' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL]浍 x m浅DeCE `m浅maDLi 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"8 흠 BȱBȄ  ȿL߼  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?  1 /" *. $ (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#00/0/'#07#0:"4<*55/**5/*%5/)1/)1/)1/)'#0/#0*5/*75/**5/*:5//#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0(/;-%-%';-24<2/)(:-ER 4h00#h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`﷕AC ȿLHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 VDP (ED Z $0x8x D- ܸDD# H8`?E Vk *f???0xE Hh D#-EEE8` D ܸx D - ܸx8`-0ݩ?ʥD EEE`  巬 LҦcpq` [` ~  LӜu`".Q`pNФbptťܥm2<(-Py0\|e<6e< 8浅`JJJJj귍hI  aUL@ kU8  L  Q^R(jQ0l^l\ HH ^hh`W ԧ H h@ [_ /QSIRb_L`LLLL`ª`LQLYLeLXLeLee ўQH\(h0L& Ꝥ$`( R \ZLl8 ўR HH\`\Z[YS6`LxQɿu3'RͲʎRʎ]]]ɍuL͟ɍ}RLRɍg^H8 ^hZLɍR LͲɊRR% QLܤͲ Z@ -^ ş\[Z QY\[Z8`l6Lş_Ȍb_Ͳ] )Y h( ֭ͲLɍ [LLĦ__ ^ 9 LҦ3 9 a   0LjLY u< (_9 ˭ɠuɠK_9 ?Lˆʆ8L õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QlXJ̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n `@-eff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLOCUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATALOMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- ( 9 Ϡ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ = & ED C & sƴi0DȴH h  紅D贅E C ɴ  ) 0 Ν ɃhhL`D٤E EDD ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLȵCǵB`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(` d ֠Ġz# u`2U+N/"Some of the solid is scraped from the","tube and powdered on a watch glass."+S/:"It is convenient to use the bottom","of a test tube as a pestle.":+v/5,130270,130+{/0:2:6100,131+/30,12732,127:40,126:45,122:40,123:35,119&,"and allowed to cool.":"*.97005*.214,97226,97B*.0:9855I*/3V*/O0290f*/O30İ9875v* /O60İ9872* /O90İ9870*/O120İ9867*/O150İ9865*/O180İ9862*/O210İ9860*/O240İ9855*/O*0/31600*:/:*C/:+D/:İ9867)d'O200İ9865()f'O240İ98629)h'O280İ9860^)j'O320İ9855:3:56:6260,65:1e)l'Oz)o'0:7229,129:3)s'31600).:).:). COOL AND POWDER).3).*.3:"The tube is taken from the bath,","propped up in another beaker",_(4'212,74216,74:215,80219,80:250,82254,82:246,90250,90:240,103246,103:234,96238,96i(8'3:1{(='2:3225,180(>'1(B'9800(V'O0350(X'2:7229,129(Z'1:7229,129(['0(\'O40İ9875(^'O80İ9872(`'O120İ9870)b'O160st-tube are","melted by placing it in an oil bath"a''"previously heated to 180-185 degrees.":'$'"The liquid must not be heated more","than one minute or the camphor will","sublime from the solution.":')'9705'3'1:259,70253,70:211,70239,708225,98,&&214,98217,98:219,102221,102P&&214,101217,101:219,99224,99e&&216,100220,100z&&214,103220,103&&&&71,6392,63:70,6290,62:69,6186,61:68,6080,60:68,5972,59:&':&':&':1&'32''"The contents of the te0,655%%262,60260,60260,105210,105210,60208,60J%%195,106275,106P%%e%H& SOLID IN TUBEx%M&214,97226,97%&217,98222,98%&216,99219,99:214,100216,100:220,100222,100%&214,102219,102:217,101223,101&&214,99216,99:222,9$$WSWCAS(4)2100:WWS:14000J$T439700(WSWC)(WCWT):T4T4MOW$T6T5T4h$Q6(T3T6)5r$Q3Q6$2:6150,66:9880$14000$1:24:"Enter the weight:";F$:WS$F$$ 10000$&#:$'#:$% TEST TUBE + BEAKER%%1:56:6260+#1:24:"Enter the weight:";F$:PC$F$4#:1G#MO300AS.06Z#MO200AS.04m#MO160AS.03#MO120AS.025#MO100AS.02#MO300AS.09#:$"About one tenth of a gram of your","sample is added and the tube reweighed."r decimal ":9:24:"places are ":10:24:"expected!":11:24:"Try again.":24:18:" ":8100y":""1:"Now about a gram of camphor is","weighed into the tube.""WC.9((3)2)10WT:WWC:14000"2:6150,66#98814000!2:6150,66!1>!24:"Enter the weight:";F$I!PT$F$!(PT$)10İ15400:8:24:"The tube weighs":9:24:"over 10 grams!":10:24:"Try again.":11:24:" ":24:18:" ":8100s"(PT$)7İ15400:8:24:"Foution.": ^" You must weigh some camphor and","some unknown, melt them together and","find the melting point of the mixture.": c"The procedure is as follows -" h31600 i: m 3:"Weigh a clean, dry test-tube."!WT12((2)4):WWT:31600n:o:)@ WEIGH MIXTURE/J6O3T" You are now ready to measure the":"melting point of a mixture of","camphor and your unknown sample.": Y" You need a homogeneous solution of","the unknown and camphor in known","concentra- Heat slower"::"O - Turn off heat":F"E - End measurement"::W"Command ?"]c:m100020:"Repeat measurement (Y/N)? ";F$:F$"Y"F$"N"5031F$F$"Y"479922:"Enter the melting point:";F$MC$F$"When you are ready to":"find the melting":"point -":31600C:I:b DO A MEASUREMENTyQ130:Q1130:12005000:5028:3:"You may enter the following":"commands:"::"H - Turn on heater"::"F - Heat faster":'"S ing point":"the solid will become":"clear liquid.":"You must record the temperature":"when the last crystal melts.":O12000:O"The contents of the tube":"will look like it does":"now.":Q3Q524832O12000:O=he":"solid as it is melted,":"an enlarged portion":"of the apparatus will ":"be displayed.":>"Only the region within":"the box will be shown."::C1:200,30200,100225,100225,30200,30R31600\:]:p12006z3:"At the melt,110:214,124217,124:228,122232,122:250,111254,111:248,103251,103:230,97234,97/"The tube is designed so":"that the hot oil will":"circulate evenly.":1Q7((2)2)5:Q7Q5Q743:2:3235,1866O12000:Oa9"To help you view t212,65219,65R"The assembly is put into a":"thiele tube full of oil.":c O12000:O*210,75210,130220,130260,115260,100221,86221,75+221,96221,120250,109250,106221,96,1:211,82220,82W-213,104216,104:215,110217e tube with a wire.":: 24)255431600?62450E:K:R 2 "The tube is now attached":"to a thermometer with":"a rubber band.":213,0213,98:212,98212,91:214,91214,98216,60216,96218,96218,60:217,95217,935,38:3:5255,32!O1200:O(I90:5255,32@3U1:5252,100:0h252,38256,38o3"While this method works with most dry":"solids, camphor has a peculiar tenacity""and it may have to be poked to the":"bottom of th("Now invert the tube":O11000:OJ0:5218,92:16:3:5240,62[0:5240,62p3:32:5255,32:"and tap it lightly on":"the bench to get the solid":"to the end of the tube.":I150:5255,32:3:5255,380:525e a melting point":"tube sealed at one end,"c"and tamp it into the":"solid - open end down."218,92218,30221,30221,92:O11000:OI150:5218,92:31:5218,990:5218,99:35218,92O1200:OI: :+ PUTTING SOLID INTO TUBE::3:1:1]197,98200,100240,100243,98d3"Put a little pure camphor":"onto a clean watch glass.":214,99226,99:216,98224,98:218,97222,97:220,96150,101270,101-"Now takr weight","of an unknown solid by measuring the","depression of the melting point of"j "camphor when the solid is mixed with","it."::"This method of determining molecular","weight is called Rast's method.": 20:"When you are ready -" 31600on constant.":31600 &:-3 " i.e. One mole in 1000 g lowers the","melting point of the solvent by Kf.": "This can be written as a formula:":. 15000U` 4:" In this simulation you will be","asked to find the molecula fraction of the solute.":" When one gram molecular weight of a","solute is contained in 1000 g of","solvent, the melting point of that ","solvent is lowered by a characteristic","amount.":" That amount is called the":" molal depressi 4245" In 1771 Watson showed that the ","lowering of the freezing point of a ","salt solution was proportional to its","concentration.":" For dilute solutions, the depression","of the freezing point is proportional","to the mole4,148270,148:262,148254,148:246,148232,148235,152240,152:240,178245,178:272,167276,167:260,182264,182:271,175275,175:238,166243,166:258,162262,162 SAMPLE32251,1 GRADUATIONS24883::5,188275,180278,180*265,153270,153=32:16:"160"P32:10:"170"b32:4:"180"u36:24:"Oil" MERCURY6:246,160246,174:248,174248,157250,174250,130:252,174252,130:254,174254,157:248,174248,130/1:27F8F9 SS2F8:F0 1050% :+ :=  DRAW SCALEI :3:1 247,0247,155245,160245,175255,175255,160253,155253,0 265,62265,170270,170270,62278,150275,150275,140270,140:263,140253,140:247,140232,140232,188:275:200:F(16384):16368,0- 5F127İ900U 8QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0e :F127İ900 <QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0 >F127İ900 F9F8F90F9.5 F9F8F90F8F81 F9F8(F8F9)1F8F81 F9F8(F8F9)1DALL  DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY<  EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIV.W  COPYRIGHT JUNE 1982] :c :}  ANIMATION OF SCALE QQ1S5 200 $F(16384):16368,0 )F127İ900 .QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0 0F127İ900 3QQ1S883: : (Q)(Q7)ıL (Q)(Q7)622,624,626,628,630,632,634:R :X :j 18:11:(F)w F197ġ F207F90: F200F94F9F91: F198F94F9F91: F211F9F92: F9.5: : :  VICTOR I. BEN1QQ11S1:248,I1252,I1:I1% 32 2251,1; Q1QA G :M :\ XF80ī640o ](Q)(Q3)ı g(Q)(Q3)620,622,624,626,628,630,632: l24832: n25019: p25033: r25002: t24980: v24953: x24934: z242 31500( RAST MAY 19824D$(4)?30000I0:0T25600^(2000d:j: PLOT MERCURY LEVEL((Q3Q)8F80)((Q7Q)8F80)İ600QQ3Č248326:S11Q0Q130QQ1S5F80S11:0 I               6c0>3>3333300>333>3?633>03333 00000333 ?[[[[33333333333>003>063333>333 ckkk>3 3333>0? ?𘘌0 Z13?333333333333?##??