' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d]@ŵLҦ]]LF L}BBL] X  ` L 鷎귭෍ᷩ췩緈JJJJx Lȿ L8ᷭ緍췩 緍i 8 `巬 췌`x (`(8`I`B` ``>J>J>VU)?`8'x0|&HhHh VY)'&Y)xꪽ)' `Hh`V0^*^*>&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y&&Y& 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8  '  & x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"LɺɺLƩ  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@L@距i@췩뷩A񷩷 0L i@LπҠӠˠĠ٠ŠҧӠŠŢ80^݌Hh ü ü݌ ռ ռ ռA ļD ļ? ļAEDE?HJ>h Լ ռ ռ ռ`HJ>݌h Hh݌`葠葠ȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 ˆʎõĵL õ ĵµ aµ`` L̦µ_bJLuLz`  ȟ QlXJ̥KlV  ȟ QlV eօ3L e3L &RL &QL d L4 Ne)n ``ff L f`L . tQLѤ LҦL` OPu d L Ne)noon 8ɍ` ^f\õL ^NR  RΩLҦ)\Z ʽ LHv 3h`0h8` [L NС õ`A@` ŵL^Lõ`  \ 濭0 \  ȟ Q ^\lZl^?cqH şch`fhjõĵ@OAP`u@`@&`QR`E Ls  @DAE@u`8` %@ @A@`@`@A`Mµ ) LЦ`8@AWc@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@ch8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@LHȑ@ȑ@ htphso`hMhL`9V8U897T6S67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLOCUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATALOMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- ( à٠ǮԠĠȠŠ@跻~!Wo*9~~~~ɬƬ~_ j ʪHɪH`Lc (L ܫ㵮赎 ɱ^_ J QL_Ls贩紎 DǴҵԵƴѵӵµȴ 7 ַ :ŵƴѵǴҵȴµ納贍﵎ٵ്ᵭⳍڵL^ѵ-I `  4 ò-յ!  8صٵ紭ﵝ 7L (0+BC  7L HH`LgL{0 HH` õL H hBL BH [ h`Lo õ ڬL B ڬ LʬH hB@ յյ [L (ȴ) ȴ 7L L ( L (ȴL{ƴѵ洩ƴǴҵ 7 ^* B0 HȱBh ӵԵ 8 L8 ݲ` ܫ  / / ED B / / ]ƴS0Jȴ ȴ)  紅D贅E B ƴ  / 0L Ν `HD٤DEEhiHLGh ` ŵBѵ-` ѵB-` ܫ XI볩쳢8 DH E𳈈췍Ȍ X0 · JLǵBȵC`,յp` 䯩 R-յյ`յ0` K R-յյ`ɵʵӵԵ` 4 K ( ѵҵLBȱBL8` DBHBH : ַ޵BȭߵBhhӵԵ RBܵmڵ޵ȱBݵm۵ߵ` 䯩LR˵̵ֵ׵`êĪLR E( 8` R` ELRŪƪ`췌 յյI뷭鷭귭ⵍ㵍跬ª 뷰` Lf ݵܵߵ޵ ^`8ܵ i B8` 4L ֵȱB׵ ܯ䵍൭嵍 ` DȑB׵Bֵ  ַ յյ`굎뵎쵬 뵎쵌``õĵBCõĵ`µµ`L õBĵCصص Qƴ0"Bƴ 󮜳` 0۰ϬBƴ8`i#`ЗLw!0>ﵭ` m ﳐ 7i볍 8 ЉLw`H h ݲL~ `浍국䵍뵩嵠Jm赍嵊mjnnn浈ۭm浍浭m䵍䵩m嵍`"L ŵ8ŵH ~(`F  d ֠z#??? ӮʠӠΠu`@pC>q E@>y8#q>A #q8@A@@@  J'H#y@ qH$8>#>#@q"'@p80" @ "J%"I%H$q#Hȣ<y>@ "H$q":AHOV]dkry @  &A@@@AQ!‡@@ ALeq_ ")07>ELSZahov} %,3P0HH-#$-  $#-hh`( &H(h`H#) c)h Hh` J ɠɍɘɈɕ ɛɃک./ ?.`L ` ` )!) !` `LLLR LX  m!8!` )` J 0 ?`$H$ h$`% $(&)m,'`,#P $&! `'i'`"% %%#LX  0 >H h`,# 릡`67 `6789 `    L`` -` ! "!  "蘝`     ` ) 8  8m$ imi8 %8mߠ:)p):=pLȘe::HH`UNHOOREHOOCLRWINWRITREWRITEXADDRESEBOXIHSPACVSPACCHARMODLMARGIPAGEPAGENMCOBEE$KQW^ ,69N<q{ {t is too/expensive. Cooper is used more/often."X_FDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please type T or F."u(_3000:JUDGEIGNRE24360{2_a *PAGE.5 a7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Some materials are extremely poor":"conductors of electric current.":"We call them 1insuS0:ANSWER$(1)"F":ANSWER$(2)"T":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(9):XPSX(5):YPSY(11) _FDBCK$(1)"You are correct. Silver is the/best, but it is too expensive./Copper and aluminum are more/common."0_FDBCK$(2)"Sorry. Although silver is the/best conductor, i00:JUDGEIGNRE24260^,^*PAGE.4C P^32,0:33,40:34,4:35,24:CLR%o^32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24:^,X(6),Y(5):"Silver is the most frequently":"used material for conducing":"electricity."L_QUESTIN3:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPYES:TRIE·ĥرٱȱDZŠέṷ̆Ԣ ӅŠ̄ĠήҮҭ 1Šӭ̮.ôø¹Ʋ³ưà ŶİŶƲİ ôǠİG ŶİŶƲİ ôǠİǍӠŢ ϻҽӺ±Ť>Ҥˤ^ ؠؠ^ӽӽ±ͪ BԬب٨ӃǍǍˠڝڝZˠڝڝZ@峳@ŠڝڝZ˨˨610  رٱزٲȱӱı²ôø¹Ʋ³ưà·ĥرٱȱDZŠέṷ̆Ԣ ӅŠ̄ĠήҮҭ 1Šӭ̮.ôø¹Ʋ³ưà ŶİŶƲİ ôǠİG ŶİŶƲİ ôǠİǍӠŢ ϻҽӺ±Ť>Ҥˤ^ ؠؠ^ӽӽ±ͪ BԬب٨ӃǍǍˠڝڝZˠڝڝZ@峳@ŠڝڝZ˨˨610  رٱزٲȱӱı²ôø¹Ʋ³ưàrs have":" high conductivity,":"* good insulators have":" very low conductivity, and":"* semi-conductors have":" intermediate conductivity."$zq3000:$0u*PAGE.8&%:u7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Graphically, we can show these":"relationships:":::15000#\q,X(10),Y(6):"Conductivity is a":"measure of how well":"a material conducts":"electricity.":RXPS14:RYPS12:15000#fq,X(4),Y(13):"Different materials have different":"degrees of conductivity:"$pq,X(6),Y(18):"* good conducto, if you wish to"::"review before going on type R."::"Otherwise, press RETURN to":"continue.""~m,X(17),Y(18):FROMOTHERYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$M$)28030:"Hq*PAGE.7#Rq7000:,X(4),Y(3):"What does conductivity tell us?":RXPS14:RYPS6:r/is the poorest. Therefore, rubber is a better choice."n!iFDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."z!i3000:!`m*PAGE.6!jm7000:,X(8),Y(6):"Next we will take a look at"::"conductivity and resistivity."b"tm,X(8),Y(12):"Howeverest conductor./Rubber would be the worst, and you/would most likely choose it." iFDBCK$(2)"Correct, because of your three/choices rubber would be the poorest/conductor."9!iFDBCK$(3)"Silicon is a semi-conductor. It is/not a good conductor, but rubbe."::"1. an aluminum wire":"2. rubber":"3. silicon"iQUESTIN5:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPNO:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1)"1":ANSWER$(2)"2":ANWER$(3)"3":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(16):XPSX(4):YPSY(18)O iFDBCK$(1)"Sorry: of your three choices, that/would be the bCH)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."2e3000:@xi*PAGE.5Bdi32,0:33,40:34,6:35,24:CLR%i32,0:33,40:34,0:35,246i,X(8),Y(7):"Assume that you want to use":"a material that slows down":"current flow. You choose":"1&&&&&&&&&&0ight! Insulators are the poorest."eFDBCK$(2)"No. Semi-conductors are not good/means to make current flow, but/insulators are the poorest."eFDBCK$(3)"Wrong! Silver wires would be the/best. Insulators are the poorest/conductors."