0,14,3,37,10,47,0,47,10,"ARIES"6 "KING OF THE MOUNTAIN SHEEP!"?@ 9,11,196,22,52,90,70,60,112,20,112,50,117,80,137,9,172,0,"VIRGO"b"SPICA IS THE ONLY BRIGHT STAR HERE." 7,0,0,0,59,8,83,18,107,113,149,52,76,77,31,"AQUILA" "IT IS PART OF THE SUMMER TRIANGLE."%  7,0, 10,8,17,8,37,10,21,11, 8,3,38,32,38,41,43,27,49,32,52,0,80,8,90,0,90,9,95,12,98,2,105,10,114,14,"PISCES"w"THIS SWIMS IN THE STELLAR SEA!" 8,67,98,73,243,225,248,237,111,405,0,303,63,479,-24,455,62,"PEGASUS""NOTE THE GREAT SQUARE."7 11,0,102,20,80,22,126,42,"THE RED GIANT ANTARES IS IN IT."M 5,0,3,8,0,30,0,8,10,14,7,"DELPHINUS"v "SOMETIMES KNOWN AS JOB'S COFFIN." 5,81,7,155,33,147,175,70,189,42,113,"AURIGA""IT IS CALLED THE CHARIOTEER."Q 21,0,0,8,0,11,9,12,2,23,3,24,19,32,5,33,37,357,243,400,226,"DRACO";d"IT WINDS BETWEEN THE DIPPERS."li 6,0,0,5,10,16,75,40,97,43,20,65,65,"LIBRA"n"A SIGN OF THE ZODIAC."x 13,60,80,44,58,35,37,63,16,112,17,148,29,150,72,154,116,177,177,189,198,263,200,260,234,243,272,"SCORPIUS"!2,149,117,198,90,159,29,"GEMINI"D<"IT CONTAINS CASTOR & POLLUX."~A 5,0,0,0,43,33, 5,37,45, 28,92,"CEPHEUS"F "CASSIOPOEIA'S HUSBAND"P 14,15,59,69,163,157,235,233,192,266,138,254,69,283,37,354,39,377,45,412,115,362,178,345,210,300:V :::"PRESS ESC TO GO BACK TO THE MENU.":"PRESS ANYTHING ELSE TO GO ON."wSB,0:A$:A$(27)ĉ::160Z2180,2380,440 6,0,22,7,12,7,27,8,20,20,0,20,10,"LYRA""CONTAINS VEGA AND THE RING NEBULA." ( 6,46,209,17,177,64,10ION." 8HI$"Y"1120 LH$7 `255:16368,0:C$? t:O B$C$1200Y 1260 "RIGHT! KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK!" I11000: 9000 Z2180,2380,440 "SORRY! KEEP YOUR EYES ON THE STARS":"THE CONSTELLATION IS ";B$I16 S238(Y9Y1)1 S10.75S2S10.75S2:840@ 4S2S10.75F HX \ PLOT POINTSc pI1N X(I)X(I)S1:Y(I)Y(I)S2 ((1)151) X(I),Y(I)  Z3ćB$ Z1İ9000:2180 Z2ćH$ :: $0:"NAME THIS CONSTELLATDK1N XX(K)X9X9X(K)2 lX(K)X1X1X(K)G Y(K)Y9Y9Y(K)\ Y(K)Y1Y1Y(K)b   TRANSLATE VALUES TO PREVENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS I1N:X(I)X(I)X1:Y(I)Y(I)Y1:  CALCULATE SCALE FACTORS WITH NO DISTORTION S139(X9X1)Z223802  N = NO. OF STARS IN CONSTELLATION9 Nm N0ĺ"SORRY - OUT OF CONSTELLATIONS.":::200 I1N:X(I),Y(I):  REVERSE SIGN OF Y VALUES I1N:Y(I)Y(I):  FIND MAX AND MIN X AND Y 0X9X(1):Y9Y1:X1X(1):Y1Y(1) RSA MAJOR":: "TYPE 1, 2 OR 3 TO INDICATE YOUR CHOICE"` " 1 - A SPECIFIC CONSTELLATION"{ ," 2 - A RANDOM QUIZ" @" 3 - A SEQUENTIAL REVIEW": J16368,0:CLEAR KEYBOARD T"YOUR CHOICE ";Z hZ12180 |:"WANT HINTS? ";:HI$ dX(25),Y(25),A$(80)<x CONSTELLATION IDENTIFICATIONK::255:U2560"THIS IS A PROGRAM TO HELP YOU LEARN""THE SHAPES OF THE CONSTELLATIONS.":10000"USE ONLY THE LATIN NAME OF THE" "CONSTELLATION - E. G. U          i RRnzw"ONLY OLD DIM STARS ARE LEFT.":13W:M$" THE VERY DIM DWARF ELLIPTICALS":13M$"MIGHT BE THE MOST COMMON TYPE":13M$"OF GALAXY IN THE UNIVERSE.":1390"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU." SB,0:A$:I1009Y65\M$" THESE ARE VERY OLD GALAXIES.":13_fM$"THE BRIGHT BLUE STARS HAVE":13pM$"DIED OUT. MOST OF THE":13zM$"INTERSTELLAR GAS AND DUST":13M$"IS GONE. NO NEW STARS ARE":13M$"BEING FORMED.":13%M$:13)M$"LIGHT YEARS ACROSS.":13/ [*M$"THE BIGGEST GALAXIES (GIANTS)":13,M$"AND THE SMALLEST GALAXIES":13.M$"(DWARFS) ARE ELLIPTICAL.":13>:94H36035,2:36699:36034,28R(12)" "W36035,0:36699:36034,3:20YC120:R27:F.2:20&FFF.11Y M$"THE SMALLEST HAVE ONLY A FEW":13 M$"MILLION STARS AND ARE LESS":13M$"1,OOO LIGHT YEARS ACROSS.":13M$"THE LARGEST HAVE TRILLIONS":13M$"OF STARS AND ARE OVER 3OO,OOO"TI,2:1806(12)"ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES">SPjM$"THESE VARY FROM SPHERICAL":5:13M$"TO CIGAR SHAPED. THEY HAVE"::13M$"NO INTERNAL STRUCTURE."::13N.67:R20:XC240:YC40:FFF:20YC80:R30:F.4HE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES IS STILL HIGHLY UNCERTAIN. MUCH MORE WILL":13`M$"BE KNOWN WHEN THE SPACE TELESCOPE BEGINSOPERATION IN THE MID-198O'S.":1390"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU.";SB,0:A$:I100412:ERSE WAS MOVING SO FAST THAT TURBULENT WHIRLPOOLS FORMED IN THE GAS AND BECAME GALAXIES LATER.":13w824:94B::::::LM$" THE TWO TYPES OF GALAXIES, ELLIPTICAL AND SPIRAL, COULD HAVE FORMED IN THESE TWO WAYS.":17:13WVM$"TAXIES.":136M$"1. GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE"::13M$" SOME PLACES IN THE GAS HAD HIGH DENSITY AND THEY PULLED THEMSELVES TOGETHER WITH GRAVITY.":13$M$"2. TURBULENCE"::13k.M$" AFTER THE BIG BANG, THE EXPANDINGUNIV UNIVERSE. THERE ARE ABOUT 1OO BILLION":13uM$"GALAXIES AND EACH HAS ABOUT 1OO BILLIONSTARS.":13{M$" IF MATTER WAS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED AT THE BEGINNING THERE ARE TWO WAYS":13 M$"IT COULD HAVE CONDENSED INTO GAL(N),A1%(N),YC%(N)+ SP120:READING SPEEDY F.82: SCREEN ASPECT RATIO FUDGE FACTOdo 8000:TITLE PAGE 255:10000 A1000,2000,3000,4000 15000 (12)"ORIGIN OF GALAXIES" 45M$" GALAXIES ARE ALMOST AS OLD AS THE (33000)0(37000)4İ63075:121H x63000: TURN ON HI-RES PRINTERe y GRAPE NOW INITIALLIZED }50000:AMPERSAND TONES Z0:W1:TW2:K1279:K2191:K3159 K4128:K5100:K6.01 SB16368:KB16384:STROBE AND KEYBOARD N255 R1%:I _22:"PRESS A KEY. ";A `SB,0:A$:I10047:TI,2:^ a22:" ";:1n b(A$)3ı c:14900:CONTROL-C n14900 p(13)(4)"BLOAD ROTATE": MACHINE LANGUAGE ROTATOR FOR SPIRAL GALAXIES rLOAD GRAPE" s(32000)96A5IA4:A7A2R:A6A6RA8T *XR(A6):YRF(A6):X1XCX:X2XCX:Y1YCY:Y2YCY +A916A4:J1A7:X1A9(1),Y1A9(1):X2A9(1),Y2A9(1): ,I: ZI1(255SP)12::: GENERAL PURPOSE DELAY LOOP; SP= READING SPEED ^I1(255SP)10DXDX# I0NN:XLX2(1),Y3:- Y1:v %A6=INITIAL PHASE ANGLE TO START ARMS, A8 = SPEED OF WRAPPING AROUND &A4=RATE ARMS OPEN OUT, A5 = STARTING RADIUS 'A3=LENGTH OF ARMS, A2 = DENSITY OF ARM STARS (I1A3:DRAW SPIRAL ARMS )R& GALAXIES6 COPYRIGHT 1981 DR. MARK CROSS M 31744:27000:110q LL(M$):SLOW PRINT SUBROUTINEI1LL:(M$,I,1);T33LL,1:::DYRF:R21.001RRY1DYDY:Y2Y1FDX(R2Y2Y2):NNNDX Y3YCY1:XLXCDX:X2          yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyB  eb֔kOȒ"\0vt̏O ,mmm7؈9,}Z<ǀzzzg~%~~}S}|x|F~yyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 KPЌsZW,7~Ĉs} +:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyy̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} +:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyZW,7~Ĉs}  :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ  :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0  PЌsS}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs}yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 PЌsZW,7~Ĉs}  :ǀ;g~%~~}yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 %PЌsZW,7~Ĉs}RÄ :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 -PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy3PЌsZW,7~Ĉs} :ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyys}X (:ǀ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ ̑u0 ;g~%~~}S}|x|5|{{{zzgzyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 <PЌsZW,7~|I|yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy {khȒ̑u0 EPЌsZW,7~s} 3:ǀyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyA  ecהRP ^wuÐMΏP .non8:.Ȉ6χ\Ȇ>σYzzzx܀6d~G~E~}f} }}RRQ6eȀ{dؔSQ 1T_D*sxҮzĐXN3Ϗ{QD }Z/oup{o49צj; /cɈ7fЇr]Ɇ„?ЃuZdrC=GUz}y݀7!eax~AH~FVzL}g}E!