#3;33333?333? ?00003333?3?33333337;3333333333333?s333303? 333333>3333 33333?333 33333 ?0 ?8p`6c8888866$$~$~$>> >B%$R! *,88888"6">~~`p83;?73  ?30 ?30038<63?00?0333?3 333333>0   ~~ 0 0066>00AAIAI>06>0 666<0I*I*@`pxp`@666~~666>666>>666>2 >0066>006>06y0@<>0 666<0??????????????????''',,,-------------------%-?$d6v$d66????66--5666666666>?.-----%????/--%$$$$$$$$$,--$$????#$$ 666666?$$$????'-----????,---;?'--??66.=76VBENDALL66-?66.-=?766-?66.=766-?66.=766--??66.=766-?66.=766-?66.-=?766-??6--------%51/~~~>o~~~~>o~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-5666666666666666666666666666666>'-<'-??6666666666------------%$$$$$$$$$3>3333300>333>3?633>03333 00000333 ?[[[[33333333333>003>063333>333 ckkk>3 3333>0? ?𘘌0 Z1AAA3?333333333333?##??#3;33333?333? ?00003333?3?33333337;3333333333333?s333303? 333333>3333 33333?333 33333 ?0 ?8p`6c8888866$$~$~$>> >B%$R! *,88888"6">~~`p83;?73  ?30 ?30038<63?00?0333?3 333333>0   ~~ 0 0066>00AAIAI>06>0 666<0I*I*@`pxp`@666~~666>666>>666>2 >0066>006>06y0@<>0 666<0   H XN7<6NWRU@ TPhHNɍ-Ɍ+*+*++8 $%ll%J) +%j )* * (je$*h-HJJJ'hH*&'*&'*&')&&OH**hQ**O+i+$$! $%%#"%Nh`  >  <"\:FBF:<<@@\bBb\\bb\@<:FBBB8 0 "" "8.TTTT>DDDD8DDD8:FF:\bb\@@:F|<@>>H0BBBb\BBB$DDTTlB$$BBBb\@<~ ~880("* <"">""""""""""""">>><2"""">""" ""  ">"6**"""""&*2""""""""""""*,"" "" ">""""""""""""""**6"""""""> >>> >00000>">>< (&20 *, **>> "2*&" " >>  ">> "8""> """"""< >> "wQwEw6>60HH0>>***>"6*""">$ 88>>>>*>><> :{>0L@` g RgƖ8PgPQhQghe Ӣi  g y  gh^_8^eP^ȱ^ eQ^^_Ll8ePeQ`L}i34,0<:i:12::"CHOOSE A TEMPERATURE FIRST!!"::25000B:i509eX165F9:X265F11U.9e54,0:55,1659e3C9e16304,0O9e16:E$]9eCS189i9eER129eCL06(CL0):CL9eX1,CX2,C9eER:C9e16303,09e16:" "9e54,189:55,1589e3:9xi:C";+8N36,46:B(C,8);:36,56:B(C,9)::C<8N:S120110i8N"ACTIVATION ENERGY = ";E;" KCAL/MOLE":x8NB$;"PR#0"8N:12:10::" EXPERIMENT COMPLETE ":8N24:8a24:958:24:"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";:A$:8a8e9eS10:F3S,35:"SUMMARY RESULTS"::r7JN"TRIAL ";(91);"KI] ";(91);"(NH4)2 S2O8] TIME TEMP RATE RATE CONST."z7LN:7RNC1207\NB(C,0)0B(C,1)0201057pN" ";C;:36,7:B(C,1);:36,19:B(C,2);" M";8zN36,29:B(C,7);" SEC";:36,39:B(C,0);" @:"WHAT SLOT IS YOUR PRINTER IN? ";PS$:PS(PS$):PS$""ĉ:d6x@ GOSUB CKECK FOR PRINTER ROUTINEw6~@B$;"PR#";PS:}6hB6rBB$;"PR#0":6\D6fD:"WHAT TRIAL NUMBER? ";Z6pD:6 N6*N:10:"SUMMARY RESULTS":64N165006>N:250007HN36ON ENERGY = ";E;" KCAL/MOLE"%5?S1105?2500065?<5?n5?B(A,0)0ĺ:"NO DATA FOR THIS TRIAL!":163405?B(A,9)0ĺ:"RESULTS FOR THIS TRIAL NOT CALCULATED!":163405?163505?T115?5t@5u@PSī165045v@:"PRESS RETURN TO EXIT">6wU1N!44?EM.00198:E(E10)10E4H?:2:10:"ACTIVATION ENERGY":u4R?"TRIAL TEMP TIME K LOG K":4\?J1N4f?" ";E(J);10);B(E(J),0);" C";18);B(E(J),7);" S";26);B(E(J),9);35);((B(E(J),9))2.31000)10004p?J:5z?"ACTIVATI(A$):A(A):E(J)A)3>16300:T116260J3>D(E(J))1(B(E(J),0)273):Jg3>A10:U10:V10:W10:X103?J1N:K(B(E(J),9))3 ?U1U1D(E(J)):A1A1K:V1V1D(E(J))K3?X1X1KK:W1W1D(E(J))D(E(J))3 ?J4*?M(V1U1A1N)(W1U1U1N):BA1NMALCULATED BY USING"O2>"THE TIME AND TEMPERATURE DATA FOR THESE":"TRIALS.":2>"HOW MANY TRIALS WILL YOU USE? ";A$:N(A$):N(N):2>N2ĺ"YOU NEED AT LEAST 2 TRIALS":25000:2>"ENTER THE TRIAL NUMBERS:"2>J1N:"TRIAL NUMBER - ";A$3>A<"RATE CONSTANT = ";B(Z,9):)1=25000/1>51>>1>T10m1>:2:8:"CALCULATE ACTIVATION ENERGY"::1>" YOU CAN CALCULATE THE ACTIVATION"1>"ENERGY BY USING TRIALS THAT HAVE":"CONSTANT CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS."2>"THE DATA WILL BE C= ";B(Z,1)0<-0))"SOLUTIONS OF KI, (NH4)2 S2O8 AND"l)*"NA2 S203-STARCH. REFILL THE GRADUATES."w)*25000)*11050)*)+6)+"";) +H1G1139)+91,H1129,H1:)+"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";:RT$:) + GOSUB 5000**+MU$(3,2))A(A%(C,1))V125()C,()C(3)C(3)2D()Q1C(3)KC(1)C(2)P()R1Q16]()R1R120f()TS0()22:"SECONDS = ";TS()L1R1()(L26)L2610710()TSTS1()22:958:"SECONDS = ";TS()L()11000()))21:"YOU HAVE NOT C ADD GRADUATE ";F$(1)1''"AND START THE TIMER."<''25000I''0:9100U''3:N10_''9550j''10500t''5000z''')')5000')A%(1,2)A%(2,2)A%(3,2)610730')K11.8.00198(273T)14.5'")K(K)'r)C13:V50:C3V25(|)C(A%(CYW10:XU,Y10XU,YW10%&`'6000G&t'G$F$(1):F$(1)F$(3):F$(3)G$R&y'3:J1\&~'9100x&'W66:Y50:U15:X220:3&'F$(3)"C"Y83:W33&'5800&'X,Y10X,YW10XU,YW10XU,Y10X,Y10&'6000&'8565&'5000''21:"GET READY TO:XU,Y10XU,YW10% &6000%% &+%H&g%R&(F$(1)"A"F$(2)"B")(F$(1)"B"F$(2)"A")E11:9820q%W&9850x%\&5%f&P1G1139%p&91,P1129,P1:P1%z&%'%.'0:9300%8'W66:Y50:U15:X30%B'F$(1)"C"Y83:W33%L'5800&V'X,Y10X,124,85O1,G1:O1!$%H1144J11@$%0:130,79H1,66:9640:H1Q$%H16679:0o$%130,79J11,H1:9640:H1$%0:O1120125:124,85O1,G1:$%0:N11$&9653$&3$&W66:Y50:U15:X160$&F$(2)"C"Y83:W33$&5800%&X,Y10X,YW109648#%F1110F191:G1G11$#%*#%G#%J1200:F$(J)"C"J1165M#%n#%J1,65J15,60J15,85J1,80#%I1015:H1145I1:Y65I1#%H1,YJ1,Y:I1#%H1130145:145,65H1,80:#%145,65125,65125,85130,80#%N19730$%O1120125:0:O195100:96,85O1,G1:'"%0:N111"%9550L"%3:W66:Y50:U15:X30e"%F$(1)"C"Y83:W33o"%5800"%X,(Y10)X,(YW10):(XU),(Y10)(XU),(YW10)"%6000"%"%"%(H13)(H13)9648"%3:F1,G1F119,G1#%F191F1110:J15,85J1,80#!]%Y6580:H1Y105!b%J1,YH1,Y:YR!l%H17590:75,65H1,80:o!q%75,6595,6595,8590,80~!s%N119630!|%O195100:96,85O1,140:!%H176J111!%0:90,79H1,66:9640:H1!%H16579:0!%90,79J11,H1:9640:"%$ T$! h$W66:Y50:U15:X220: r$F$(3)"C"Y83:W33D |$5800h $C015:XC,Y10XC,YW10:Cr $6000x $~ % %N10 !%0 &%J9100,9200 +%3 0%J9550,9650 2%J2İ9800 5% N% O%J120:F$(J)"C"J155!S%J1,65J15,60#C7090:80,90C,80:###M#H1190:I1120:F$(2)"C"H1165:I195x$H1,I1H15,I1H110,I115H110,I110"$C010:J1H1C:K1I1C,$L1150C:M180C6$J1,K1L1,M1:CJ$150,80137,68125,80130,80O$C130150:140,90C,80: S!:16301,0:21:(#<2#90,9090,140130,140130,90B<#H#p#H130:I1120:F$(1)"C"H155:I195#H1,I1H15,I1H110,I115H110,I110#C010:J1H1C:K1I1C#L170C:M180C#J1,K1L1,M1:C#70,8083,6895,8090,802O8 LAST! PRESS (RETURN)";:A$:8350/l 10000: 25000H :34,0:N4!d>!:3:F191:G1139nH!9000xR!9100\!9200f!9300p!8565r!u!z!54,0:55,16!20:5:F$(1)!20:25:F$(2)!20:35:F$(3)!54,189:55,158958:24:"PRESS (RETURN) TO ADD GRADUATE ";F$(J);:A$:A9500H JZ 21:958:21h E18300& "THE IMMEDIATE DARK COLOR INDICATES YOU"0 "ADDED THE KI AND (NH4)2 S2O8 BEFORE": "ADDING THE CLOCK. ADD EITHER THE KI OR";$D "(NH4)2 S"C")Ģ16:25:" ":8130$F$(1)F$r18:25:"";F$:(F$"A")(F$"B")(F$"C")F$F$(1)Ģ18:25:" ":8140F$(2)F$20:25:"";F$:(F$"A")(F$"B")(F$"C")F$F$(1)F$F$(2)Ģ20:25:" ":8150F$(3)F$85007J12:24:$(A%(C,2)):C:34,11212:C140:"-";:j"CHOOSE ORDER OF ADDITION TO THE 250 ML":"BEAKER":"1ST SOLUTION - GRADUATE ":"2ND SOLUTION - GRADUATE ":"3RD SOLUTION - GRADUATE ":16:25:"";F$:(F$"A")(F$"B")(F$(A%(3,2)0)ĺ"YOU MUST FILL THE GRADUATE BEFORE YOU":"CAN MIX THEM TOGETHER. CHOOSE THE":"FILL GRADUATES OPTION!":C12000:C:^10:"SOLUTIONS IN GRADUATES":h"GRADUATE";25);"SOLUTION"::rC13 |5);(64C);15);A(A%(C,1));" M ";Cb54,0:55,161lC12:D150:F3D125:C17NvC1:(((X30)6.5)):D1k18:(((X10)6.5)):D$54,189:55,158:@EDİ27000:HC14:E$(C)" ":J::E10T(A%(1,2)0)(A%(2,2)0)60007000BB(Z,8)B1B(Z,7):B(Z,8)(B(Z,8)1E8)1E8HuX,YXU5,YXU,Y5XU,Y10X,Y10X,Y{ X,Y10X,YW10 XU,Y10XU,YW10*pzX,Y10WX7,YW15XU7,YW15XU,YW10X,YW10XRT OVER! YOUR GRADUATE IS EMPTY.":P1:5447:6Q1:5447EE26000KGQJ[OE$""wTR1:S10:F3S50:R41hC90S1:65F10,C65FU10,C:w3:|W80:F3W40U20:Y0:X65F10F3Y40580059002E$"INCOMPLETE RINSING BEFORE FILLING! START OVER! YOUR GRADUATE IS EMPTY.":P1:5447,,GE$"YOU CHANGED SOLUTIONS IN THIS GRADUATE SINCE THE LAST TRIAL. PREMATURE REACTION WILL GIVE ERRONEOUS DATA. BE SURE TO RINSE WITH WATER. STAOSE (1-4) - ";:A$:.A(A$):A1A45372<A%(F,1)An E$(F)D$" - "(A(A%(F,1)))"M "C$(A%(F,2))|34,0:H1E$E$(F):DWE$"RINSE WITH DISTILLED WATER FIRST":5447HE$"NO SOLUTIONS TO FILL WITH!!":5447^"(I)O54&(A%(F,2)0)ĭ(A%(F,2)A)G1;(A%(F,2)A)O1IA%(F,2)AfA3A%(F,1)0.005:538834,12:13:958:13:"WHICH CONCENTRATION OF ";C$(A%(F,2));"?":" 1. 0.05 M":" 2. 0.10 M":" 3. 0.15 M":" 4. 0.20 M"::"CHO:"FILL GRADUATE ";D$;" WITH? ":P5:958:5:"1. POTASSIUM IODIDE(KI)":t"2. AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE"" ((NH4)2 S2O8)":"3. SODIUM BISULFITE AND STARCH(CLOCK)":"WHICH SOLUTION (1,2 OR 3)? ";:A$::A(A$):A1A353*HE$"NO SOLUTION CHOSEN!!":5340ZO2E$"ANOTHER RINSING NOT NEEDED!":5340dOO1pI5325xO2E$"GRADUATE RINSED WITH "(A(A%(F,1)))" M "C$(A%(F,2)):I026000DWE$"RINSE WITH WATER FIRST":":HICH CHOICE(1-4)? ";:A$::A(A$)4#A1A45120:$U(A5250,5300,5350,5400a-Q5200m7P5105wF5120PMU$(2)(8)"*"MU$(2):I1:G0:O0:DW1E$"GRADUATE RINSED WITH DISTILLED WATER"A%(F,2)026000C:E$(4);G0:H0:I0:O0:P0:Q0:DW0i:20:E$:2:12:"FILLING GRADUATE ";D$: "1. RINSE WITH DISTILLED WATER":"2. RINSE WITH SOLUTION":"3. CHOOSE SOLUTION FOR FILLING":"4. FILL GRADUATE"::""WLL(A,B,C)?";:D$:/F(D$)64:F1F34840=16303,0G5100_16304,0:16301,0i54505000:24:"MORE GRADUATES TO FILL(REFILL)?