&eFDBCK$(NMTs of":"electricity are 1&&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. insulators":"2. semi-conductors":"3. silver wires"eQUESTIN4:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPNO:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1)"1":ANSWER$(2)"2":ANWER$(3)"3":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(14):XPSX(4):YPSY(16)#eFDBCK$(1)"Rty,":"but not very well. Silicon is an":"example of a semi-conductor."Ua1000:de *PAGE.5Ae7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement:"ge,X(8),Y(7):"The worst conductorlators0."fa,X(3),Y(7):"Two common insulators are paper":"and rubber.":RXPS14:RYPS10:15000a,X(3),Y(12):"Between conductors and insulators":"are materials called semi-conductors."Ia,X(3),Y(16):"These materials conduct electrici":D$"BLOAD ALTS.FONT,A$4000":D$"BLOAD CIRCLE.OBJ"H>NFILE$LS$:13500Af,LLS$"INDEX.ATOM.TH.1"*ND$"BLOAD ALL-BINARY":D$"BLOAD ALTS.FONT,A$4000":D$"BLOAD CIRCLE.OBJ">NFILE$LS$:13500E-BINARY":D$"BLOAD ALTS.FONT,A$4000":D$"BLOAD CIRCL"that the drive door is"::"closed.":NXNO:1000:13500D612000Z6103,1:104,72:1`8JVJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27)dKCLR%809:SWD%803:HP%812,LLS$"INDEX.ATOM.TH.1"3*ND$"BLOAD ALL-BINARY @@@ @ H$ "H"A"@ >A>`0> ē@c2iO  %GA G$<@c@pPDaPH @pERG$G$qdG$@$Oy‡@ H$H$ HRQH$< y of an insulator?"M-:zX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000w-DzQUESTIN7:LNGTH1:LEAVEITYES:TRIES0-NzFD$(1)"Very good. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electricity.".XzFD$(2)"Sorry. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electrors are/substances which conduct/electricity well."f,zFD$(NMTCH)"Please type a number 1 through 9.",zJ1NMTCHINCRRECT:AXPS0:AYPS147:XPS29:YPS147,z3000:1000:,&z17000:,7,115-0z"Which number reflects the conductivity":,7,125:"abilite number line represent/poor conductors of electricity./Try again."+yFD$(2)"Sorry. The middle positions/represent substances with medium/ability to conduct electricity./These substances are/semi-conductory. Try again."3,yFD$(3)"Very good. Conduct2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000H*yQUESTIN6:LNGTH1:LEAVEITYES:TRIES0W*yAN$(1)"1"f*yAN$(2)"2"u*yAN$(3)"3"*yAN$(4)"4"*yAN$(5)"5"*yAN$(6)"6"*yAN$(7)"7"*yAN$(8)"8"*yAN$(9)"9"C+yFD$(1)"Sorry. Low-numbered positions/on th:224,82224,70a)^y7:141,82141,70:162,82162,70:183,82183,70:204,82204,70:225,82225,70)hy,54,94:"9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1")ry,7,115:"Which number reflects the conductive":,7,125:"ability of a conductor?"*|yX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:YConducts":" poorly"F(6y3:37,76244,76:,34,80:"<":,240,80:">"(@y56,8256,70:77,8277,70:98,8298,70:119,82119,70(Jy7:57,8257,70:78,8278,70:99,8299,70:120,82120,70)Ty3:140,82140,70:161,82161,70:182,82182,70:203,82203,70'u1000:'y*PAGE.9'"y7000:,X(2),Y(2):VSPACE,1:"On the number line below, choose a":"number to position the material.":"The number line indicates how well":"electricity is conducted.":VSPACE,0(,y,7,60:"Conducts":" well":,217,60:"0,76V&bu3:140,68140,76:161,68161,76:182,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76&lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204,76:225,68225,76&vu,7,90:"Conductors":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors" "Conducts":"electricity":"very well"_%Du,X(27),Y(6):"Conducts":"electricity":"poorly"%Nu3:38,72243,72:,36,76:"<":,240,76:">":56,6856,76:77,6877,76:98,6898,76:119,68119,76&Xu7:57,6857,76:78,6878,76:99,6899,76:120,6812utes.":1000:A2):"Atoms and Electronics":,X(4),Y(5):"This lesson helps you understand"::"how the components of an atom"::"relate to the production of"::"electricity." V1000:,X(4),Y(15):"You should be able to complete"::"this lesson in about 30 min%1:2000A RX1%36:Y1%1:X2%245:Y2%65:D1%3:S1%2:H1%2:2000k R,57,106:"CONVERGENT SYSTEMS, INC." &R,106,128:(6)2;:" ABCDEF ":" HIJKLM ":"OPQRSTUV":"WXYZabcd":" efghij ":" lmnopq "(6)0 XR1000: U*PAGE.2 U7000:,X(10),Y(! N*CONTROL-WELCOME.ATOMS.ELEC, *N210007 4N22000\ >N13000:FI$"ATOMS.ELEC-1":13500n R*TITLE.PAGE R7000:,80,24:"BASIC ELECTRONICS":,94,34:"ATOMIC THEORY":,66,48:" Atoms & Electronics" RX1%35:Y1%0:X2%245:Y2%64:D1%3:S1%2:H1OW251X VJMA3:MF3:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG| `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2)A2 JCLR%809:SWD%803:HP%812 JI$(9):QU$(34) JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0" NLS$"WELCOME.ATOMS.ELEC" 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:138JBJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27) LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YL     &&&&&&&&&&&0".?,X(5),Y(10):"1. conductivity equals one":" divided by resistivity":"2. resistivity equals":"conductivity divided by one":"3. resistivity equals":" one divided by conductivity"Z@QUESTIN12:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPNO:TRIES."C>FDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please typ e a number 1, 2, or 3."O>3000:]>X*PAGE.17>b32,0:33,40:34,6:35,24:CLR%>l32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24?v,X(5),Y(6):"The ratio formula for resistivity":"and conductivity states that":"1&&&&t a standard level":" of 1"=QUESTIN11:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPNO:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1)"1":ANSWER$(2)"2":ANWER$(3)"3":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(15):XPSX(4):YPSY(17)=FDBCK$(1)"No. Try again."=FDBCK$(2)"Correct.">FDBCK$(3)"Sorry. Try again0:,X(3),Y(2):"How well do you remember? Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement below:"=,X(6),Y(7):"The relation between resistivity":"and conductivity is 1&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. insulated":"2. inverted":"3. rated aPS14:15000;,X(6),Y(15):"The ratio formula tells us that":"if we know one quantity, we":"can easily compute the other.":"Standard handbooks generally":"list measurements for":"resistivity and conductivity.";1000:;p*PAGE.16t>T,X(5),Y(9):"* The best materials for conducing":" electricity are conductors;":" FD$(1)"No. Actually, think of it in/opposite terms. Try again."7ֈ,X(8),Y(7):"Resistivity measures a":"substance's  1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. ability to conduct an":" e:AXPSX(2):AYPSY(16):XPSX(4):YPSY(18)5FDBCK$(1)"No. Metals such as the one you/chose are good conductors. Try/again."5FDBCK$(2)"Right. Materials such as rubber/and paper are poor conductors./They are better used as/insulators."