}}E|tJ|yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy           OXYGEN. THE HELIUM BURNS SUDDENLY IN AHELIUM FLASH."cI0N:VX%(I)V1%(I):VY%(I)V2%(I):36036,13: WINDOW TOP95(12)"FINALLY THE OUTSIDE IS EJECTED EITHER"36036,23:RESET TO FULL WINDOW "IN A SUDDEN EXPLOSION OR DOWN AND GRAVITY CAN"+p"COMPRESS IT."3u95^zI0N:VX%(I)V1%(I):VY%(I)V2%(I):h9000I13:T10030I,5:26016::COMPRESSION WITH NOISE11:"THE HELIUM CORE IS HEATED BY COMPRESSIONUNTIL HELIUM CAN FUSE INTO CARBON AND >18:30:"HYDROGEN"XC190,140155,130158,132158,128155,130: ARROW FOR HYDROGENnH20:30:"HELIUM"R200,160145,140148,138148,142145,140: ARROW FOR HELIUMa9:95f8:"THE STAR'S CORE HAS NO MORE HYDROGEN FORFUSION SO IT COOLS Y%(I)Y1%(I):."THE CORE IS HELIUM."O9110:SET FOR ONE PLOT ONLYw 9000:SET UP POINTERS TO VARIABLES26016: DRAW ALL THE DOTS 9100:SET FOR ERASING AND RE-PLOT*21:4:"OUR SUN"/7:60,150424:20:"RED GIANT";"96:GET KEY PRESS"1806 MEDIUM STARS ](12)"MEDIUM SIZED STARS"eSP4:"STARS BETWEEN .4 AND 3 TIMES THE""SUN'S MASS BECOME RED GIANTS AS THEY BURN THE LAST OF THEIR HYDROGEN."I0N:X%(I)X1%(I):." 95N4:RR2.5:40:: SMALLER AND SMALLER BLACK CIRCLES "IT BECOMES A WHITE DWARF THE SIZE OF":"EARTH. THEN IT SLOWLY COOLS OFF AND""FADES FROM WHITE TO RED TO BLACK.":"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN TO THE MENU. RUNS OUT."`90:DELAYEj:"HERE'S OUR SUN FOR COMPARISON:"otXC80:YC160:R20:7:40:OPEN CIRCLE~19:11:"SUN"R15:XC170:50:SOLID WHITE SMALL STAR24:19:"OLD SMALL STAR";:19:"AN OLD STAR SHRINKS AND GETS DENSER:"FUSION STOPS WHEN MOST OF THE HYDROGEN HAS CHANGED INTO HELIUM."P"THESE LITTLE STARS NEVER GET HOT ENOUGH TO BURN HELIUM INTO HEAVIER ELEMENTS."$94L(12)" GRAVITY MAKES A SMALL STAR CONTRACT" V:"WHEN THE FUELF: X SPEED=C2/16'8000:TITLE PAGE210000MA1000,2000,3000,4000X15000s(12)"LIGHT STARS"{SP6:"STARS LESS THAN .4 TIMES THE SUN'S""MASS LAST A VERY LONG TIME GETTING""ENERGY FROM HYDROGEN FUSION."JRIABLES LATER: SB16368:KB16384:STROBE AND KEYBOARD^ N250:NUMBER OF DOTS IN SPHERE} X%(N),Y%(N),VX%(N),VY%(N) X1%(N),Y1%(N),V1%(N),V2%(N) SP120:READING SPEED SP190 F.82:SCREEN ASPECT RATIO FUDGE FACTORC211:C3C2: TURN ON HI-RES PRINTER8 y GRAPE NOW INITIALLIZEDT }50000:AMPERSAND TONES SEE SUB 7000 FOR USE OF THESE SPECIAL CONSTANTS IX0:R20:AN0:C1.33:XC140:YC140:XMXC:YMYC XCXC16:YCYC16:RR16:SCALE FOR CONVERSION TO % INTEGER VA10047:TI,2:- a22:" ";:1= b(A$)3ıU c:14900:CONTROL-Cl i31744:26271:110x n14900 p(13)(4)"BLOAD EXPAND":MACHINE LANGUAGE TO EXPAND A SPHERE OF DOTS s(32000)96(33000)0(37000)4İ63075:121 x63000 50 IS A SOLID CIRCLE ' 2R21.001RR4 3DYRRR 