(Y/N) ";:A$::A$"Y"4830A$"N"4890$21:95821:C13E$(C) YOUR SOLUTIONS";9 \"PRESS IF YOU'RE FINISHED"k f"PRESS ANY KEY TO RE-FILL A CYLINDER";:A$: z(A$)134510 ::  :3 C13:FC:D$(64C):5500:C ::16301,0:16304,0 500024:"WHICH GRADUATE TO FI ML GRADUATE":? "LABELED 'A', 'B' AND 'C' RESPECTIVELY.":m "REMEMBER WHICH SOLUTION IS IN WHICH ": "GRADUATE AS MIXING DURING THE EXPER-": "IMENT WILL CAUSE TROUBLE." *25000 44800 R20:958:20:"IF YOU ARE SATISFIED WITH 0:9 :5:" ":V 2:10:"FILL GRADUATES" :" YOU CAN NOW FILL THE GRADUATED": "CYLINDERS PROVIDED WITH THE REAGENT ": "SOLUTIONS. YOU HAVE TWO(2) 50 ML ": "GRADUATES AND ONE(1) 25::"M E N U"::: MU165 5:MU$(MU)::MUY 34,21::"WHICH ACTIVITY? - ";s "";:A$::A((A$)) A1A64060 A64120 A12000,4500,8000,14000,20000 4010 34,0:  Dİ27000: C13:A%(C,1)0:A%(C,2)  B$(4)+ C$(3),A(4),A%(3,2)> B(20,9),D(20)D c B$;"BLOAD CHR GEN,A$1000" B$;"BLOAD CHR SET,A$1800" C13 C$(C),A(C) C:A(4)0.2 A(0).005 "KI",.05,"(NH4)2 S2O8",.1,"CLOCK",.15  :5:16D2  (4)"BRUN LOMEM:":16384-F255::PMU$(1)"1. CHOOSE (OR CHANGE) TEMPERATURE":MU$(2)"2. FILL GRADUATES":MU$(3)"3. MIX SOLUTIONS":MU$(4)"4. ANALYZE DATA":MU$(5)"5. SUMMARY OF ALL DATA":MU$(6)"6. END EXPERIMENT"30004000 ^:                             16368,0:A$9Gf(A$)27Ĺ34,0::350: END PROGRAM _Gp(A$)132200: CONTINUE PROGRAMGz34,19::2100: INCORRECT RESPONSE G34,0:: END INTRO INFORMATIONIE YOU HAVE READ AND STUDIED THE"MF :"EXPERIMENT WRITE-UP PROVIDED BEFORE"tF*:"CONTINUING WITH THIS PROGRAM."F420:"PRESS THE ";::"ESC";::" KEY TO END THE PROGRAM.":F>"PRESS THE ";::"RETURN";::" KEY TO CONTINUE THE":"PROGRAM.";G\ INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION"EJE2:5:"YOU WILL BE SIMULATING THE"uE:"EXPERIMENT INVOLVING THE CHEMICAL"E:"REACTION BETWEEN A SOLUTION OF"E:"POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) AND AMMONIUM"E :"PEROXYDISULFATE ((NH4)2 S2O8)." F:"BE SUR,920.D19,2311:20,2112:19,2314:13,22WD22,2616:17,1922:17,1926:17,24yD26,2922:26,2923:21,2425D29,3127:29,3128:26,2928:26,2932D31,3531:32,3531:32,3435D36,3934:36,3936:36,3938:36,35:39,37DE16,1922:16,1923:21,2415:21,2419KC18,2226:27,2918:27,2922C22,2531:21,2232:21,2233:22,2534:32,3324C24,2836:37,3928C PRINTS WORD KINETICSC13,171:2,15:3,14:4,13:3,16:4,17D17,197:17,198:6,916:6 AMES, IA. 50010";+BI14000:I::FBL BLOCK TITLE GRAPHICSfBV:9: SET COLOR TO ORANGE B` PRINT WORD CHEMICALBj3,71:2,43:2,47Bt6,106:7,88:6,109B~9,1311:12,149:12,1413:12,11B12,1616:12,1619:17,1813)CINFORMATIONA2A^(4);"RUN KINETICS.REVISED"8APA TITLE AND CREDITSqA1100: BLOCK TITLE GRAPHICSA23:" REVISIONS BY:"A21:10:"WRITTEN BY: K.A. HARTMAN"B23:"AMES HIGH SCHOOL":23:"20TH & RIDGEWOOD":1:" DAVE DANIELS '@ IODIDE-PEROXYDISULFATE KINETICS9@ WRITTEN BY:N@ KEN HARTMANo@( AMES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL@2 20TH AND RIDGEWOOD@< AMES, IOWA 50010@F255::@d MAIN PROGRAM@n1000: TITLE AND CREDITS A2000: INTRODUCTORY      *** THANK YOU ***"NEA&NFA12004NHA28012>NJ8006JNLD$(4)\NND$;"CATALOG"pNPD$;"RUN HELLO" THE BEGINNING TYPE '1.' (REMEMBER, THE"MB,,,"PROBLEMS APPEAR IN RANDOM ORDER, AND MOST OF THE VALUES ARE RANDOM NUMBERS.) TO EXIT PRESS '2."ND(16):(14):":21,2519:25,3023:19,2321:19,2325:19,2330:21,3025:21,3029:25,2930:X13000:X:1M@:"PROBLEM NUMBER 10 IS THE LAST PROBLEM IN THIS PROGRAM. IF YOU WISH TO GO BACK TO 1,1519:21,2311zK21,2313:21,2315:21,12:23,14:25,2711:11,1526:11,1529:14,1531:30,3211:30,3213:32,12K11,1234:12,1535:11,1236:21,257:26,3011:7,1121:7,1125:7,1130:21,3013:21,3017:21,2314:22,2415_L21,2316:1,519:1,521:20,5:23,251:2,524:1,527:28,291J28,3:28,295:1,531:3,533:1,334:32,331:32,3:11,151:2,311:2,315:11,155:11,157K6,13:11,159:10,1111:10,1115:10,13:11,1513:11,1214:11,1216:12,1315:11,1517:1 4"YIr,,,"TO THE ELEMENTS, USING DATA IN YOUR TEXT."oIs,,,"^H = ":2040uIt|Iz0I}1,31:1,35:1,51:1,55:1,57:6,1:6,5:1,59:1,513:10,1:11,2:12,1:10,28J12,2:11,3:1,515:1,317:16,1:16,3100HSOUND(16336)HX)HGG2/H}Hp,,," CH ---> C + 2 H 4 2"%Iq,,,"CALCULATE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE (^H) FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF "F" GRAMS OF CH , (D) G G E(1)!G EE1000,G E(E)7G EE10FG E103008LG WG F(F)eG FF10000pG F(F)|G FF100G F103020G G Y(Y)G YY10000G Y(Y)G YY10G Y1003030G GV150:SOUND(16336):V:HX1))B(1(JJ.05))2065:F B(JJ.01)B(JJ.01)2064fF B(1(JJ.01))B(1(JJ.01))2065pFZ0:zFZ1:FZ2:F:B" IS CORRECT IN MAGNITUDE, BUT"F,,,"INCORRECT IN DIRECTION."FGG2F2047F D(1)F DD10G D(I):II10E""7E"YOUR CURRENT SCORE IS "I" %."jE,,,"BELOW IS ONE WAY OF WORKING THIS PROBLEM"pEE"THAT WAS YOUR FINAL CHANCE TO WORK THE PROBLEM CORRECTLY."E2047EJ02059E B(JJ.01)B(JJ.01)2064F B(1(JJ.05110(D"YOUR CURRENT SCORE IS "I" %".DPD,,,"SORRY, NO MORE HINTS.":gDGG2:: WRNG PENDCGC:: RUNNING SCOREDUU1D(20):(21)D"ATTEMPT NUMBER "U:D:2047D:"YOUR ANSWER IS CORRECT."DCGC:ICH1000 EIG10: INIT PROB SCORE.CHH10: TOTAL POSS>CJ0:B0:U0DC\C"PROBLEM NUMBER "AbCvC BEGINNING 0'SCC0:H0:A0:X0:Y0CC23:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE ";:A$:C SCORE LOOPCICH1000CI(I)DIMOLES 1KCAL ---- X ---------- X -------- X MOLE KCAL 1000 CAL "B`,,,,,," "Y3" CAL = "J" GRAMS"Bb(11):Y2Bd(12):(12):Y1Be(20)Bf2020:202Bl"INCORRECT GOTO"BAA1: BEG PROB C----- STATED IN KCAL, THE ANSWWER SHOULD BE IN CAL. (CAL = KCAL/1000)"AT2034AU2020:2007:1078AV:4000:2046:1116AX:2066:1116AZ:2054A\(10)fB^" GRAM 2 81109@N,,,"HINT TWO: NOW, USING THE MOLECULAR WT.-------- STATED, DETERMINE THE KCAL PRODUCED PER GRAM OF X."@PG61109AR,,,"HINT THREE: THE ^H IN THE PROBLEM IS-----1112?F:4010?HG01114?J,,,"HINT ONE: THE ^H STATED IN THE PROBLEM-------- IS FOR TWO MOLES OF X. DETERMINE THE ^H --- FOR ONE MOLE. ---"@LG" 2X + 3Y = Z; ^H = "Y1" KCAL"D>8,,,"M.W. OF X = "Y2" GRAMS/MOLE">:,,,"HOW MANY GRAMS OF X ARE NEEDED TO PRO- DUCE "Y3" CAL?"><,,,"GRAMS OF X = ":2040>>(11):(14):B>@2056>BZ11110?DZ2020:202=T1202=T1'=20001= 3030F="Y50Y1501056Z=$Y1Y:Y1(Y11)d=&3030y=(Y50Y1501062=*Y2Y=,3030=.Y500Y8001058=0Y3Y:Y3(Y31)=2J(Y22Y3)(Y11000)=4JJ.0005:JJ1000:J(J):JJ1000>6,,,X --> 2XY; ^H= 2 KCAL"<"---------------------------------------- Y + X -- XY ; ^H= KCAL 2 2"<(9):(26):(F12)<(12):(26):F2<(16):(26):J<""=2HE SAME";,,,"FACTOR."&;2034;;2020:2007:966S;:4000:2046:1012e;:2066:1012q;:2054z;(9)J<"Y + 2XY --> 2XY ; ^H= KCAL 2 2 XY + OF THAT EXPRESSION MUST ALSO BE REVERSED"7:G81004 ;,,,"HINT TWO: IF THE REACTANTS AND THE PRO--------- DUCTS NEED TO BE MULTIPLIED BY A FACTOR, THE ^H MUST BE MULTIPLIED BY T:F29(14):(6):B 92056.9Z11006<9Z21008H9:4010V9G01010):,,,"HINT ONE: IF ONE OF THE CHEMICAL EX--------- PRESSIONS NEEDS TO BE REVERSED, THE SIGN ,,,,,,"CALCULATE THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF XY . 2 ^H = KCAL F"820408(3):(26):F19(6):(26)0F409567F1F,73020:F50F75960>7F2F:F2F21M7JF22F17,,,"XY --> XY + 1/2 Y ; ^H= KCAL 2 2 XY + X --> 2XY; ^H= KCAL 2"8 MOLE."62034&62020:2007:872=6:4000:2046:916N6:2066:916Z6:20546,,," ("Y1" - "Y2") KCAL ------------------------- = "J" KCAL 3 "62020:2026S12026S162000 73020:F2 COMPOUNDS MINUS THE SUM OF THE HEATS OF"w5,,,"FORMATION OF THE REACTANT COMPOUNDS."5G89086,,,"HINT TWO: THE ^H INCLUDES 3 MOLES-------- (RXN) OF XY. YOUR ANSWER SHOULD BE FOR 1(19):Y14t(6):(19):Y2%4v204084x(12):(19):BB4z2056O4|Z1910\4~Z2912h4:4010u4G0914H5,,,"HINT ONE: ^H FOR ANY REACTION IS EQUAL-------- TO THE HEATS OF FORMATION OF THE PRODUCT (X Y ) 3 5"{3m,,,"CALCULATE ^H = KCAL (XY)"3n,,,"(NOTE: '^H' MEANS 'ENTHALPY CHANGE' 'RXN' MEANS 'REACTION.')"4r(8):2dJ(Y1Y2)3/2fJJ.05:JJ10:J(J):JJ10~2h,,,"GIVEN: 3 XY + Y ---> X Y + ENERGY 2 3 5"83j,,,"WHERE: ^H = KCAL (RXN) ^H = KCAL EG CEL ---------------------------------- -("E3" - "E1") DEG CEL"o18,,,,,," = "J" GRAMS"~1:2020:2021RR12021TR11V20001X30301ZY200Y2508561\Y1Y:Y11Y11^30301`Y50Y1508621bY2Y:Y21Y2 Q (WATER UNK. WT.) MASS = ----------------- (S.H.) (^T)"0,20340.2020:2007:77800:4000:2046:82202:2066:82204:2054T16,,,F" GRAMS X ("E3" - "E2") D Q = (S.H.) (MASS) (^T)"N/#,,,"(^T = CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE)"[/$G8814/&,,,"HINT TWO: Q = -Q -------- (KNOWN WT.) (UNKNOWN WT.)"/(G68140*,,,"HINT THREE: ---------- .2056.Z1816".Z2818..:4010;. G0820'/",,,"HINT ONE: DETERMINE THE HEAT FLOW (Q) -------- OF THE H O WITH THE KNOWN WEIGHT. 2 2"n- ,,,"SIUS MUST BE ADDED TO "F" GRAMS OF H O 2"-,,,"AT "E2" DEG CELSIUS TO RESULT IN A FIN-"-,,,"TEMPERATURE OF "E3" DEG CELSIUS?"-,,," GRAMS OF WATER":2040-(13):B ,2000,3020',F50F150756@,3008:E75E99762I,E1Eb,3008:E10E49766k,E2E,3008:E50E74770,E3E,J(F(E3E2)(E3E1)),JJ.05,J(J10):J(J):JJ10- ,,,"HOW MANY GRAMS OF H O AT "E1" DEG CEL- " CAL S.H. = --------------------------------- GRAMS X ( - 100) DEG CEL"+(9):(11):E4+(11):(8):E1+(11):(22):E3+,,,"S.H. = "J" CAL/GRAM DEG CEL"+2020:202+Q1202+Q1*,,,"HINT THREE: Q ---------- (METAL) S.H. = ------------ MASS X ^T"*2034*2020:2007:672*:4000:2046:714*:2066:714*:2054*(9){+ Q = S.H. X MASS X ^T"x),,,"(NOTE: '^T' IS CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE.)")G8706)"")"HINT TWO: Q = -Q ------- (H O) (METAL) 2"*G6706"SPECIFIC HEAT = CAL/GRAM DEG CEL":2040C((17):(18):BM(2056Z(Z1708g(Z2710s(:4010(G0712G)"HINT ONE: FIRST FIND THE HEAT FLOW (Q)-------- INTO THE WATER, BY USING THE EQUASION: AT 100 DEG C)IS PLACED "R'"IN COOL WATER(25.0 DEG C)."w',,,"CALCULATE THE S. H. GIVEN:"}''"MASS OF METAL= ";E1;" GRAMS"'"MASS OF WATER= ";E2;" GRAMS"'"FINAL TEMPERATURE OF MIXTURE= ";E3;" DEG C"0(,,,:E4E410F&JE4(E1(E3100)):JJ.00005:JJ10000:J(J):JJ100000',,,"THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF A METAL CAN BE DETERMINED BY OBSERVING THE TEMPERATURE RISE WHEN METAL(E50E150654%E1E!