/6*FDBCen you need a material":"with low conductivity, you":"are most likely to use 1&&&&&&0."::"1. aluminum":"2. copper":"3. rubber":"4. silver",5QUESTIN9:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPNO:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1)"1":ANSWER$(2)"2":ANWER$(3)"3":ANSWER$(4)"4"1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(17):XPX(4):YPY(19)4FD$(1)"No. Conductivity is what your/choice refers to. Try again.""5FD$(2)"Sorry. The capacity to insulate/is a property that you would/consider for insul,03ֈ,X(8),Y(7):"Resistivity measures a":"substance's  1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. ability to conduct an":" elctric flow":"2. capacity to insulate":" an electric flow"3,X(8),Y(14):"3. opposition to a current":" flow"Y4QU10:LNe you/chose are good conductors. Try/again."2FD$(2)"Right. Materials such as rubber/and paper are poor conductors./They are better used as/insulators."2*FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."243000:2*PG.132ˆ34,6:CLR%3̈34ty, you":"are most likely to use 1&&&&&&0."::"1. aluminum":"2. copper":"3. rubber":"4. silver"1QU9:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)-2FD$(1)"No. Metals such as the onrry. Resistivity refers to how/well a material opposes a current/flow. Try again."08FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."0B3000:0Є*PG.120ڄ34,6:CLR%0䄹34,0h1,X(8),Y(7):PRR"When you need a material":"with low conductivi3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)O/FD$(1)"You are right!"/FD$(2)"No. Insulation refers to how/a material slows down a current/flow. Try again."/$FD$(3)"No. You need a word that refers/to moving. Try again."T0.FD$(4)"Sotement below:".,X(8),Y(7):"The measure of how well a":"material conducts":"electricity is 1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. conductivity":"2. insulation":"3. intermediacy":"4. resistivity"3/QU8:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"12:1500}-},X(4),Y(13)):"An insulator has high resistivity.":"On the other hand, a conductor":"has low resistivity."-(}1000:-耲*PG.11.7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the sta),Y(3):"There is another characteristic of":"materials that relates to an":"electric flow: resistivity.":RX14;RY7:15000-},X(4),Y(8):"Resistivity is a meausure of the":"opposition of a substance to the":"flow of electric current."RX14:RYity."V+XzFD$(2)"Sorry. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electricity./Try again."+bzFD$(3)"Sorry. The high-numbered/positions on the number line/represent good conductors/of electricity. Try again."+lz3000:1000:+}*PG.10, }7000:,X(4% *+z34,0g*0z,7,115:"Which number reflects the conductivity":,7,125:"ability of an insulator?"*:zX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000*DzQU7:LN1:LEYES:TR0+NzFD$(1)"Very good. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electriccity./These substances are/semi-conductory. Try again.")yFD$(3)"Very good. Conductors are/substances which conduct/electricity well.")zFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1 through 9.")zJ1IN:AX0:AY147:XP29:YP147)z3000:1000:*&z34,12:CLRN$(7)"7"(yAN$(8)"8"'(yAN$(9)"9"(yFD$(1)"Sorry. Low-numbered positions/on the number line represent/poor conductors of electricity./Try again."8)yFD$(2)"Sorry. The middle positions/represent substances with medium/ability to conduct electri:"Which number reflects the conductive":,7,125:"ability of a conductor?"'|yX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000'yQU6:LN1:LEYES:TR0'yAN$(1)"1"'yAN$(2)"2"'yAN$(3)"3"'yAN$(4)"4"'yAN$(5)"5"'yAN$(6)"6" (yA,8278,70:99,8299,70:120,82120,70w&Ty3:140,82140,70:161,82161,70:182,82182,70:203,82203,70:224,82224,70&^y7:141,82141,70:162,82162,70:183,82183,70:204,82204,70:225,82225,70&hy,54,94:"9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1"L'ry,7,115. Resistivity refers to how/well a material opposes a current/flow. Try again."38FDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."3B3000:3Є*PAGE.123ڄ32,0:33,40:34,6:35,24:CLR%3䄹32,0:33,40:34,0:35,244,X(8),Y(7):PRR"Wh)"T":ANSWER$(2)"F":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(9):XPSX(5):YPSY(11)W^FD$(1)"Certainly!"^FD$(2)"Sorry. All materials can conduct/electricity. However, not all/materials conduct electricity/equally well.^FDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please type T or F."^30se type T or F."-j^3000:JUDGEIGNRE241703t^D^*PAGE.4B h^32,0:33,40:34,4:35,24:CLR%^32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24^,X(6),Y(5):"Any material can conduct":"electricity."?^QUESTIN2:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPYES:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1X(5):YPSY(11)/L^FD$(1)"You are correct."V^FD$(2)"No. The statement is true. A/connecting path is like a road or/bridge that is necessary for/electrons to move from one point/to another. This flow is what we/call current."`^FD$(NMTCH)"Pleawe're doing. Type T":"for true or F for false:"8^,X(6),Y(5):"A path such as a wire allows":"electrons to flow from one":"point to another."B^QUESTIN1:LNGTH1:LEAVEITNO:STPYES:TRIES0:ANSWER$(1)"T":ANSWER$(2)"F":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(9):XPSY(15):"The best conductor is silver;":"copper is second best, and aluminum":"is third best. Silver is too":"expensive. Therefore, wires are":"usually made of aluminum or copper."]1000:$^*PAGE.4A1.