4X2(R2DYDY)F:Y2YCDYk 5XCX2,Y2XCX2,Y2:q 7 ZI1(255SP)12::: GENERAL PURPOSE DELAY LOOP; SP= READING SPEED ^I1(255SP)10:I _22:"PRESS A KEY. "; `SB,0:A$:I3YCY1:XLXCDX:X2DXDX6 I0NN:XLX2(1),Y3:@ Y1:` ' SUB 40 IS A HOLLOW CIRCLE (R21.001RR:X10:Y1YCR:XCX1,Y1 )DYRR *X2(R2DYDY)F:Y2YCDY +XCX1,Y1XCX2,Y2:XCX1,Y1XCX2,Y2 ,X1X2:Y1Y2: - 1 SUB$ 105$ DEATH OF A STARL COPYRIGHT 1981 DR. MARK CROSS p LL(M$):SLOW PRINT SUBROUTINEI1LL:(M$,I,1);T33LL,1::: DOTTED SPHEREDYRF:R21.001RRY1DYDY:Y2Y1FDX(R2Y2Y2):NNNDX Y             EPEND ON WHETHER THE SOURCE OR THE OBS-SERVER IS MOVING. CQUALITATIVELY THIS IS TRUE...IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND THE OBS-ERVER IS DECREASING THEN THE OBSERVED FREQUENCY INCREASES. CNO... THE OBSERVER WILL ENCOUNTER THE WAVES AT ENDS OUT A PULSE FROM POSITION 1X10. AT THE LATER TIME T IT SENDS OUT THESECOND PULSE. 40B WE WILL NOW DERIVE THE EQUATIONS FOR THE DOPPLER EFFECT FOR A MOVING SOURCE AND} LATER} A MOVING OBSERVER. C THE ACTUAL OBSERVED FREQUENCY WILL D = THE SOURCE SPEED. 39 IF THE SPEED OF THE WAVE IS V THEN THEDISTANCE BETWEEN WAVE FRONTS IS VT. IT WILL TAKE T SECONDS FOR THE SECOND WAVE TO REACH THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE FIRST ONE. Q CONSIDER A STATIONARY SOURCE. AT TIME T=0 IT SCE WAVE 2 IS VT - UT.  THE DISTANCE FROM WHERE THE 2ND WAVE IS IN THE MOVING CASE TO WHERE IT WOULD HAVE BEEN IN THE STATIONARY CASE IS ALSO D.  D=1X2 - X10 = UT . 39 THE SOURCE MOVES FROM 1X10 TO 1X20 BETWEENPULSES. LET UT-UT=VT'42VT'=VT-UT42UT+VT'=VT42VT'+UT=VT42VT=VT'+UT42VT=UT+VT'40QWHAT IS THE RELATION BETWEEN UT}VT} AND VT'. WHERE T' IS THE TIME INTERVAL THAT THE OBSERVER NOTES BETWEEN THE TWO WAVES? 11S THEN THE DISTANCE BETWEEN WAVE 1 AND THE MOVING SOURE OBSERVED FREQUENCY F' IS RELAT-ED TO THE SOURCE FREQUENCY F BY  F'=F/(1-U/V) CO.K... BUT REWRITE IT LIKE THIS VT'=VT-UT OR  T'=T(1-U/V) CTHAT IS CORRECT... 42VT-VT'=UT42UT=VT-VT'42V IF THE SOURCE IS GOING AWAY FROM THE OBSERVER F'=F/(1+U/V) . SO} IF THE SOURCE APPROACHES THE OB- SERVER F'=F/(1-U/V) .C IF THE SOURCE IS RECEDING FROM THE OB-SERVER THEN THE FREQUENCY OBSERVED IS LOWERED. SO F'=F/(1+U/V) . 1CTHEN THRD THE SOURCE WITH A SPEED OF U' SO THE OB- SERVER APPROACHES THE WAVE AT AN APPARENT CLOSING SPEED OF U'+V .C THE SPEED OF THE WAVE FRONT IS V. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE WAVE FRONTS IS D. SO} D=VT. T IS TIME BETWEEN PULSES.  