%30085%E50E150654>%E2Ex%SH.0875: CHANGE THIS AMOUNT TO CHANGE SPECIFIC HEAT%JSH%E3(100JE125E2)(E2JE1)%E3E3.005:E3E310:E3(E3):E3E310%E4E2(25E3) &E4E4.005:E4E410:E4(E4)559$F:4000:2046:588+$H:2066:5887$J:2054$L,,," +17.9 KCAL/MOLE ^H = --------------- X "F" GRAMS = 16.04 GRAM/MOLE"$M,,,,,," "J" KCAL"$N2020:202$P1202$P1$2000$3008%OSITE IN SIGN FOR THE REVERSE REACTION."^#>G8580#@,,,"HINT TWO: CALCULATE THE ^H PER GRAM OF-------- CH DISSOCIATED. 4"#B2034$D2020:2007:",J(17.916.04)F!"-JJ.005<".JJ100:J(J):JJ100F"/6000X"0(7):(14):Bb"22056o"4Z1582|"6Z2584"8:4010":G0586Q#<,,,"HINT ONE: ^H FOR A REACTION IS EQUAL IN-------- MAGNITUED BUT OPP WORK, W, DONE BY THE SYSTEM."O!2034d!2020:2007:458{!:4000:2046:498!:2066:498!:2054!,,,,,,,,,,,,"^E = "E(1)" - "E(2)" = "J" KCAL"!2020:202!&O1202!(O1!*2000:3020 MICS STATES: IN ANY PROCESS THE TOTAL CHANGE IN THE ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM (^E)"E!,,,"IS NUMERICALLY EQUAL TO THE HEAT, Q, AB- SORBED BY THE SYSTEM, MINUS THETE THE ENERGY CHANGE (^E) FOR THE SYSTEM."h,,,"^E = ":2040z(12):(7):B2056Z1492Z2494:4010G0496 "HINT ONE: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNA--------- OTHERMIC. SO, ^H = -70 KCAL.",2020:2029N1202AN1X2000:3008:E(1)Ei3008:E(2)EJ(E(1)E(2))10:J(J):JJ10::" A CERTAIN PROCESS EVOLVES "E(1)" KCAL",,,"OF HEAT, AND DOES "E(2)" KCAL OF WORK."Q,,,"CALCULA2 2 ^H= 93 37 65 135",,,,,," (65 + 135) - (93 + 37) = 70 KCAL/MOLE",,,"70 KCAL ARE RELEASED, THEREFORE THE RE- -------- ACTION IS EX"HINT THREE: SUBTRACT THE TOTAL OBTAINED---------- IN HINT ONE FROM HINT TWO."x20342020:2007:358:4000:2046:414:2066:414:2054e,,," NH + F ---> NH F + HF 3 IN THE REACTANTS."%G8406"HINT TWO: TOTAL THE BOND ENERGIES OF-------- THE BONDS IN THE REACTANTS WHICH MUST BE BROKEN TO FORM THE PRODUCTS."G6406nv(13):(15):Bx2056(zZ14085|Z2410A~:4010NG0412"HINT ONE: TOTAL THE ENERGIES OF THE-------- BONDS IN THE PRODUCTS THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE THE FOLLOWING REACTION. USE BOND ENERGY VALUES FROM YOUR TEXT."h,,,,,," H-N-H + F-F ---> H-N-F + H-F / / H H"t,,,,,,"THE ^H IS: ":2040 -54.2 KCAL/MOLE."Z2020:202^M1202`M1b2000dJ70if,,,"ESTIMATE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE (^H) FOR ." L2034!N2020:2007:3088P:4000:2046:342IR:2066:342UT:2054V,,," CO + NO ---> CO + NO 2 2 ^H= -26.4 +8.1 -94.1 +21.6"pX,,,,,,"(-94.1 + 21.6) - (-26.4 + 8.1) = TO THE SUM OF THE HEATS OF FORMATION OF THE PRODUCT COMPOUNDS MINUS THE SUM OF"J,,,"THE HEATS OF FORMATION OF THE REACTANT COMPOUNDSNOTE: BOTH THE PRODUCTS AND THE REACT- ANTS ARE GASES.)"}:,,,"THE ^H IS: ":2040<(16):(13):B>2056@Z1336BZ2338D:4010FG0340H"HINT ONE: ^H FOR ANY REACTION IS EQUAL LATE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE (^H) FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION:"5""`6" CO + NO ---> CO + NO 2 2 (:2066:282:2054"41.4 KCAL/MOLE -------------- X "F" GRAM = "J" KCAL 63.0 GRAM/MOLE"2020:202,L1202.L1020002J54.2x4,,,"LOOK UP DATA IN YOUR TEXTBOOK TO CALCU- NT THREE: FINALLY, MULTIPLY THE HEAT---------- OF FORMATION PER GRAM OF HNO BY THE 3 NUMBER OF GRAMS STATED IN THE PROBLEM"20342020:2007:241:4000:2046:282"HINT TWO: NEXT, DIVIDE THE HEAT OF FOR--------- MATION PER MOLE BY THE NUMBER OF GRAMS PER MOLE IN ONE MOLE OF HNO . 3 G6272 "HI KCAL ARE: ":2040%(25):(13):B/2056<Z1276IZ2278U:4010bG0280"HINT ONE: DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF GRAMS-------- PER MOLE OF HNO . 3"G8272"THE HEAT OF FORMATION (^H) OF LIQUID NI- TRIC ACID (HNO ) IS -41.4 KCAL/MOLE. 3 HOW MANY KCAL WOULD BE PRODUCED WHEN",,,F" GRAMS ARE FORMED?",,,"THE NUMBER OFED AT THE END"::"OF EACH PROBLEM."2"":20208B2014L3000[A108000hD0230D300,350,450,550,650,750,850,950,1050K1202K12000:3020J41.463.0FJJ.005:JJ100J(J):JJ100:NSTRUCTIONS:":"-----------------": "EACH PROBLEM IS WORTH 10 POINTS."::"YOU WILL BE GIVEN 5 CHANCES TO WORK EACH":"PROBLEM.":$"2 POINTS WILL BE SUBTRACTED FROM THE"::"SCORE EACH TIME YOU ANSWER INCORRECTLY."::"YOUR SCORE WILL BE DISPLAYOUS PROBLEMS"::"DEALING WITH THE ENERGY CHANGES WHICH"::"OCCUR DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.": :"THE PROBLEMS APPEAR IN RANDOM ORDER AND,":"WHENEVER POSSIBLE, THE COMPUTER WILL"::"GENERATE RANDOM VALUES FOR THE PROBLEMS."$ 2020::3:"MORE I39 0,39X 0,39Y$ XX1. YY1< X20134J X11500Q X[ 6010g ::15u 16368,0 "WOULD YOU LIKE INSTRUCTIONS? ";C$ (C$,1)"Y"200 :3:"INSTRUCTIONS:":"------------"` :"THIS PROGRAM PRESENTS VARI511:6,1628:6,1632:29,7:30,8:31,7:6,1638:6,1635:35,386:35,3816:22,326:22,3214 d22,3217:22,3222:22,3230:22,3234:6,922:6,932:14,1727:22,2522:22,2532:22,2427:31,23:33,23:32,24 X12000:X 7 X0 Y:Y39:Z39. 0,39W:0,39X:0,39Y:0,39ZJ WW1:XX1:YY1:ZZ1W &Z1922a (UU1h *2t ,U214| .13 06,165:3,76:10,1311:6,1610:6,1613:16,196:6,1616:16,1916:16,1811:6,1622:11,1624:6,1125:22,256` L22,2rF. CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS-BEGINNING THERMOY BY MICHEL MINOR AND WYMAN GRINDSTAFF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY SPRINGFIELD MISSOURI SPECIAL THANKS TO ROBERT ERNST : 22:"PLEASE STANDBY" 13:U0 W0:X0                                   HE PROGRAM"::P: {"IF THIS HAS HAPPENED BEFORE, SEE YOUR"," INSTRUCTOR."Y:*{976_:|:e:|:k:}:|:y:|::}EFORE, SEE YOUR"," INSTRUCTOR.":*{976:|::|::}D2,194.2,210.2,254.3,330.6,372.79"y"NAPHTHALENE","DICHLOROBENZENE","NAPHTHOQUINONE","ANTHRACENE","ANTHRONE","BENZIL","CHOLANTHRENE","CHOLANE","CHOLESTANE"9 {:2559{10:"SORRY - THERE IS AN UNEXPECTED ERROR.":::{"ENTER RUN TO RESTART T88uT5179.8:Q526'8?uI19:MO(I):I<8AuI19:M$(I):IN8DuU((3)9)1[8IuMOMO(U)n8NuU1((4)9)18OuU2((1)10)8SuU3100U110UU28Xu(25063)66(25069)76ı8]uD$;"BLOAD RAST TABLES"8bu8u:8u:9y 128.2,147.0,158.2,178.OINT"27::"M = GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SOLUTE"H7:24:1:C$;:F$:N7`;T7;:q7(0:L0p0Q130:Q1130:1200:5000V0z01000^002000"REPEAT MEASUREMENT (Y/N) ";:F$00(F$,1)"Y"ī124000022:"ENTER THE MELTING POINT ";:F$00MS$F$0024:C$;:F$00:00:081>1=11:"HER5200,60/0I152/00:5200,60:3:5200,66P/ 00:5200,66:3:5200,60`/ 0O1200:Og/ 0I~/00:5200,60:3:1/05197,129:0:197,67201,67:3/0:/021:"THE TUBE IS ATTACHED TO THE THERMOMETER","AND THE MELTING POINT OBTAINED."0UT INTO","A MELTING POINT TUBE AS BEFORE.":=./O12000:OG./0:1c./I15:0:5154,123:3./5154,128:0:5154,128./3:5154,124./O1200:O./I./O11000:O./0:5154,124./3:16:5160,100./0:5160,100 /03:32:/3:6147,85-/0:6147,850-/3:6143,85A-/3:6149,85R-/0:6149,85c-/3:6146,85t-/0:6146,85-/3:6143,85-/O-/130,126132,126:156,126152,126:154,125152,125-/0:6143,85-/3,./18:"A LITTLE OF THE SOLID IS P:40,126:45,122:40,123:35,119J,/27,12832,128:24,12726,127:26,124o,/120,127123,129163,129166,127,/128,127158,127,/126,128160,128,/O12000:O,/48:1:6143,85,/O18,/0:6143,85,/3:6145,85,/0:6145,85-+0/24:C$;:F$+:/:+C/:&+D/:2y+N/"SOME OF THE SOLID IS SCRAPED FROM THE","TUBE AND POWDERED ON A WATCH GLASS."+S/:"IT IS CONVENIENT TO USE THE BOTTOM","OF A TEST TUBE AS A PESTLE.":+v/5,130270,130+{/0:2:6100,131 ,/30,12732,127PROPPED UP IN ANOTHER BEAKER","AND ALLOWED TO COOL.":@*.9700S*.214,97226,97`*.0:9855g*/3t*/O0290*/O30İ9875* /O60İ9872* /O90İ9870*/O120İ9867*/O150İ9865*/O180İ9862*/O210İ9860*/O240İ9855+/O'O120İ9870)b'O160İ9867/)d'O200İ9865@)f'O240İ9862Q)h'O280İ9860v)j'O320İ9855:3:56:6260,65:1})l'O)o'0:7229,129:3)s'24:C$;:F$).:).:). COOL AND POWDER).3).6*.3:"THE TUBE IS TAKEN FROM THE BATH,","0253,70:211,70239,70w(4'212,74216,74:215,80219,80:250,82254,82:246,90250,90:240,103246,103:234,96238,96(8'3:1(='2:3225,180(>'1(B'9800(V'O0350(X'2:7229,129(Z'1:7229,129(['0(\'O40İ9875(^'O80İ9872 )`N''"THE CONTENTS OF THE TEST-TUBE ARE","MELTED BY PLACING IT IN AN OIL BATH"}''"PREVIOUSLY HEATED TO 180-185 DEGREES.":'$'"THE LIQUID MUST NOT BE HEATED MORE","THEN ONE MINUTE OR CAMPHOR WILL","SUBLIME FROM THE SOLUTION.":')'9705(3'1:259,7z#     ӮĠ4ͺҠԪҠΠ ҠԠ ͱ ҲԠϠԠӠԠ4 ϠH ӮԠ "Ϡ!