^7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's check how if electrons":"are to flow between them. The":"most common path is a wire.":RXPS14:RYPS9:15000],X(4),Y(10):"All materials conduct electricity.":"However, some materials conduct":"it better than others.":RXPS14:RYPS14:15000],X(4),4):"Likewise, their intensity is linked"::"to the means used in allowing for a"::"current flow.":,X(7),Y(21):"Let's look at these ideas."Z1000:]*PAGE.4d]7000:,X(4),Y(4):"There must be a path connecting":"one point to another ty, Electric Charge,":" & Current":,X(3),Y(6):"There are two important ideas that"::"have to do with current and the way"Y:"it flows: conductivity and"::"resistivity. The two are related.":RXPS14:RYPS15:15000Y,X(3),Y(1 N29000N30000 N31000+N312706N32000AN33000LN34000WN35000bO36000u ORE$"R"20150O37000O38000$O39000.O400008O41000BORE$"R"20010LO11000Y *PAGE.3Y7000:,X(5),Y(2):"ConductiviA2# JCLR%809:SWD%803:HP%8129 JI$(9):QU$(34)S JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0"l NLS$"CON.CHAR.CUR.1" N*CONTROL*CON.CHAR.CUR-1 *N23000 4N24000 fN24100 pN24200 zN24300 N25000 N26000 N27000 N28000 NRE$"R"20010$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27)v LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YLOW251 VJMA9:MF3:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2),,2,1,,1,0, F.Q#10.PAGE.13& F3,: F1,0,,2,0,,3,1,M G.Q#11.PAGE.16U G3,i G1,0,,2,1,,3,0,| "G.Q#12.PAGE.17 ,G3, 6G1,0,,2,0,,3,1, 8J*INIT+ BJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1,0,,2,1,,3,0, sF.Q#6.PAGE.9( xF9,Z F1,0,,1,0,,1,0,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,1,,3,1,,3,1,k F*Q#7:PAGE.9s F9, F1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,0,,3,0,,3,0, F.Q#8.PAGE.11 F4, F1,1,,2,0,,3,0,,4,0, F.Q#9.PAGE.12 F4, F1,0,,1,0%! |B32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24:5 PF*QUESTION.DATAG RF Q#1:PAGE.4AO TF2,^ VF1,1,,2,0,o ZFQ#2:PAGE.4By \F2, ^F1,1,,2,0, `FQ#3:PAGE.4C bF2, dF1,1,,2,0, fF Q#4:PAGE.5A hF3, jF1,1,,2,0,,3,0, lF Q#5:PAGE.5B mF3, nF1< 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:1A: .PRESS.RETURN:,X(RX),Y(RY):"Press RETURN.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RESPNSE$M$15010:REWRITE:,X(RX),Y(RY):" ":WRITE:hB*PARTIAL.ERASE rB32,0:33,40:34,12:35,24:CLR                    ndicates how well":"electricity is conducted.":VSPACE,0|%,y,7,60:"Conducts":" well":,217,60:"Conducts":" poorly"%6y3:37,76244,76:,34,80:"<":,240,80:">"%@y56,8256,70:77,8277,70:98,8298,70:119,82119,70%&Jy7:57,8257,70:78,76:225,68225,76h$vu,7,90:"Conductors":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors"t$u1000:$y*PG.99%"y7000:,X(2),Y(2):VSPACE,1:"On the number line below, choose a":"number to position the material.":"The number line i6856,76:77,6877,76:98,6898,76:119,68119,76n#Xu7:57,6857,76:78,6878,76:99,6899,76:120,68120,76#bu3:140,68140,76:161,68161,76:182,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76$lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204 "zq3000:"0u*PG.8":u7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Graphically, we can show these":"relationships:":::"Conducts":"electricity":"very well""Du,X(27),Y(6):"Conducts":"electricity":"poorly"1#Nu3:38,72243,72:,36,76:"<":,240,76:">":56,(13):"Different materials have different":"degrees of conductivity:""pq,X(6),Y(18):"* good conductors have":" high conductivity,":"* good insulators have":" very low conductivity, and":"* semi-conductors have":" intermediate conductivity."0:(RE$"R"RE$M$)28030:( Hq*PG.7v Rq7000:,X(4),Y(3):"What does conductivity tell us?":RX14:RY6:15000 \q,X(10),Y(6):"Conductivity is a":"measure of how well":"a material conducts":"electricity.":RX14:RY12:15000F!fq,X(4),Yjm7000:,X(8),Y(6):"Next we will take a look at"::"conductivity and resistivity."tm,X(8),Y(12):"However, if you wish to"::"review before going on type R."::"Otherwise, press RETURN to":"continue." ~m,X(17),Y(18):FROMOTHERYES:100hoices rubber would be the poorest/conductor."iFD$(3)"Silicon is a semi-conductor. It is/not a good conductor, but rubber/is the poorest. Therefore, rubber is a better choice."iFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."i3000:`m*PG.6X(9),Y(22):"Press RETURN to begin.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RE$M$22030:o begin.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RE$M$22030:s be able to complete it"::"in about 30 minutes." V,X(9),Y(22):"Press RETURN to begin.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RE$M$22030:Ain.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RE$M$22030: V::"This lesson will take approximately"::"15 minutes."JV,X0: U*PAGE.2b U7000:,X(5),Y(3):"Conductivity, Electric Charge,":" & Current" V,X(4),Y(8):"This lesson presents some of the"::"factors that influence the way an"::"electric current behaves."2 V,X(4),Y(16):"You should%21:Y1%0:X2%268:Y2%64:D1%3:S1%2:H1%1:2000i RX1%22:Y1%1:X2%268:Y2%65:D1%3:S1%2:H1%2:2000 R,57,106:"CONVERGENT SYSTEMS, INC." &R,106,128:(6)2;:" ABCDEF ":" HIJKLM ":"OPQRSTUV":"WXYZabcd":" efghij ":" lmnopq "(6)0 XR100R"& N *CONTROL*WELCOME.CON.CHAR.CUR1 *N21000< 4N22000c >N13000:FI$"CON.CHAR.CUR-1":13500t R*TITLE.PAGE R7000:,80,20:"BASIC ELECTRONICS":,94,30:"ATOMIC THEORY":,35,43:"Conductivity, Electric Charge,":,110,53:"& Current"1 RX1OW251X VJMA3:MF3:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG| `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2)A2 JCLR%809:SWD%803:HP%812 JI$(9):QU$(34) JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0" NLS$"WELCOME.CON.CHAR.CU 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:138JBJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27) LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YL  N$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)iFD$(1)"Sorry: of your