ANDAND} F'=F(1+U'/V) . CSINCE D=VT} T'=VT/(U'+V) . C IF THE TWO WAVES SPACED A DISTANCE D APART MOVE TOWARD THE OBSERVER WITH A SPEED OF U'+V THEN THE TIME BETWEEN THE ARRIVAL AT THE OBSERVER IS T'=D/(U'+V). C THE OBSERVER IS MOVING TOWA U'. C NOW LET'S LOOK AT THE CASE WHERE BOTH SOURCE AND OBSERVER ARE MOVING RELATIVE TO THE MEDIUM. CSO... SOURCE APPROACHING OBSERVER F'=F/(1-U/V) OBSERVER APPROACHING SOURCE F'=F(1+U'/V) . CTHE DISTANCE BETWEEN THESE WAVE FRONTSIS D. D=VT-UT. V = WAVE SPEED. C2J AGAIN} LET THE FIRST WAVE BE SENT OUT FROM POSITION 1X10. C THE SPEED OF THE SOURCE RELATIVE TO THE MEDIUM IS U. THE SPEED OF THE OB- SERVER RELATIVE TO THE MEDIUM ISWAVES. COR} F'=F(V+U')/(V-U) . C THUS} THE TIME BETWEEN OBSERVED PULSESIS T'=(VT-UT)/(V+U') } C THE OBSERVER SEES THE WAVES APPROACH- ING AT A RELATIVE SPEED OF V+U'} WHERE U' IS THE SPEED OF THE OBSERVER WITH RESPECT TO THE MEDIUM. C RETURN. WHEN YOU SEE THE CURSOR BLINKINGAND WANT TO GO ON, PRESS ANY KEY. 3J THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY RE- QUIRES THAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT BE THE SAME IN BOTH FRAMES OF REFERENCE. C THE SITUATION IS VERY DIFFERENT IF THE WAVES ARE LIGHT FRONTS ARE CLOSER TOGETHER IN FRONT OF THE SOURCE, THEY REACH THE OBSERVER AT AGREATER FREQUENCY THAN THE SOURCE FREQ- UENCY.  THIS IS A LESSON IN THE CLASSICAL DOP-PLER EFFECT. IF YOU ARE ASKED A QUESTION,TYPE THE ANSWER AND FINISH BY PRESSING z LET THE SOURCE REMAIN STATIONARY AND THE OBSERVER APPROACH WITH A SPEED OF U'. T SECONDS LATER THE SOURCE IS AT 1X20 ANDSENDS THE SECOND WAVE. BYVT=UT+VT'12S6S2S THE SPEED OF THE WAVE RELATIVE TO THEOBSERVER IS CONSTANT. 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";WSNWS1WS1020100NWS(85W20000:CZ3:A220:1005J10:12:" 1X1 X20";(9):20757:24:20000VQ$(59)50,255:Q120:3:138,80148,80:Z0100:Z:0:138,80148,80:Z0100:Z,Q:5138,80148,8024:20000:Q$(60):24:20000:Q$(61):24:20000:Q$(62)20000j@50,255:24:AN$(39,5):Q120:3:138,80148,80:Z0100:Z:0:138,80148,80:Z0100:Z,Q:3A138,80148,80:24:20000BII1Er20766t10:12:"1 X10";(9):24:20000wA200:CZ6:1005:50,255:24:20000:Q$(58):24::AN$(39,3):Q120:3:85,80104,80:Z0100:Z:0:85,80104,80:Z0100:Z,Q:2o785,80104,80:24:20000;50,255:24:AN$(39,4):Q120:3:118,80138,80:Z0100:Z:0:118,80138,80:Z0100:Z,Q:5<118,80138,80:10:19:"D ";(9):24:Q$(39):10:23:"";EAR$:10:12:"1X10";(9):24:20000y'A200:CZ6:1005:50,255:AN$(39,1):24:20000:CZ3:1005,24:AN$(39,2):50,255:20000110:12:"1X1 