ˠŠ"Πՠ"̱̲1̳+Ӡ01$&&214,99216,99:222,98225,98H&&214,98217,98:219,102221,102l&&214,101217,101:219,99224,99&&216,100220,100&&214,103220,103&&&&71,6392,63:70,6290,62:69,6186,61:68,6080,60:68,5972,59:&':&':&':1&'3HAS HAPPENED BEFORE, SEE YOUR"," INSTRUCTOR.";:*{976A:o{o:p{24:"Press ";:16368,0:F$::u:|:{:|::}:~9"y "naphthalene","dichlorobenzene","naphthoquinone","anthracene","anthrone","benzil","cholanthrene","cholane","cholestane"9 {:2559{10:"SORRY - THERE IS AN UNEXPECTED ERROR."::9{"ENTER RUN TO RESTART THE PROGRAM"::2: {"IF THIS MO(I):I8AuI19:M$(I):I/8DuU((3)9)1<8IuMOMO(U)O8NuU1((4)9)1a8OuU2((1)10)w8SuU3100U110UU28Xu(25063)66(25069)76ı8]uD$;"BLOAD RAST TABLES"8bu8u:8u:9y 128.2,147.0,158.2,178.2,194.2,210.2,254.3,330.6,372.7m molecular weight of solute"*7:31600:07`;67;:S7(0:"0p0Q130:Q1130:1200:5000,0z0100040020W00"Repeat measurement (Y/N)? ";v00F$:F$"Y"F$"N"12426~00F$00F$"Y"124000022:"Enter the melting point:";F$00MS$F$003160000:00:081*1=11:"Here is a summary of yo0:3:5200,66,/ 00:5200,66:3:5200,60"NOW INVERT THE TUBE":O11000:O`0:5218,92:16:3:5240,62q0:5240,623:32:5255,32:"AND TAP IT LIGHTLY ON":"THE BENCH TO GET THE SOLID":"TO THE END OF THE TUBE.":I15 0:5255,32:3:270,101C"NOW TAKE A MELTING POINT":"TUBE SEALED AT ONE END,"y"AND TAMP IT INTO THE":"SOLID - OPEN END DOWN."218,92218,30221,30221,92:O11000:OI150:5218,92:31:5218,990:5218,99:35218,92 ODY -" 24:C$;:F$:":A PUTTING SOLID INTO TUBEP:3:1:1s197,98200,100240,100243,98z3"PUT A LITTLE PURE CAMPHOR":"ONTO A CLEAN WATCH GLASS.":214,99226,99:216,98224,98:218,97222,97:220,96150,101IND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT","OF AN UNKNOWN SOLID BY MEASURING THE","DEPRESSION OF THE MELTING POINT OF"j "CAMPHOR WHEN THE SOLID IS MIXED WITH","IT."::"THIS METHOD OF DETERMINING MOLECULAR","WEIGHT IS CALLED RAST'S METHOD.": 20:"WHEN YOU ARE REASSION CONSTANT.":24)C$;:F$:/:63 " I.E. ONE MOLE IN 1000 G LOWERS THE","MELTING POINT OF THE SOLVENT BY K"(102): " THIS CAN BE WRITTEN AS A FORMULA":. 15000e` 4:" IN THIS SIMULATION, YOU WILL BE","ASKED TO FE FRACTION OF THE SOLUTE.":" WHEN ONE GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A","SOLUTE ARE CONTAINED IN 1000 G OF","SOLVENT, THE MELTING POINT OF THAT ","SOLVENT IS LOWERED BY A CHARACTERISTIC","AMOUNT.":" THAT AMOUNT IS CALLED THE":" MOLAL DEPRE 4245" IN 1771 WATSON SHOWED THAT THE ","LOWERING OF THE FREEZING POINT OF A ","SALT SOLUTION WAS PROPORTIONAL TO ITS","CONCENTRATION.":" FOR DILUTE SOLUTIONS, THE DEPRESSION","OF THE FREEZING POINT IS PROPORTIONAL","TO THE MOL4,148270,148:262,148254,148:246,148232,148235,152240,152:240,178245,178:272,167276,167:260,182264,182:271,175275,175:238,166243,166:258,162262,162 SAMPLE32251,1 GRADUATIONS24883::5,188275,180278,180*265,153270,153=32:16:"160"P32:10:"170"b32:4:"180"u36:24:"OIL" MERCURY6:246,160246,174:248,174248,157250,174250,130:252,174252,130:254,174254,157:248,174248,130/1:27F8F9 SS2F8:F0 1050% :+ :=  DRAW SCALEI :3:1 247,0247,155245,160245,175255,175255,160253,155253,0 265,62265,170270,170270,62278,150275,150275,140270,140:263,140253,140:247,140232,140232,188:275:200:F(16384):16368,0- 5F127İ900U 8QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0e :F127İ900 <QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0 >F127İ900 F9F8F90F9.5 F9F8F90F8F81 F9F8(F8F9)1F8F81 F9F8(F8F9)1DALL  DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY<  EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIV.W  COPYRIGHT JUNE 1982] :c :}  ANIMATION OF SCALE QQ1S5 200 $F(16384):16368,0 )F127İ900 .QQ1S5:200:F(16384):16368,0 0F127İ900 3QQ1S883: : (Q)(Q7)ıL (Q)(Q7)622,624,626,628,630,632,634:R :X :j 18:12:(F)w F197ġ F207F90: F200F94F9F91: F198F94F9F91: F211F9F92: F9.5: : :  VICTOR I. BEN1QQ11S1:248,I1252,I1:I1% 32 2251,1; Q1QA G :M :\ XF80ī640o ](Q)(Q3)ı g(Q)(Q3)620,622,624,626,628,630,632: l24832: n25019: p25033: r25002: t24980: v24953: x24934: z24m2 31500( RAST MAY 19824D$(4)?30000I0:0T25600^(2000d:j: PLOT MERCURY LEVEL((Q3Q)8F80)((Q7Q)8F80)İ600QQ3Č248326:S11Q0Q130QQ1S5F80S11:0 I                   <"\:FBF:<<@@\bBb\\bb\@<:FBBB8 0 "" "8.TTTT>DDDD8DDD8:FF:\bb\@@:F|<@>>H0BBBb\BBB$DDTTlB$$BBBb\@<~ ~880(8DRj2x$B~BBB>DD
<""<>DDDDD>~~~BB>BB>"BBB<~B > ~B ~ ~ ?.-----%????/--%$$$$$$$$$,--$$????#$$ 666666?$$$????'-----????,---;?'--??66.=76VBENDALL66-?66.-=?766-?66.=766-?66.=766--??66.=766-?66.=766-?66.-=?766-??6--------%51/~~~>o~~~~>o~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-5666666666666666666666666666666>'-<'-??6666666666------------%$$$$$$$$$2210z *:JZjz *:JZjz *:JZj 0@$$ 66$??-- ?- $;?666 $$)-22;?$$$--266;?$$$--?*-$$$--? $$)-*6??$$$ 666$ `I15+cI5010,135I5010,138:I5r2042B49235,0O49232,0\49239,0i49236,0YPY(1)(10000)YA139YP1YP1C(1)XA10,YPI250CPC(I)XA10CP279ī2070 YPY(I)YA(10000)139 YP1YP(M23.1416RT)1.5(MCACA2RT)- I< TR01700M XAC(50)250] :::::c j "7 ,10,010,140260,140 6I014 @10,I1013,I10 JI TI150 YI510,138I510,140:I \I15^I5015,137I5015,138:I::::: T1T :::L "I'LL BE RIGHT BACK AFTER I DO SOME":~ "CALCULATIONS. SORRY FOR THE DELAY.":::: CA0:AY0:R8.314E07 I150 22:"TIME LEFT:"50I" ":CLICK(16336) &CACACI:C(I)CA& XY(I)43.1416CACA;:CI:+ CI0ĺ"ENTER VALUE > 0 ":402S "GRAPH AMPLITUDE.(E.G.500) ";:YAw YA0ĺ"ENTER VALUE > 0 ":404 :"TEMPERATURE(K) ";:T T0ĺ"ENTER VALUE > 0 ":412 TR0418 "CALCULATIONS IN PROGRESS.":::445 IONS USE Y/N"@ "(OR YOU CAN JUST HIT 'RETURN' FOR 'NO')"::l "HIT 'RETURN' WHEN READY TO CONTINUE." CRT$:CRT$""155 :::: "MOLE WEIGHT ";:M: M0ĺ"ENTER VALUE > 0 ":400 "SPEED INC. (E.G.2000) "GRAM RUNS, THE CURSORWILL NOT BE VISIBLE. TO BRING IT INTOVIEW HIT 'RETURN' SEVERAL TIMES. RESTORETEXT TO THE SCREEN BY ENTERING 'TEXT' ORTO RERUN THE PROGRAM SIMPLY ENTER 'RUN'." R dY(50),C(50),A(50) nTR0 xCI$"Y" "FOR YES/NO QUEST :) VERSION 12, 7/24/82,'M12'3 ::^" ****************************":" MOLECULAR SPEED DISTRIBUTION"" H.BLANCK APSU CHEM JULY '82":" ****************************"K::: P" AFTER THE PRO     GTH $0400. 37120 232,6- 233,146A "BLOAD CHAR2"Q "RUN M12"W < Y::::::/ HFB;APSU;TENN;7/24/82^:" "" PLEASE WAIT FOR PROGRAMS TO LOAD. "" ": THIS PROGRAM LOADS A  SHAPE TABLE AT $9200  WITH LEN)"!1n :"0 LIST OF REAGENTS")1v :H1 "HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE";Q1 DS$W1 ]1 YORIC ACID (1M)"600 "12 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (3%)"X0: "13 LEAD ACETATE (0.1M)"w0D "14 NITRIC ACID (4M)"0N "15 SODIUM NITRITE (1M)"0X "16 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (4M)"0b "17 SODIUM BISMUTHATE SOLID"1l "18 THIOACETAMIDE (5%BONATE"1/ "8 AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE CRYSTALS"/ "9 AQUA REGIA (3 PARTS 12M HYDRO- CHLORIC ACID AND 1 PART 14M NITRIC ACID)"/ :/ "HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE";/ BS$/ / "10 DIMETHYLGLOXIME"0& "11 HYDROCHL TO DO ANOTHER UNKNOWN ?";". W$7. (W$,1)"Y"230=. E. :c. "1 ACETIC ACID (4M)". "2 ACETIC ACID (1M)". "3 ACETONE". "4 ALUMINUM REAGENT". "5 AMMONIA (15M)". "6 AMMONIA (4M)/ "7 AMMONIUM CAR-n Y$"Y"2730d-s THIS USED TO BE DIMA$(15), BUT I GOT A REDIM ERROR, SO I MOVED IT TO LINE 1o-x X17w- A$- A(X)12715- A$- X- "COBALT","NICKEL","MANGANESE","IRON","ALUMINUM","CHROMIUM","ZINC"- :- . "DO YOU WISH0İ3000::2570 ,( T7182630;,2 "TRY SOMETHING ELSE."J,7 T1300:P,9 Z,< 2570`,F q,K A(7)02650,P "YOU HAVE A WHITE PRECIPITATE.",U 2655,Z "YOU HAVE NO PRECIPITATE.",_ ,a "DO YOU WISH TO CHECK YOUR RESULTS ?";,d Y$-i ELSE."+ T1300: + 2440&+ 7+ A(6)02550]+ "YOU HAVE A YELLOW PRECIPITATE."g+ 2560+ "NO PRECIPITATE FORMS."+ :+ "WHAT WILL YOU ADD TO THE OTHER PART OF THE SOLUTION TO FIND OUT IF ZINC IS PRESENT ";+ T7, T7 T1300:*} *~ 2375!* * "THAT'S RIGHT. 1M ACETIC ACID SHOULD BE ADDED UNTIL THE SOLUTION IS JUST ACIDIC TO LITMUS. WHAT SHOULD THEN BE ADDED ";* T6* T60İ3000:2440* T6132520* :+ "NOT RIGHT. TRY SOMETHINGY CONTAINING CHROMATE AND/OR TETRA")L "AMMINE ZINC ION. DIVIDE THE SOLUTION INTO TWO PARTS. WHAT MUST BE ADDED TO ONE PART TO BEGIN THE TEST FOR CHROMATE ";)V T5)` T50İ3000::2375)j T522440)t :)y "TRY AGAIN." *{ T1300:( 2290($ l() "THATS RIGHT. ENOUGH AMMONIUM CARB- ONATE MUST BE ADDED TO MAKE THE "(. "SOLUTION BASIC."(3 :(5 A(5)02370(8 "YOU HAVE A REDDISH COLORED PRECIP- ITATE"(B :))G "NOW TURN TO THE SOLUTION POSSIBL'T3'T30İ3000:2230,'T3422904':V'"WRONG. TRY SOMETHING ELSE."e'T1300:o'2230u''"WHAT ELSE MUST BE ADDED TO COMPLETE THE TEST ";'T4' T40İ3000:2290' T472340' :' "NOT SO. TRY AGAIN" (WHAT REAGENTS WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE RESIDUE ";;&T2J&T212230b&T20İ3000::2185j&:&"YOU GOOFED, TRY AGAIN."&T1300:&&2185&&"THE RESIDUE WENT INTO SOLUTION. WHAT WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE SOLUTION ";0#%R"THE SOLUTION IS COLORLESS."4%\A(5)02370>%a2170`%f"THE SOLUTION IS COLORLESS."q%pA(5)02370%z"THERE IS A GELATINOUS WHITE PREC- IPITATE"%"THERE IS A GELATINOUS WHITE PREC- IPITATE"%:3&"AFTER SEPERATION, DD TO THE SOL- UTION ";#$ T19$T10İ3000:2010H$T162100d$ ::"WRONG, TRY AGAIN"s$%I1600:}$*2010$4$>"THAT'S RIGHT. 4M AMMONIA SHOULD BE ADDED UNTIL THE SOLUTION IS DISTINC- TLY ALKALINE."$H:%MA(6)1215#S9#S90İ3000:2000,#S9120104#:M#"WRONG, TRY AGAIN."\#I1600:b#l#1918r##A(6)12040#"YOU HAVE A COLORLESS SOLUTION."#2050#"THE SOLUTION NOW HAS AN ORANGE TINGE."$::"WHAT SHOULD YOU NOW AU"v"TURN NOW TO THE SOLUTION POSSIBLY CON- TAINING ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, AND ZINC."]"{:n"~A(6)11950""YOU HAVE A COLORLESS SOLUTION.""1960""YOU HAVE A YELLOW SOLUTION.""::"WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD BE ADDED TO THE SOLUTION ";0!