three choices, that/would be the best conductor./Rubber would be the worst, and you/would most likely choose it.".iFD$(2)"Correct, because of your three/c000:xi*PG.5B!i34,6:CLR%+i34,0i,X(8),Y(7):"Assume that you want to use":"a material that slows down":"current flow. You choose":"1&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. an aluminum wire":"2. rubber":"3. silicon"EiQU5:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:A."meFD$(2)"No. Semi-conductors are not good/means to make current flow, but/insulators are the poorest."eFD$(3)"Wrong! Silver wires would be the/best. Insulators are the poorest/conductors."eFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."e3ctors of":"electricity are 1&&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. insulators":"2. semi-conductors":"3. silver wires"eQU4:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(14):XPX(4):YPY(16)eFD$(1)"Right! Insulators are the poorestectricity,":"but not very well. Silicon is an":"example of a semi-conductor."\a1000:he*PG.5Ae7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement:"ke,X(8),Y(7):"The worst conduthem 1insulators0."ma,X(3),Y(7):"Two common insulators are paper":"and rubber.":RX14:RY10:15000a,X(3),Y(12):"Between conductors and insulators":"are materials called semi-conductors."Pa,X(3),Y(16):"These materials conduct elr is the/best conductor, it is too/expensive. Cooper is used more/often."l_FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."(_3000:JUIG243602_a*PG.5a7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Some materials are extremely poor":"conductors of electric current.":"We call ":"electricity."l_QU3:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"F":AN$(2)"T":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11) _FD$(1)"You are correct. Silver is the/best, but it is too expensive./Copper and aluminum are more/common."J_FD$(2)"Sorry. Although silvelectricity. However, not all/materials conduct electricity/equally well.k^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."^3000:JUIG24260^^*PG.4C^34,4:CLR%^34,0^,X(6),Y(5):"Silver is the most frequently":"used material for conducingG.4B^34,4:CLR%^34,0]^,X(6),Y(5):"Any material can conduct":"electricity."^QU2:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)^FD$(1)"Certainly!"I^FD$(2)"Sorry. All materials can conduct/eV^FD$(2)"No. The statement is true. A/connecting path is like a road or/bridge that is necessary for/electrons to move from one point/to another. This flow is what we/call current."`^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."j^3000:JUIG24170t^^*PŠ ԠŠ ˠŠ ԠŠ ˠŠ ̠ŠŠŠ͠ŠŠ: ŠԠE ĠŠ ŠԠ ˠɯϠ |Aȑȩȑȩȑ |AfLAȩEY ȩ |A |ALAɍ`BH h0`  6uX fG nALA,E,C,D@LA X?25A 2 <=I?߮=<,,<>=?  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Ԗfҗ L L L$  5F67`N^89`HH`(wn,3L ©éĭ@JLLE C^[lO,LȐ ,Pɗ*ɘɍL=Ʌ-ɖ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````Ӡˠ̠ŠԠé̠΍$9ɝ ,L `<>=?<>=? , Hȱ8h  ȩ$ȱH  h i֩H MMLI L           T":"for true or F for false:"8^,X(6),Y(5):"A path such as a wire allows":"electrons to flow from one":"point to another."B^QU1:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)L^FD$(1)"You are correct." conductor is silver;":"copper is second best, and aluminum":"is third best. Silver is too":"expensive. Therefore, wires are":"usually made of aluminum or copper."]1000:$^*PG.4A.^7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's check how we're doing. Type ons":"are to flow between them. The":"most common path is a wire.":RX14:RY9:15000],X(4),Y(10):"All materials conduct electricity.":"However, some materials conduct":"it better than others.":RX14:RY14:15000],X(4),Y(15):"The bestkewise, their intensity is linked"::"to the means used in allowing for a"::"current flow.":,X(7),Y(21):"Let's look at these ideas."Z1000:]*PG.4W]7000:,X(4),Y(4):"There must be a path connecting":"one point to another if electr Electric Charge,":" & Current":,X(3),Y(6):"There are two important ideas that"::"have to do with current and the way"Y:"it flows: conductivity and"::"resistivity. The two are related.":RX14:RY15:15000Y,X(3),Y(14):"Li0 N29000 N30000" N31000- N312708 N32000C N33000N N34000Y N35000d O36000w ORE$"R"20150 O37000 O38000 $O39000 .O40000 8O41000 BORE$"R"20010 LO11000 Y*PG.3Y7000:,X(5),Y(2):"Conductivity,2)A2% JCLR%809:SWD%803:HP%812; JI$(9):QU$(34)U JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0"n NLS$"CON.CHAR.CUR.1" N*CONTROL*CON.CHAR.CUR-1 *N23000 4N24000 fN24100 pN24200 zN24300 N25000 N26000 N27000 N28000 NRE$"R"2001A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27)x LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YLOW251 VJMA9:MF3:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2,0,,3,0,,4,0, F.Q#94 F4,,1,0,,1,0,,2,1,,1,0,? F.Q#10V F3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1,a G.Q#11x G3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0, "G.Q#12 6G3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1, 8J*INIT- BJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":^F2,,1,1,,2,0, `FQ#3* dF2,,1,1,,2,0,3 fFQ#4J jF3,,1,1,,2,0,,3,0,S lFQ#5j nF3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,t sF.Q#6 F9,,1,0,,1,0,,1,0,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,1,,3,1,,3,1, F*Q#7 F9,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,0,,3,0,,3,0, F.Q#8 F4,,1,1,,g8 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:1A: .PRESS.RETURN:,X(RX),Y(RY):"Press RETURN.