X20 ";(9):20757:24:200003A220:CZ3:1005:24:20000R650,255:24:"";EAR$;(9):20757:1255:KSP10:20750:1110:20757:20000:II1:xSP15:20750:1110:20757:20000:II1:SP20:20750:1110:20757:20000:II1:20750:20757:SP10:20750:1110:SP0:1110:20757:20000:II1:;"20766:50,255:10:II1:20000:M22:" ":22:"SPEED? ";SP:SP0SP10II1:m20750:10:25:EAR$:20757}1110:1300x20750}10:25:"";EAR$;(9):120020757:2075010:5:"";EAR$;(9):120020757:20750:10:53369,AJZSP:RR1:3366,R:3442Ht3369,AJZSP:RR1:3366,R:3442TyJZJZ1[~RtZIZ9:Q050:Q,ZR0:3366,0:3369,AJZSP:344280,0IZA250:Q115:1000:Q:II1:20750:10:25:EAR$:20757SP5:11 FOR OTHER$$SP10: DEFAULT SPEED6)XAA140SPB.3369,XL31010S8XY=eL3369,0Q"SPEED (0-16) ? ";SP:(16)V ENTER HERE WITH SPEED = SP[A2559SP`IZ07eIZ0Ĺ3369,A:3366,0:3442:1165jJZ0:RIZ11"o$(I,1)),0)):100 D  POINT SOURCE...ENTER WITH A=X POSITIONO CZ9.5[ 3369,Ak IZ0CZ.5x 3366,IZ 3442 IZ   MOVING SOURCE...SPEED = SP ... A = INITIAL X POSITION A115: DEFAULT X0...E NTER AT 1065RY THE SAME QUESTION AGAIN... ":ZD5:20770:Q$(I):20700:507 gFL2ĺ"STILL NOT CORRECT. THE CORRECT ANSWER IS ";AN$(I,1) hZD5:20770 iBR$(I,0)""I(BR$(I,0)):200,200:"HERE'S A LITTLE REVIEW... ":Z0300:Z:100 lFL0:I(BR$((BR0& TE$AN$(I,J)I(BR$(I,J)):100? (TE$)3JJ1:512u H0:K1(TE$):(TE$,K,1)(AN$(I,J),K,1)HH1| K Y$"" H(TE$)1İ20300 !Y$"Y"I(BR$(I,J)):100 &JJ1:512 X NO MATCH FOUND ]FLFL1> bFL1ĺ"NO, T"ĺ:500 100S 20000:(16):"RUN IT AGAIN? (Y/N ) ";:Y$:(16)h Y$"Y"I1:100y Y$"N"150 (13);(4);"PR#6"  QUESTION HANDLER FL0 20700 TE$""600 J1 J10600: NO MATCH AN$(I,J)""60Q$(I) e50,255# iA$AN$(I,0)I nA$"B"I(BR$(I,0)):20000:100g sA$"C"II1:20000:100 xA$"S"Ĵ(BR$(I,0))1200,1250,1300,1400,1450,1500,1550,1555,1560,1565,1570,1700 }A$"J"ĺ:(BR$(I,0))150,1650,150 A$"V"ī800 A$"Q  300009000:1501EAR$"1:;<="(16)::" IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE TEXT WRITINGSPEED OF THE DISPLAY, PRESS THE ESC KEY ANY TIME A RESPONSE IS ASKED FOR. "20000(16):18:(22)(9);(16)230,32I1 d          E NEXT SCENE." X0:Y165:10(M$0 :` "SIRIUS IS THE BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY." :"IT IS ABOUT TWICE AS BIG AS OUR SUN." :"IT HAS A SMALL BUT HEAVY WHITE DWARF COMPANION." ::"SIRIUS AND THE FAINT WHITE DWARF ORBIT AROTER OF MASS.":X0:Y183:10-f43XX2,YY34zTQX1XX,Y1YYX2XX,Y2YYuM$"LINE PASSES":X190:Y91:10M$"THROUGH CENTER":X180:Y101:10FL0220050:3000N40:Y165:X0:30X0:Y174:30M$"PRESS ANY KEY FOR TH1:Y22Y1: CORRECT FOR SCREEN DISTORTION;UUDU(RR)I