&!"NOW WHAT WILL YOU ADD ";.!S8D!!S80İ3000:1810T!&S8141860k!0::"GUESS AGAIN"z!5I1600:!:1810!D!IA(3)11890!N"NO PINK OR PURPLE COLOR FORMS."!X1900!b"A PURPLE COLOR FORMS, WHICH PERSISTS.""l: 17604 "YOU HAVE A DARK BLOOD RED SOLUTION"< : "WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU ADD TO TEST THE SECOND PORTION FOR MANGANESE "; S7 S7151810 S70İ3000:1800 : "THATS WRONG! TRY AGAIN" I1600: ! 177TS. WHAT REA- GENT(S) WILL YOU ADD TO TEST THE "O"ONE PORTION FOR IRON ";WS6mS60İ3000:1660u:S681740"YOU GOOFED, TRY SOMETHING ELSE"I1600:1660A(4)11755 "YOU DO NOT GET A DARK SOLUTION"1660 c:h"TRY AGAIN",mI1600:6r1610<|"AFTER STIRRING AND HEATING IN A HOT WATER BATH, ANY REMAINING RESIDUE""SHOULD BE SEPARATED AND THE SOLUTION HEATED TO BOILING. COOL AND DIVIDE "1"THE SOLUTION INTO TWO PAR) WILL YOU"0"TREAT THE SEPARATED RESIDUE ";8S4N"S40İ3000:1596^,S4141610q6"CHECK AGAIN";I1600:<@1550JO"AFTER ADDING 4M NITRIC ACIC WHAT ELSE SHOULD YOU ADD ";TS5YS50İ3000:1610^S517S3S30İ3000:1440-S31215105:O"TRY SOMETHING ELSE"^I1600:h1440nA(3)1A(4)11540A(6)11950A(5)1A(7)11950: "YOU HAVE A BROWNISH OR BLACK PRECIP- ITATE. WITH WHAT REAGENT(SxS20İ3000:1370%S2161440-:E"WRONG, TRY AGAIN"TI1600:^1370d"FINE, AFTER YOU HAVE ADDED 10 DROPS OF 4M SODIUM HYDROXIDE IN EXCESS OF""THAT NEEDED TO INITIATE PRECIPITATION, WHAT MUST NOW BE ADDED ";S1141370A:.F"TRY SOMETHING ELSE."=KI1600:IP:1310OZ_"THAT'S RIGHT. AFTER EVAPORATING TO A MOIST RESIDUE AND ADDING 1 ML WATER"d"TRANSFER THE SOLUTION TO A TEST TUBE. WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD NOW BE ADDED ";nS2E COLORED SOLUTION.":n"TURN NOW TO THE SOLUTION REMAINING AFTER THE SEPARATION OF COBOLT AND"#"NICKEL. AFTER TRANSFERRING TO A CASS- EROLE WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD YOU ADD"("TO THE SOLUTION ";2S17S10İ3000::1310 <W WHAT IS THE FINAL REAGENT NEEDED ";-R9CR90İ3000:1175RR981230Z:z"THATS A GOOF. TRY AGAIN."I1600:1175"FINE.":A(1)11270"YOU HAVE A CLEAR SOLUTION."1300"YOU HAVE A BLUI1600:L1055Vl`"THAT'S RIGHT. AFTER ACIDIFYING WITH 1M HYDROCHLORIC ACID WHAT REAGENTS"j"WILL YOU NOW ADD ";tR8yR80İ3000:1110~R831175:"NOT RIGHT. TRY AGAIN."I1600:1110%"NOAND NO PRECIPITATE"$1050G"YOU HAVE A RED PRECIPITATE."WI13000:]$"WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU ADD TO THE SOLUTION TO TEST FOR COBALT ";.R73R70İ3000:10558R7111110=:B"TRY SOMETHING ELSE." GPART FOR NICKEL ";R6)R610995>R60İ3000:945Z::"WRONG, TRY AGAIN"iI1600:r945x"GOOD !!":A(2)11045A(1)11035::"YOU HAVE NO PRECIPITATE."1050 "YOU HAVE A BROWN SOLUTION THER GOOF. TRY AGAIN"$I1600:-8663"GOOD, THE 4M AMMONIA SHOULD BE ADDED UNTIL THE SOLUTION IS JUST SLIGHTLY""BASIC TO LITMUS. DIVIDE THE SOLUTION INTO TWO PARTS.":"WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU ADD TO TEST THE FIRST Rf"AFTER TREATING THE RESIDUE WITH AQUA REGIA AND HEATING THE SOLUTION TO"p"REMOVE EXCESS NITRIC ACID AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN, WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL"z"YOU NOW ADD TO THE SOLUTION ";R5R50İ3000R56945:"ANO HAVE NO RESIDUE." 1300>*" YOU HAVE A BLACK RESIDUE."4:"WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT THE SEPARATED RESIDUE ";>R4HR40İ3000:860MR49866R::"YOU GOOFED. TRY SOMETHING ELSE."WI1700:\a810b:U"AFTER THE SEPARATION OF THE RESIDUE WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT"j"THE RESIDUE ";rR3z:R30İ3000:773R311775"THATS WRONG, TRY AGAIN."I1600:720 A(1)A(2)1810"YOU)1A(2)1A(4)1710%A(6)16905A(3)1670Z"YOU HAVE A WHITE PRECIPITATE."c715"YOU HAVE LIGHT PINK PRECIPITATE."715"YOU HAVE A BLUISH-GREEN PRECIPITATE"715"YOU HAVE A DARK PRECIPITATE"I1900:R20İ3000:390"R25470;"WRONG, TRY AGAIN."JI1400:S390Y"THATS RIGHT. THE 15M AMMONIA WILL CAUSE SULFIDES WHICH ARE INSOLUBLE""IN A BASIC SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN SUL- FIDE TO PRECIPITATE.":A(1J"YOU ADD ";TR1'^R118390<hR10İ3000:300Dm:ar"YOU GOOFED, TRY AGAIN"pwI1300:y|300"GOOD, THE SOLUTION SHOULD BE HEATED IN A WATER BATH FOR FIVE MINUTES.""NOW WHAT WILL YOU ADD ";R2:X0 A(1)A(2)A(3)A(4)A(5)A(6)A(7)02309 300N "X17:A(X)1:XT , 6"TO THE CENTRIFUGATE FROM GROUP II OR A KNOWN OR UNKNOWN SOLUTION FROM GROUP" @"III (ACIDIFIED WITH 1 DROP OF 1M HYD- ROCHLORIC ACID) WHICH REAGENT(S) WILL" REAGENT(S) TO USE." 3000& x "IF YOU WISH TO GO THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF A KNOWN ( WHERE ALL THE CATIONS" "OF GROUP III ARE PRESENT ) TYPE 1. IF YOU WISH AN UNKNOWN TYPE 0."; Y1 Y11290 X17 A(X)((1)2) :% "HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE":A$+  "THE FOLLOWING REAGENTS ARE USED IN THE ANALYSIS FOR GROUP III. USE THE" "NUMBERS PRECEDING EACH REAGENT OR COMBINATIONS OF REAGENTS TO REPRESENT" "EACH WHEN THE COMPUTER REQUESTS WHICHLITATIVE ANALYSIS BY NEBERGALL, SCHMIDT, AND HOLTZCLAW. IF YOU DO NOT" x"HAVE ACCESS TO THE TEXT IT IS STILL POSSIBLE FOR YOU TO USE THE SIMULATION" {"AND TO ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE SCHEME FOR THE ANALYSIS BY RUNNING THE PROGRAM." }: * 2 712:86 <"DO YOU WANT DIRECTIONS";:Y$G FY$"Y"130M P Z"THIS PROGRAM IS A SIMULATION OF THE ANALYSIS OF ANALYTICAL GROUP III CATION." d"THE PROCEDURE IS BASED ON THE FIFTH EDITION OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY WITH"K n"QUA_) A$(15)X THIS PROGRAM WILL ENABLE A STUDENT TO RUN THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF A KNOWN OR AN UNKNOWN CONTAINING ANALYTICAL GROUP II CATIONS. * * * PREPARED BY DR. BANK * * * ( * * * REVISED AND TYPED BY STUART EASTMAN * *               d16368,0:ST$7nY"20 TIN II CHLORIDE (1M)"@7P:_7Z"HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE";h7dST$n7n) AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID (6M)"f6("17 SODIUM STANNATE (FRESHLY PREPARED)"62"18 SULFURIC ACID (4M)"6<"19 THIOACETAMIDE (5%)"6F"20 TIN II CHLORIDE (1M)"6P236Z" PRESS TO CONTINUE ";7 AMIDE";5"12 POTASSIUM CHROMATE (1M)"`5"13 POTASSIUM CYANIDE (1M)"5 "14 POTASSIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE II (.1M)"5"15 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (4M) AND THIOACETAMIDE"(6"16 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (5% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (3%) AND AMMONIA (4M)"g4"8 MAGNESIA MIXTURE AND AMMONIA (15M)"4"9 MERCURY II CHLORIDE (.2M)"4"10 NITRIC ACID (4 OR 6M)"5"11 OXALIC ACID (1M), NITRIC ACID (4M) AND THIOACET- OBTAIN A SOLUTION .3M WITH RES- PECT TO HYDROGEN ION."^3"3 AMMONIA (15M)"3"4 AMMONIUM ACETATE (1M) AND ACETIC ACID (1M)"3"5 HYDROCHLORIC ACID (1M)"3"6 HYDROCHLORIC ACID (6M)"35200384"7 DO YOU WISH TO DO ANOTHER UNKNOWN ?",24 X$A2> (X$,1)"Y"430G22"1 ALUMINUM METAL AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID"B3"2 AMMONIA (1M) AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID (.1M) TO ACHEIVE NEUTRALITY PLUS HYDROCHLORIC ACID (6M) TO E FORMS EVEN AFTER":"HEATING."%1 P1 "DO YOU WISH TO CHECK YOUR RESULTS?";X1 X$^1 i1 I18q1 Z$1 A(I)1ĺZ$1 I1 "LEAD","BISMUTH","COPPER II"1 "CADMIUM","MERCURY II","ARSENIC II"1 "ANTIMONY III","TIN II"1 $2* "ION TO CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF TIN";-0D X:B0W X0İ5000:3110P0X X93190o0b "ANOTHER GOOF.TRY AGAIN."y0l 31100v A(8)32200 "NO PRECIPITATE FORMS."0 32500 "A WHITE,GREY,OR BLACK PRECIPITATE":"FORMS."0 32701 "NO PRECIPITAT X:/ X0İ5000:3030*/ X113090M/ "THAT'S NOT RIGHT.TRY AGAIN."W/ 3030~/ "A RED ORANGE PRECIPITATE FORMS."/ $0& "WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT":"THE SOLUTION WHICH MAY CONTAIN TIN":"IN THE FORM OF TRICHLOROSTANNATE(II)":"FTER ALL THE ALUMINUM HAS DISSOLVED":"AND THE MIXTURE IS HEATED WITH A SMALL":"AMOUNT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID,BLACK":"FLAKES APPEARED.". . "WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU NOW TREAT":"THE SEPARATED RESIDUE TO CONFIRM":"THE PRESENCE OF ANTIMONY";/2960--| "THAT'S WRONG. TRY SOMETHING ELSE."7- 2900F- A(7)3000- "EVEN AFTER ALL THE ALUMINUM DISSOLVED,":"AND THE MIXTURE WAS HEATED WITH A ":"SMALL ADDITIONAL AMOUNT OF HYDRO-"- "CHLORIC ACID, NO BLACK FLAKES APPEARED."- 3100. "A "TURN NOW TO THE SOLUTION POSSIBLY":"CONTAINING HEXACHLOROSTANATE (IV) ION":"AND/OR TETRACHLOROANTIMONATE (III)":"IONS.",J "AFTER BOILING AWAY ALL HYDROGEN SULFIDE",T "WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD BE ADDED";,^ X,h ,q X0İ5000:2900-r X1ĺ"ARSENATE IS THERE";+ X"+ 7+ X0İ5000:2750E+ X82820d+ "ANOTHER GOOF.TRY AGAIN."n+ 2750t+ + A(6)2860+ "EVEN AFTER WAITING A CONSIDERABLE":"TIME,NO PRECIPITATE FORMD."+" 2870+, "A WHITE PRECIPITATE FORMD."+6 },@:2670* X2027304* "THAT'S WRONG.TRY AGAIN.">* 2670* "A WHITE,GREY,OR BLACK PRECIPITATE":"FORMS.BE SURE YOU KNOW WHY."