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RESPNSE$M$15010:REWRITE:,X(RX),Y(RY):" ":WRITE:PF*QUSTN.DATARFQ#1VF2,,1,1,,2,0,ZFQ#2                            .48": (4)"BRUN PLE.DM":8794,74:795,141:796,47:797,3:798,104:799,141x 2800,0:801,224:802,44:803,129:804,192:805,104:806,205:807,0 <808,224:809,240:810,3:811,44:812,128:813,192:814,96 d: n768:(815)130 x(4)"BRUN PLE.LC": (4)"BRUN PLE (978)190140\ 768,173:769,0:770,224:771,72:772,44:773,131:774,192:775,44776,131:777,192:778,173:779,0:780,224:781,72:782,169:783,165784,141:785,0:786,224:787,14:788,0:789,224:790,173:791,01 (792,224:793,73:  +":,57,60:"+":,29,87:"+":,29,33:"+"z4 ,136,42:"-":,88,59:"-":,144,59:"-":,116,86:"-":,116,34:"-"410005 ,X(2),Y(12):"If we connect these two regions with":"a wire, the electrons will flow from":"B to A. This looks le have two":"charged regions:";:"one positive,":"the other":"negative."3H1%4:RADIUS,21:MODE,0:CO,H1%:XLOW,32:XHIGH,0:YLOW,56:184323RADIUS,21:MODE,0:CO,H1%:XLOW,119:XHIGH,0:YLOW,56:18432,4,28,60:"A":,116,60:"B":,2,60:"y are connected by":"a wire."2,X(4),Y(23):"Type R to review, or press":"RETURN to continue.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RESPNSE$"R"RE$M$33040:2Є*PAGE.132ڄ7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Here is what that would look like:"K3䄯,X(25),Y(5):"WSimilarly, when there is a shortage":"of electrons the region is":"positively charged.":RX14:RY12:150002,X(4),Y(13):"The extra electrons flow from the":"region that is negatively charged,":"to the region that is positively":"charged if the press":"RETURN to continue.";:FROMOTHERYES:1000:RESPNSE$"R"RE$M$32040:`0耲*PAGE.1007000:,X(4),Y(3):"When there is an excess of":"electrons in one region,that":"region is negatively charged.":RX14:RY7:15000l1,X(4),Y(8):"000:,X(4),Y(15):"Those electrons can be removed from":"the atom. This makes the atom"/}"become positively charged. The":"area where the extra electrons go":"will then increase in negative":"charge."R0(},X(4),Y(23):"Type R to review, or this lesson."uA<,X(3),Y(8):"You may now press:":::" R to review,":::" ESC to leave the lesson."AF,X(33),Y(14):NXNO:FROMOTHERYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$EX$)41030:Ants, while":" resistivity is a measure of":" how a material opposes currents.":RXPS14:RYPS20:1500@h,X(5),Y(20):"* Conductivity and resistivity":" are inversely related."@r1000:@(*PG.19A27000:,X(3),Y(3):"You have completed5),Y(9):"* The best materials for conducing":" electricity are conductors;":" insulators are the worst":" conductors.":RXPS14:RYPS14:15000h@^,X(5),Y(14):"* Conductivity is a measure of":" how well a material conducts":" electric currect."3>FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."?>3000:K>@*PG.18>J7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Let's summarize!"::" * Electrons fow from one point to":" another throught a path wich is":" comonly a wire.":RXPS14:RYPS9:15000?T,X(TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(17):XPX(4):YPY(19)=FD$(1)"No. Actually, think of it in/opposite terms. Try again."=FD$(2)"Sorry. If it were that way,/resistivity would equal/conductivity. Try again.">FD$(3)"Correates that":"1&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&0".<,X(5),Y(10):"1. conductivity equals one":" divided by resistivity":"2. resistivity equals":"conductivity divided by one":"3. resistivity equals":" one divided by conductivity"K=QU12:LN1:LENO:STNO:Correct.");FD$(3)"Sorry. Try again."X;FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."d;3000:p;X*PG.17;b32,0:33,40:34,6:35,24:CLR%;l32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24"" a region of the atom to another.":RX14:RY20:15000:,X(6),Y(20):"*The flow of electrons is what":" we call current.":1000:>X*PAGE.17>]7000:,X(3),Y(6):"You have completed this lesson."{?b,X(3)ement.":RX14:RY10:15000:,X(6),Y(10):"*Atoms consist of neutrons,":" electrons, and protons. The">" nucleus is the center of an":" atom.":RX14:RY15:15000:,X(6),Y(15):"*Charge is a property of the":" atom which changes according":" H$|>p ~>@ `0|>1 $ $@ |>p8?8|> y` `>1|<|vۮLeq1 $ $@ >@ #q0@@ ` 0D( ʦ|>``8|>s8> %,3:AHOV]dkry  P>@@@Tq ‡@@  0@ `0_ ")07>ELSZahov}H$ "H"A"@ >A>`0> ē@c2iO  %GA G$:@c@pPDaPH @pERG$G$qdG$N$Oy‡@ H$H$ HRQH$< @pC>q E@>y8#q>A #q8@p0 qDD$$J'H#y@ qH$8>#>#@q"'@p80" @ "J%"I%H$q#Hȣ<y>@ "H$q":AHOV]dkry @  @@@AQ!‡@@  "#Leq@_ ")07>ELSZahov} %,3     z#??   Ӯí #ŮήҮҠ ήҮҮ ήҮҭήҮҭ ήҮҭήҮҭ  !îȮҠ"خͮȮ ӮԠ ήҮҭĠ >ήҮҭ9Ų̲ "Ӯí # ŮήҮҠϠ̭٠ԱĮîȮŮʠ ͮȮà٠ǮԠŮӮàӮí9ԮŠŮ Ůà ŠŠ nt is true. A/connecting path is like a road or/bridge that is necessary for/electrons to move from one point/to another. This flow is what we/call current."`^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."j^3000:JUIG24170t^^*PG.4B^34,4:CLR%?^se:"j8^,X(6),Y(5):"A path such as a wire allows":"electrons to flow from one":"point to another."B^QU1:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)L^FD$(1)"You are correct."V^FD$(2)"No. The statemeopper is second best, and aluminum":"is third best. Silver is too":"expensive. Therefore, wires are":"usually made of aluminum or copper."]1000:$^*PG.4A.^7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's check how we're doing. Type T":"for true or F for fal them. The":"most common path is a wire.":RX14:RY9:15000],X(4),Y(10):"All materials conduct electricity.":"However, some materials conduct":"it better than others.":RX14:RY14:15000],X(4),Y(15):"The best conductor is silver;":"c linked"::"to the means used in allowing for a"::"current flow.":,X(7),Y(21):"Let's look at these ideas."