T02080f129X3,Y3:46X42,Y45 X3XXX12:Y3YYY1:X4XXX2:Y4YYY2*XXX1,YYY1:XXX2,YYY2446X42,Y45:129X3,Y3RT1002170\M$"BOTH STARS ORBIT AROUND CEN A SECOND STAR.":X0:Y165:10QDM$"IT IS VERY SMALL AND FAINT.":X0:Y174:10xNM$"TWO MOVING STARS":X80:Y0:10DU100:U0:A70:W2.7XX180:YY651:0:3T0202RC(1E(UW))X1R(U):Y1R(U):X22X1*Y1.91YXX3,YY1N130:N I7N17:X0:Y165:30mM$"WHAT MAKES THE STAR GO AROUND?":X0:Y165:10N40:X0:Y174:30:X0:Y183:30FL0182050:1845M$"PRESS ANY KEY TO FIND OUT.":Y183:X0:10&M$5:M$"THERE ISY~T1001690!TXX:TYYIM$"ELLIPTICAL ORBIT":X0:Y165:10WXTX:YTY^TM$"ACTUALLY, THERE IS NOTHING AT THE":X0:Y174:10M$"CENTER OF THE ORBIT.":X0:Y183:100:XX3,YY1:3I150130XX3,YY1 130PI180:U0QDU100#TT02008^RC(1E(UW))P`X1R(U):Y1R(U)YaUUUjcUUDU(RR)dUUUDU((1E(UW))C)2eT01640f129XXX2,YYYhXX1:YY1.91: CORRECT FOR SCREEN DISTORTIONrXXX,YYY|129XXX2,YYESS ANY KEY AND YOU WILL SEE A CLOSE UP PICTURE OF THE WOBBLING STAR.";VM$\@BM$"CLOSE UP VIEW":X100:Y0:10CM$"OF MOVING STAR":X98:Y12:10EW148:A40J3:E.75:CA(1EE):XX200:YY65LXX3,YY1 OPI3.1415926:WWSOON":Y183:X0:10P55&::6S"MAGNIFIED VIEW COMING UP IN A MINUTE."4:"SOME STARS WOBBLE AROUND IN THE SKY.":"THE MOTION CAN TAKE 10 YEARS OR MORE FOR EACH SECOND OF WHAT YOU JUST SAW."FL0153051:1600N20:"PR M$"PRESS ANY KEY WHEN YOU SEE A MOVING STAR":X0:Y183:10H 1130V 16368,0n 2:16:1XX7,YY4x (1:0 2N40:X0:Y174:30 <X0:Y183:30 FM$"MAGNIFIED VIEW OF THIS STAR":Y174:X0:10KM$"THROUGH A BIG TELESCOPE COMING 0:Y174:10 [56 `N10 j0:XX,YY:NN1B t3:XX1,YY1Z ~(16384)1271300k I11000:I} 0:XX1,YY1 3:XX,YY (16384)1271300 I11000:I N20SFL11300 N01130 FL11130 N40:X0:Y183:30>4:16:"D W A R F" 55) :3:1:05 I180O (1)279,(1)172:Iq X0:Y174:M$"STAR FIELD":10y 56 $M$"TIME SPEEDED UP 1,OOO,OOO,OOO TIMES":X0:Y183:10 LXX200:YY80:XX,YY QN10:X0:Y174:30 VM$"LOOK FOR MOTION.":X0100S:I! 6I12000100S:I8 7I12000100S:IO 8I12000100S:IU 9] : STSHAP(175)256(176)1530:233,(STSHAP256):232,STSHAP256(233) 5:15:"S I R I U S" 8:13:" A N D T H E" 11:16:"W H I T E" 1O 15 FAST? 900: S=0 (SLOW) TO 15 (FAST) IS THE MOVIE SPEEDN I1(M$)d ((M$,I,1))X,Y| IJ1(S15)5:IJ XX7:I: 0:I1N:2X,Y:XX7:I:3: 2I12000100S:I 3I12000100S:I 4I12000100S:I 5I1200Y" SIRIUS AND THE WHITE DWARF_BY DR. MARK CROSS, 1802 NORTH TRENTON, RUSTON, LA 71270y ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDFL0:8:FLAG = 0 TO STOP FOR USER RESPONSESFL1: 'RUN 6' SETS FLAG=1 FOR FREE RUNNING S0: READING SPEED, 0 SLOW UP T!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!