* + "WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT":"THE SOLUTION POSSIBLY CONTAINING ":"ARSENATE ION TO FIND OUT IF ANY":HUR"u)P "FORMED SHOULD BE REMOVED. IT IS":"NECESSARY TO DESTROY THE EXCESS ":"HYPOCHLORITE ION BY BOILING BEFORE")Z "THE NEXT TEST IS DONE")d )n "WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU ADD TO ":"CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF MERCURY";)x X) * X0İ50000İ5000:2560( X1626206(( "WRONG, TRY AGAIN."@(2 2560(< "THE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE WILL OXIDIZE":"THE SULFIDE TO SULPHUR AND THE ":"CHLORIDE ION FROM THE HYDROCHLORIC ")F "ACID WILL FORM THE COMPLEX ":"TETRACHLOROMECURATE II ION. THE SULPRSENIC III":"SULFIDE TO THE SOLUBLE ARSENATE ION":"AND SULFATE ION."U' A(5)2540w' "ALL THE RESIDUE DISSOLVES."' 2740' "A BLACK RESIDUE REMAINS."' ' "WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT":"THE SEPARATED RESIDUE";' X' ( X":"SOLUTION."&` 2420&t c&~ "WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT":"THE SEPARATED RESIDUE";j& Xp& & X0İ5000:2430& X72490& "ANOTHER GOOF,TRY AGAIN."& 2430F' "THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN BASIC":"SOLUTION WILL OXIDIZE ANY AROGEN ION AND CHLORINE ION IS":"NEEDED TO DISSOLVE THE SULFIDES OF":"ANTIMONY III AND TIN IV TO FORM THE "%$ "COMPLEX CHLORIDES."%. A(5)2390%8 A(6)2410%= %B "YOU HAVE A CLEAR SOLUTION."%L 2870&V "YOU HAVE A DARK RESIDUE AND A CLEAR"TREAT THE SEPARATED RESIDUE";&$X,$A$X0İ5000:2250O$X62350]$X52320z$"YOU GOOFED.TRY AGAIN."$ 2250$ "IT WOULD BE BETTER TO USE MORE ":"CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID SINCE ":"A LARGE CONCENTRATION OF BOTH "l% "HYD"HEATED IN A HOT WATER BATH FOR":"SEVERAL MINUTES.":#I#A(5)2240h#A(6)0A(7)0A(8)03250#"YOU HAVE A YELLOWISH OR ORANGISH":"PRECIPITATE."#2245#"YOU HAVE A DARK PRECIPITATE."#$"WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD YOU NOW":GAIN.""\2080"f"IT WOULD BE BETTER TO USE LESS":"CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID SINCE":"A LARGE EXCESS IS TO BE AVOIDED.""z"THE 1M HYDROCHLORIC ACID SHOULD BE ":"ADDED UNTIL THE SOLUTION IS JUST":"ACIDIC AND THEN THE MIXTURE SHOULD BE"4##!"A YELLOW PRECIPITATE FORMS.")! V!"WE NOW TURN TO THIOSALTS OF IIB IONS."! " WHAT REAGENT(S) DO YOU ADD TO THE ":" SOLUTION TO PRECIPITATE THE SULFIDES"!*X!4!=X0İ5000:2080!>X52170!HX62150"R"YOU GOOFED. TRY AABLE TETRA CYANOCADMIUM":"ION."&  "WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU NOW ADD TO ":"SEE FOR SURE IF THE SOLUTION CONTAINS":"CADMIUM"; X  X0İ5000:1950 X192010 1950  A(4)12050 "NO PRECIPITATE FORMS."!2060E"BLUE SOLUTION";NX0WX0İ5000:18606XFbX13ī1920cl"YOU GOOFED.TRY AGAIN."mv1860"GOOD. ANY COPPER PRESENT IS NOW IN THE":"FORM OF SOLUBLE DICYANNO COPPER(I)":"COMPLEX AND ANY CADMIUM IS IN THE FORM" "OF THE LESS ST 19405"SINCE COPPER IS PRESENT,IT IS"a"NECESSARY TO TIE UP THE COPPER IN A ""FORM WHICH WILL NOT SUBSEQUENTLY"&"PRECIPITATE WHEN CADMIUM SULPHIDE IS"0"PRECIPITATED.":D"WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD YOU ADD TO THE "."-"WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU USE TO SEE"J"IF COPPER IS PRESENT";QXWlX0İ5000:1700{X141760"WRONG. TRY AGAIN."1700A(4)1800"A CLEAR SOLUTION RESULTS."1940"A WHITE PRECIPITATE FORMS."'S RIGHT. A BLACK RESIDUE FORMS."0mA(3)18156r_"IT IS ADVISABLE WHEN THE SOLUTION""POSSIBLY CONTAINING TETRAAMMINE COPPER""II AND/OR TETRA AMMINE CADMIUM IONS""IS COLORLESS TO TEST A PORTION OF IT ""FOR TRACES OF COPPER COLORLESS SOLUTION."$1570J"YOU HAVE A DEEP BLUE SOLUTION."T1815Z","WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT THE SEPARATED RESIDUE";6X?X0İ5000:1580@X171630J"WRONG, TRY AGAIN."T1580^!h"THATE." 1390'A(2)A(3)1510=A(2)A(3)01530SA(2)0A(3)1550y"YOU HAVE A COLORLESS SOLUTION."1650"YOU HAVE A WHITE PRECIPITATE AND A DEEP BLUE SOLUTION."1570"YOU HAVE A WHITE PRECIPITATE AND A X0İ5000:1310<X1213708F"WRONG, TRY AGAIN."BP1310kZ:"A YELLOW PRECIPITATE IS FORMED."qdn"WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU TREAT THE SOLUTION";xX}X0İ5000:1390X31445"THAT'S WRONG.TRY SOMETHING ELSWRONG.TRY AGAIN."1220a::"GOOD. THE AMMONIUM ACETATE WILL DISSOLVE ANY LEAD SULFATE." "BE SURE TO CHECK OUT WHY.""WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE SOLUTION TO CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF"("LEAD IONS";)X2;ION IS OBTAINED."1380g"AFTER COOLING AND DILUTING WITH WATER, A WHITE PRECIPITATE REMAINS "{"UNDISSOLVED.""WHAT REAGENT(S) WOULD BE USED TO TREAT THE SEPARATED RESIDUE";XX0İ5000:1200X41280"THAT'S IN."W5200\770fut"THAT'S RIGHT. THE SOLUTION SHOULD BE EVAPORATED TO SULPHUR TRIOXIDE FUMES TO"u"INSURE THAT ALL THE SALTS PRESENT ARE SULFATES."A(1)1200"AFTER COOLING AND DILUTING WITH WATER, ONLY A CLEAR SOLUTE ION TO SULFUR"f"THE SULFUR FORMED SHOULD BE REMOVED AND THE SOLUTION TRANSFERRED TO AN EV-" "APORATING DISH. WHAT REAGENT(S) SHOULD YOU NOW ADD TO THE SOLUTION ";*S64S60İ5000:770>S618870H:R"NOT RIGHT, TRY AGAA)?" S5!S50İ5000:6700S5107808:" IT IS NECESSARY TO DISSOLVE THE SUL- FIDES AND YOUR CHOICE WILL NOT DO THAT. TRY AGAIN."5200670 "NITRIC ACID WILL DISSOLVE THE SULFIDES BY OXIDIZING THE SULFIDU HAVE A BLACK RESIDUE AND A CLEAR SOLUTION."9690r"YOU HAVE A YELLOW RESIDUE AND A CLEAR SOLUTION."{690"YOU HAVE NO RESIDUE, ONLY A CLEAR SOLUTION."2070"WITH WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU NOW TREAT THE RESIDUE(IIR:"WHAT REAGENTS WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE RESIDUE TO SEPARATE GROUP II INTO IIA AND IIB ";hXS4}bS40İ5000:580lS415670v:"THAT'S NOT RIGHT, TRY AGAIN."5200580A(1)A(2)A(3)680A(4)9300"YOS3S30İ5000:500,S3195804!:S&"THAT'S WRONG, TRY AGAIN"]05200f:500lDEA(1)A(2)A(3)A(5)590F"YOU HAVE A YELLOWISH,ORANGISH PRECIPITATE."G594N"YOU HAVE A DARK BLACKISH BROWN PRE- CIPITATE."`GROUPS. TRY AGAIN." 5200)390/"FINE. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A SEPAR- ATION OF GROUPS II AND III THE HYD- ROGEN ION CONCENTRATION MUST BE .3M""BE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND WHY. NOW WHAT WILL YOU ADD TO PRECIPITATE GROUP II ";LL BE CONVERTED TO NITRATES. WHAT REAGENT(S) WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE MOIST RESIDUE? ";aS2vS20İ5000:390S22500:"YOU GOOFED. REMEMBER THE CONDITIONS YOU NEED TO ACHIEVE A SEPARATION OF ""GROUP II FROM SUBSEQUENT TIN II TO TIN IV TO IN- SURE A LATER SEPARATION OF GROUP"h"IIA AND IIB. CHECK YOUR TEXT FOR REASON. NOW TRY AGAIN."r5200|300"GOOD. WITH THE ADDITION OF NITRIC ACID AND HEATING TO A MOIST RESIDUE ALL"Y"SALTS WI1: ,Y 6"TO THE CENTRIFUGATE FROM GROUP I OR A KNOWN OR UNKNOWN SOLUTION FROM" ;"GROUP II, WHICH REAGENT(S) WILL YOU FIRST ADD "; JS1 TS10İ5000:300 YS110390 [:@^"YOU GOOFED, IT IS NECESSARY TO OX- IDIZE ANY ( WHERE ALL THE CATIONS"d "OF GROUP II ARE PRESENT ) TYPE 1. IF YOU WISH AN UNKNOWN TYPE 0";l Y1z Y11290 X18 A(X)((1)2) X A(1)A(2)A(3)A(4)A(5)A(6)A(7)A(8)0230 300 I18:A(I)1: "I18:A(I)S FOR GROUP II. USE THE"m "NUMBERS PRECEDING EACH REAGENT OR COMBINATIONS OF REAGENTS TO REPRESENT" "EACH WHEN THE COMPUTER REQUESTS WHICH REAGENT(S) TO USE." : 5000  "IF YOU WISH TO GO THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF A KNOWN DO NOT"^ x"HAVE ACCESS TO THE TEXT, IT IS STILL POSSIBLE FOR YOU TO USE THE SIMULATION" {"AND TO ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE SCHEME FOR THE ANALYSIS BY RUNNING THE PROGRAM." 5200  "THE FOLLOWING REAGENTS ARE USED IN THE ANALYSI"130 Ub Z"THIS PROGRAM IS A SIMULATION OF THE ANALYSIS OF ANALYTICAL GROUP II CATION." d"THE PROCEDURE IS BASED ON THE FIFTH EDITION OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY WITH" n"QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS BY NEBERGALL, SCHMIDT, AND HOLTZCLAW. IF YOU/ R THIS PROGRAM WILL ENABLE A STUDENT TO RUN THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF AN UNKNOWN CONTAINING ANALYTICAL GROUP II CATIONS. * * * WRITTEN BY STUART EASTMAN * * *(212:8<"DO YOU WANT DIRECTIONS ?";FY$ PY$"Y               "4. NITRIC ACID".6"5. POTASSIUM CHROMATE"8@::bJ"IF YOU WANT TO SEE THE LIST TYPE 9"^23:6:"PRESS TO CONTINUE ";:16368,0:Q$:: Q. NITRIC ACID"6"5. POTASSIUM CHROMATE"@:: J"IF YOU WANT TO SEE THE LISSOF GROUP I. THE NUMBERS PRE-""CEDING EACH REAGENT SHOULD BE USED TO DESIGNATE THE REAGENT WHEN THE COMPUTER REQUESTS WHICH REAGENT YOU WISH TO USE.":::"1. HYDROCHLORIC ACID""2. HOT DISTILLED WATER"""3. AMMONIA",)112901300""LEAD ION",1250A"MERCURY I ION"K1260] "SILVER ION":"IF YOU WISH TO DO ANOTHER UNKNOWN TYPE 1 OTHERWISE TYPE 0";Y4(Y4020002:510"THE FOLLOWING REAGENTS ARE USED IN ANALYSIIDING YOU ADDED ENOUGH NITRIC ACID TO MAKE THE SOLUTION DISTINCTLY ACIDIC,"l"A WHITE PRECIPITATE FORMS"r"IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO CHECK YOUR RESULTS TYPE 1, OTHERWISE 0";Y3Y301300A(1)11270A(2)11280A(3ICH MAY CONTAIN DISSOLVED SILVER":B"DIAMMINE CHLORIDE"BLR4HV^[R49İ1500:1080m`R441150j"ANOTHER GOOF. TRY AGAIN."t1080~A(3)11170"NO PRECIPITATE FORMS EVEN WHEN THE SOL- UTION IS ACIDIC. "1190K"PROVR39İ1500:960(R331040P"GOOFED AGAIN. TRY SOMETHING ELSE"Y960jA(2)11060"ANY RESIDUE REMAINS WHITE."1070$"THE RESIDUE TURNS BLACK OR DARK GREY.".!8"WHAT REAGENT WILL YOU ADD TO THE SOL- UTION WH810A(1)1950A"YOU HAVE A CLEAR YELLOW SOLUTION."J960p"YOU HAVE A YELLOW PRECIPITATE."v"WITH WHAT REAGENT WILL YOU NOW TREAT ANY RESIDUE POSSIBLY CONTAINING SILVER""CHLORIDE AND/OR MERCURY I CHLORIDE";R3EAD CHLORIDE IN THE RESIDUE.I"THE SEPARATED SOLUTION WILL BE CLEAR."