~Z1000:]*PG.4=]7000:,X(4),Y(4):"There must be a path connecting":"one point to another if electrons":"are to flow between & Current":,X(3),Y(6):"There are two important ideas that"::"have to do with current and the way"Y:"it flows: conductivity and"::"resistivity. The two are related.":RX14:RY15:15000rY,X(3),Y(14):"Likewise, their intensity isN31000 N31270 N32000) N330004 N34000? N35000J O36000] ORE$"R"20150h O37000s O38000~ $O39000 .O40000 8O41000 BORE$"R"20010 LO11000 Y*PG.3mY7000:,X(5),Y(2):"Conductivity, Electric Charge,":" 803:HP%812! JI$(9):QU$(34); JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0"T NLS$"CON.CHAR.CUR.1"q N*CONTROL*CON.CHAR.CUR-1| *N23000 4N24000 fN24100 pN24200 zN24300 N25000 N26000 N27000 N28000 NRE$"R"20010 N29000 N30000 $M$(4):EX$(27)^ LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YLOW251 VJMA9:MF3:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2)A2 JCLR%809:SWD%F#9 F4,,1,0,,1,0,,2,1,,1,0,) F#10@ F3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1,I G#11` G3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,i "G#12 6G3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1, 8J*INIT BJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D,,2,0, `F#3 dF2,,1,1,,2,0,( fF#4? jF3,,1,1,,2,0,,3,0,G lF#5^ nF3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,f sF#6 F9,,1,0,,1,0,,1,0,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,1,,3,1,,3,1, F#7 F9,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,0,,3,0,,3,0, F#8 F4,,1,1,,2,0,,3,0,,4,0, (8 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:1A: .PRESS.RETURN:,X(RX),Y(RY):"Press RETURN.";:FRYES:1000:RESPNSE$M$15010:REWRITE:,X(RX),Y(RY):" ":WRITE:PF*QUSTN.DATARF#1VF2,,1,1,,2,0,ZF#2 ^F2,,1,1                  RXPS14:RYPS9:15000BT,X(5),Y(9):"* The best materials for conducing":" electricity are conductors;":" insulators are the worst":" conductors.":RXPS14:RYPS14:15000C^,X(5),Y(14):"* Conductivity is a measure of":" how well a matern."AFDBCK$(3)"Correct."QAFDBCK$(NMTCH)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."]A3000:kA@*PAGE.18BJ7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Let's summarize!"::" * Electrons fow from one point to":" another throught a path wich is":" comonly a wire.":0:ANSWER$(1)"1":ANSWER$(2)"2":ANWER$(3)"3":AXPSX(2):AYPSY(17):XPSX(4):YPSY(19)@FDBCK$(1)"No. Actually, think of it in/opposite terms. Try again."AFDBCK$(2)"Sorry. If it were that way,/resistivity would equal/conductivity. Try agai":"degrees of conductivity:"!pq,X(6),Y(18):"* good conductors have":" high conductivity,":"* good insulators have":" very low conductivity, and":"* semi-conductors have":" intermediate conductivity."!zq3000:!0u*PG.8g":u7000:,X(2M Rq7000:,X(4),Y(3):"What does conductivity tell us?":RX14:RY6:15000 \q,X(10),Y(6):"Conductivity is a":"measure of how well":"a material conducts":"electricity.":RX14:RY12:15000!fq,X(4),Y(13):"Different materials have differentill take a look at"::"conductivity and resistivity."tm,X(8),Y(12):"However, if you wish to"::"review before going on type R."::"Otherwise, press RETURN to":"continue."~m,X(17),Y(18):FRYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$M$)28030:Hq*PG.7/conductor."iFD$(3)"Silicon is a semi-conductor. It is/not a good conductor, but rubber/is the poorest. Therefore, rubber is a better choice."iFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."i3000:`m*PG.66jm7000:,X(8),Y(6):"Next we wX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)iFD$(1)"Sorry: of your three choices, that/would be the best conductor./Rubber would be the worst, and you/would most likely choose it." iFD$(2)"Correct, because of your three/choices rubber would be the poorest i34,0i,X(8),Y(7):"Assume that you want to use":"a material that slows down":"current flow. You choose":"1&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. an aluminum wire":"2. rubber":"3. silicon"#iQU5:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXs are not good/means to make current flow, but/insulators are the poorest."eFD$(3)"Wrong! Silver wires would be the/best. Insulators are the poorest/conductors."eFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."e3000:xi*PG.5Bi34,6:CLR%&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. insulators":"2. semi-conductors":"3. silver wires"eQU4:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(14):XPX(4):YPY(16)eFD$(1)"Right! Insulators are the poorest."KeFD$(2)"No. Semi-conductorSilicon is an":"example of a semi-conductor.":a1000:Fe*PG.5Ae7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement:"Ie,X(8),Y(7):"The worst conductors of":"electricity are 1&&&&,Y(7):"Two common insulators are paper":"and rubber.":RX14:RY10:15000a,X(3),Y(12):"Between conductors and insulators":"are materials called semi-conductors.".a,X(3),Y(16):"These materials conduct electricity,":"but not very well. /expensive. Cooper is used more/often."J_FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."a(_3000:JUIG24360g2_ra*PG.5a7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Some materials are extremely poor":"conductors of electric current.":"We call them 1insulators0."Ka,X(3)NO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"F":AN$(2)"T":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11) _FD$(1)"You are correct. Silver is the/best, but it is too expensive./Copper and aluminum are more/common."(_FD$(2)"Sorry. Although silver is the/best conductor, it is toomaterials conduct electricity/equally well.M^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."d^3000:JUIG24260j^v^*PG.4C^34,4:CLR%^34,0:,X(6),Y(5):"Silver is the most frequently":"used material for conducing":"electricity."J_QU3:LN1:LE34,0:,X(6),Y(5):"Any material can conduct":"electricity."^QU2:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)^FD$(1)"Certainly!"