*:"WHAT REAGENT WILL YOU ADD TO FIND OUT IFLEAD ION IS ACTUALLY PRESENT IN THE"/"SOLUTION"4R5zR59İ1500:810R55930"THAT'S WRONG. TRY AGAIN." HAVE A WHITE PRECIPITATE YOU CAN FILTER OR CENTRIFUGE."t:"WHAT REAGENT WILL YOU NOW ADD TO THE RESIDUE ?"|R2R29İ1500:720R22780"YOU GOOFED. TRY AGAIN"720 "THAT'S RIGHT. THE HOT WATER WILL DISSOLVEANY L0A(1)1A(2)1A(3)1550#N610<XA(1)1:A(2)1:A(3)1Bbl"TO ANALYSE A SOLUTION FOR GROUP I IONS WHICH REAGENT WILL YOU ADD FIRST ?";vR1R19İ1500:620R11690:"THAT'S NOT RIGHT. TRY AGAIN"6209:"GOOD. YOU1630 1500 j "IF YOU WISH TO GO THRUOGH AN ANALYSIS OF A KNOWN (WHERE ALL THREE IONS ARE " "PRESENT) TYPE 1. IF YOU WISH AN UNKNOWN TYPE 0."; Y2 Y21600 &X13 +A(X)(1)2:A(X)(A(X)) :XDA(1)0A(2)0A(3)UTION, THE SILVER CHLORIDE WILL RE- PRECIPITATE."< @1630 J:"4. MERCURY I CHLORIDE WHEN TREATED WITH AMMONIA UNDERGOES AN OXIDATION REDUC-" T"TION FORMING METALLIC MERCURY (BLACK) AND INSOLUBLE MERCURY II AMIDO CLOR-" ^"IDE (WHITE)."  POTASSIUM CHROMATE IS ADDED TO A SOLUTION CONTAINING ONLY"N "LEAD IONS." :"3. SILVER CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN EXCESS AMMONIA TO FORM THE SOLUBLE SILVER" "DIAMMINE ION AND CHLORIDE ION UPON AD- DITION OF EXCESS NITRIC ACID TO THIS"2 ""SOLHEY ARE PRESENT IN ANY SOLUTIONS"- 1630 :"1. LEAD CHLORIDE, SILVER CHLORIDE, AND MERCURY I CHLORIDE ARE INSOLUBLE IN" "COLD WATER" :"2. LEAD CHLORIDE IS SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER. LEAD CHROMATE FORMS A YELLOW"< "PRECIPITATE WHENTIVE ANALYSIS OF CATIONS, IT IS USUAL TO DESIGNATE AS" "GROUP I THOSE CATIONS WHICH FORM INSOL- UBLE CHLORIDES, NAMELY SILVER, LEAD," "AND MERCURY I IONS USING THE FOLLOWING FACTS IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEPARATE"# "AND IDENTIFY THESE IONS WHEN TM THIS PROGRAM WILL ENABLE A STUDENT TO RUN THROUGH THE ANALYSIS  OF A KNOWN OR AN UNKNOWN CONTAINING ANALYTICAL GROUP I CATIONS. PREPARED BY DR. BANK( REVISED AND TYPED BY STUART EASTMAN7 :"IN THE SCHEME FOR QUALITA     "@ADDDD$""!BB D@' A@HDDd'GHO Bryy9D  I" "&" I  @ "HILH$ <" $@H$"2 B `'LO@H@HHH@H(q@HdGcf @1LA30BCx>xDxX$B@IDD|"!AB DD $B A@GDL p qI<< q<<b@Gsaq xpi<<B>|@$"rIHHd'"" dGpH$"" B $JHOH@GHI@Hx  H$Dsf @9N38 p"D qDDDd$@NxX8q KX0bCID<DD<"BaCpB D$ &BA@Hx48@B""D!D!$ ""BD"DDD @$"IHH$$"" $D2H$&" B $IH @G@OF@GqqyD8Ccsaa?~g|@_sbCGHO GHry!8pDXIXDc|f @1 ~30xD D|DDD$ Ad  ILdDUDDDD""!DB D `BHg@HH`bG"2D1D!$ !"b|$"@D@*ba OD#<@GccQ9#<qhb DbE@"@@@@@|g|@O~sD@HH@ DHH! ""bDdIdDc~f @1 30|C`s D@`KH@1y``HDba pIII2Q2"2b$I xH  C""D#D!$ d""F( #DDD D``GXD8bC@@H@*D@HP  pDx47x4~cf @1Lq00~d'>@$ @@bGA8||88|DD@G!dyaAp8B $$HH1&@@HLH@HHH$@` I" y"""b@#rI ">N!N`'dg#"Br88>8 x@ bc1 K0C' "@GcH$",q `@HdD "@@HH@1DE! ""D~cf @1La10~@@          `a`Ap88DDD|OgGaq`agx @3 0`` f@a10 L?LAyG3`` @BDDlD$A A 0`` f@A30~ LLA@3`` 8@BP@DT|A AI0`pfA30~ LLa@3`` 800``p{a~8pO?LAyCpa?RrBpq8D<TD<<A`#A)`A0`?xF30 LLxOsg`|q?0``x{c0xOLAycGxq?RBDDDDA A0`p~30 L?pOsg`|a?0``g@@7 `LALs`a82BDDD(DA A 0` @0 0``Lf@9`7 `LAL3`` `arrss88||D<|A`Gcgqbq0` @3 0`` f@qp0 LAqO3`` g| @3 !!!!!!!                > TO RETURN TO THE MENU";:16368,0:ZZ$LZZ$"R"Ĺ800,0:::10:"RUN HELLO TO RETURN TO THIS MENU PROGRAM":TM11400:TM:D$F$M7N23:7:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:3:6:16368,0:"PRESS TO CONTINUE";ZZ$:DIVE A 4O SECOND REACTION TIME."I"--YOU CAN GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THEPROGRAM BY PLAYING WITH IT YOURSELF. THE GRAPHICS ARE GOOD AND THE ANIMATION IS NICE."JF$"RUN KINETICS.START"(K22:6:"PRESS TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" PRESS ::3:"CHEMICAL KINETICS -- BY HARTMAN":"-------------------------------":?"--THIS PROGRAM USES HI-RES GRAPHICS TO SIMULATE AN IODINE CLOCK REACTION.":]@"--THE SOLUTIONS USED ARE:"::" POTASSIUNTED RANDOMLY AND USE RANDOMLY GENERATED NUMBERS WHEN POSSIBLE.":<"--EACH QUESTION ALLOWS THE USER TO GIVE ANSWERS 5 TIMES. AT EACH TRY, THE PRO- GRAM GIVES A HINT. USUALLY THERE ARE 2 HINTS PER QUESTION. THE PROGRAM WILL,HOWEVER, BUZZ FOR AN I----------------------------------":"--THIS PROGRAM PRESENTS VARIOUS PROBLEMSDEALING WITH THE ENERGY INVOLVED WITH CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.":C;"--EXCEPT FOR THE LO-RES GRAPHICS IN THE TITLE, THIS PROGRAM IS COMPLETELY TEXT. THE 10 PROBLEMS ARE PRESENE"7:"THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS: (1) 128.2 (2) 147.0 (3) 158.2 (4) 178.2 (5) 194.2 (6) 210.2 (7) 254.3 (8) 330.6 (9) 372.7"8F$"RUNRAST LOGO":75#9::3:"BEGINNING THERMODYNAMICS --BY GRINDSTAFF------ ALSO GIVEN.":e5"--THERE ARE 9 UNKNOWNS. THE 2ND DIGIT OF THE UNKNOWN # IS THE CODE NUMBER.":6"1-NAPTHALENE 6-BENZIL":"2-DICHLOROBENZENE 7-CHOLANTHRENE":"3-NAPHTHOQUINONE 8-CHOLANE":"4-ANTHRACENE 9-CHOLESTANE 5-ANTHROLE."j2"--THE NUMBERS COLLECTED ARE ACTUAL DATA AND CAN BE CHECKED WITH AN ANSWER KEY BYTHE UNKNOWN #."w378::34"--THE DATA COLLECTED IS DISPLAYED ONCE AGAIN AT THE END OF THE PROGRAM AS IS THE FORMULA USED. THE NUMBER OF THE UNKNOWN IS POINT APPARATUS.":!/78::30"--WHEN YOU RUN THROUGH THE PROGRAM, YOU CAN SAVE TIME WITH THE BALANCE MEASURE- MENTS IF YOU SIMPLY ENTER A NUMBER THAT IS CLOSE.":1"--THE NUMBER MUST BE TO 4 PLACES AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT, 23.2222, FOR EXAMPHE EXPERIMENTER LOOKSFOR THE CHANGE IN MELTING POINT OF AN UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE AFTER ADDING A KNOWN AMOUNT OF CAMPHOR.":."--THE SIMULATION IS SOMEWHAT INTERACTIVEIN THAT THE STUDENT MUST TAKE MEASURE- MENTS USING AN ANALYTICAL BALANCE AND A MELTINGTURE."*F$"RUN MS":75Q+::3:"RAST -- BY BENDALL":"------------------",:"--THIS IS A HI-RESOLUTION LABORATORY SIMULATION SHOWING THE METHOD OF DETER- MINING THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A SAMPLE BY RAST'S METHOD.":z-"--BY THIS METHOD, TAM PROMPTS YOU FOR GRAPHING PARAMETERS SUCHAS THE SCALE OF EACH OF THE AXES.":)"--THE BEST PART IS THAT YOU CAN GRAPH MORE THAN ONE TEMPERATURE SAMPLE ON THE GRAPH AND THUS SHOW HOW THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PARTICLES CHANGES WITH TEMPERAANCK":"--------------------------------------":'"--THIS IS AN ELEGANT PROGRAM WHICH WILL PLOT OUT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPEEDS OF THE MOLECULES IN A SAMPLE OF GAS.":R("--YOU TYPE IN THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE OF YOUR GAS. THE PROGR" GROUP II IONS":?"<3> CANAL3":" GROUP III IONS":d16368,0:"YOUR CHOICE? ";:ZZ$q :800,0!(ZZ$)35,36,37"(7):27#D$"RUN CANAL1"$D$"RUN CANAL2"%D$"RUN CANAL3"1&::3:"MOLECULAR SPEED DISTRIBUTION -- BL 18."l22:5:"PRESS TO RUN THESE PROGRAMS":" PRESS TO RETURN TO THE MENU";:16368,0:ZZ$~ZZ$(13)ī7ZZ$"R"ĺ(7):10:5:"WHICH PROGRAM:":"-------------":"<1> CANAL1":" GROUP I IONS":"<2> CANAL2":OW THE PROGRAM WORKS.":: "GROUP I":"1, 2, 5, 3, 4": "GROUP II":"10, 2, 19, 15, 10, 18, 4, 12, 3, 17, 13,19, 5, 5, 7, 16, 20, 8, 1, 11, 9.":"GROUP III":"18, 5, 11, 9, 6, 10, 11, 3, 8, 14, 16, 12, 14, 17, 8, 15, 14, 1, 6, 1, 4, 7, 2,13, COBALT, NICKEL, MANGANESE, IRON, ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, AND ZINC."U 78::3 "--HERE ARE THE ORDER OF REAGENTS NEEDED TO RUN THROUGH A SAMPLE WHICH CONTAINS ALL THE IONS FROM EACH GROUP.": "--WRITE THESE DOWN IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO SEE HE PROGRAM ITSELF, THE THREE GROUPS ARE:":f " --GROUP I":" SILVER, LEAD, AND MERCURY (I)": " --GROUP II":" LEAD, BISMUTH, COPPER (II), CADMIUM, MERCURY (II), ARSENIC (II), TIN (II) AND ANTIMONY (III)"H :" --GROUP III":" NEBERGALL, SCHMIDT, AND HOLTZCLAW (FIFTH EDITION)": "--THE INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM STATESTHAT YOU CAN USE THIS SIMULATION TO FINDTHE CORRECT ANALYSIS SCHEME..EVEN IF YOUDON'T HAVE THE BOOK.", 78::3:"--AS BEST AS I CAN DETERMINE FROM TH38,43,57,62L ::3:"CANAL1,2,&3 -- BY BANK":"----------------------": "--THESE THREE PROGRAMS OUTLINE A SCHEME FOR SEPARATING AND IDENTIFYING CATIONS BASED ON THE BOOK:"8 :" COLLEGE CHEMISTRY":" WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS"::" BY::D$(4)!(800)57;230,32:62450:800,5a:D$"BLOAD NETWORK TITLE,A$2000"xTM12000:TM:78D$"BLOAD MAIN MENU":16297,0:16304,0:21"YOUR CHOICE? ";:16368,0:ZZ$:(ZZ$)1(ZZ$)5ĺ(7):7 (ZZ$)10,""" " " " " """""""""!!! ! ! ! ! !!