+^FD$(2)"Sorry. All materials can conduct/electricity. However, not all/0:,X(3),Y(3):"You have completed this lesson."D<,X(3),Y(8):"You may now press:":::" R to review,":::" ESC to leave the lesson."DF,X(33),Y(14):NXNO:FROMOTHERYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$EX$)41030:Aial conducts":" electric currents, while":" resistivity is a measure of":" how a material opposes currents.":RXPS14:RYPS20:1500Ch,X(5),Y(20):"* Conductivity and resistivity":" are inversely related."Cr1000:C(*PAGE.19 3D2700&&0."::"1. aluminum":"2. copper":"3. rubber":"4. silver"1QU9:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)2FD$(1)"No. Metals such as the one you/chose are good conductors. Try/agaterial opposes a current/flow. Try again."]08FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."i0B3000:u0Є*PG.120ڄ34,6:CLR%0䄹34,0?1,X(8),Y(7):PRR"When you need a material":"with low conductivity, you":"are most likely to use 1&&&&:YPY(18)&/FD$(1)"You are right!"/FD$(2)"No. Insulation refers to how/a material slows down a current/flow. Try again."/$FD$(3)"No. You need a word that refers/to moving. Try again."+0.FD$(4)"Sorry. Resistivity refers to how/well a maeasure of how well a":"material conducts":"electricity is 1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. conductivity":"2. insulation":"3. intermediacy":"4. resistivity" /QU8:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4)tor has high resistivity.":"On the other hand, a conductor":"has low resistivity."`-(}1000:l-耲*PG.11-7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement below:".,X(8),Y(7):"The m of":"materials that relates to an":"electric flow: resistivity.":RX14;RY7:15000,},X(4),Y(8):"Resistivity is a meausure of the":"opposition of a substance to the":"flow of electric current."RX14:RY12:1500T-},X(4),Y(13)):"An insula a/poor conductor of electricity./Try again."+bzFD$(3)"Sorry. The high-numbered/positions on the number line/represent good conductors/of electricity. Try again."+lz3000:1000:+}*PG.10V, }7000:,X(4),Y(3):"There is another characteristiceflects the conductivity":,7,125:"ability of an insulator?"x*:zX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000*DzQU7:LN1:LEYES:TR0*NzFD$(1)"Very good. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electricity."-+XzFD$(2)"Sorry. An insulator isy. Try again."b)yFD$(3)"Very good. Conductors are/substances which conduct/electricity well.")zFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1 through 9.")zJ1IN:AX0:AY147:XP29:YP147)z3000:1000:)&z34,12:CLR%)+z34,0>*0z,7,115:"Which number r(yFD$(1)"Sorry. Low-numbered positions/on the number line represent/poor conductors of electricity./Try again.")yFD$(2)"Sorry. The middle positions/represent substances with medium/ability to conduct electricity./These substances are/semi-conductor,7,125:"ability of a conductor?"]'|yX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000w'yQU6:LN1:LEYES:TR0'yAN$(1)"1"'yAN$(2)"2"'yAN$(3)"3"'yAN$(4)"4"'yAN$(5)"5"'yAN$(6)"6"'yAN$(7)"7"'yAN$(8)"8"'yAN$(9)"9"ry3:140,82140,70:161,82161,70:182,82182,70:203,82203,70:224,82224,70&^y7:141,82141,70:162,82162,70:183,82183,70:204,82204,70:225,82225,70&hy,54,94:"9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1"#'ry,7,115:"Which number reflects the conductive":cted.":VSPACE,0S%,y,7,60:"Conducts":" well":,217,60:"Conducts":" poorly"%6y3:37,76244,76:,34,80:"<":,240,80:">"%@y56,8256,70:77,8277,70:98,8298,70:119,82119,70%Jy7:57,8257,70:78,8278,70:99,8299,70:120,82120,70N&Trs":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors"K$u1000:V$y*PG.9%"y7000:,X(2),Y(2):VSPACE,1:"On the number line below, choose a":"number to position the material.":"The number line indicates how well":"electricity is condu8119,76E#Xu7:57,6857,76:78,6878,76:99,6899,76:120,68120,76#bu3:140,68140,76:161,68161,76:182,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76#lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204,76:225,68225,76?$vu,7,90:"Conducto),Y(2):"Graphically, we can show these":"relationships:":::"Conducts":"electricity":"very well""Du,X(27),Y(6):"Conducts":"electricity":"poorly"#Nu3:38,72243,72:,36,76:"<":,240,76:">":56,6856,76:77,6877,76:98,6898,76:119,6,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76z&lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204,76:225,68225,76&vu,7,90:"Conductors":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors"&u1000:&y*PAGE.9'"y7000:,X(2),Y(YES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$EX$)41030:AEX$)41030:Aesistivity":" are inversely related."3?r1000:??(*PG.19{?27000:,X(3),Y(3):"You have completed this lesson."?<,X(3),Y(8):"You may now press:":::" R to review,":::" ESC to leave the lesson."'@F,X(33),Y(14):NXNO:FR15000>^,X(5),Y(14):"* Conductivity is a measure of":" how well a material conducts":" electric currents, while":" resistivity is a measure of":" how a material opposes currents.":RX14:RY20:1500'?h,X(5),Y(20):"* Conductivity and rons fow from one point to":" another throught a path wich is":" comonly a wire.":RX14:RY9:15000>T,X(5),Y(9):"* The best materials for conducing":" electricity are conductors;":" insulators are the worst":" conductors.":RX14:RY14:Try again."g5FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."J53000:V5*PG.145,X(9),Y(7):"Before you go on, you":"may review. Press R":"to review now, or":"RETURN to continue."6,X(28),Y(10):FRYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$M$)360AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(17):XPX(4):YPY(19)z4FD$(1)"No. Conductivity is what your/choice refers to. Try again."4FD$(2)"Sorry. The capacity to insulate/is a property that you would/consider for insulators such as/rubber. Try again."5FDres a":"substance's  1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. ability to conduct an":" elctric flow":"2. capacity to insulate":" an electric flow"3,X(8),Y(14):"3. opposition to a current":" flow"04QU10:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":in."u2FD$(2)"Right. Materials such as rubber/and paper are poor conductors./They are better used as/insulators."2*FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."243000:2*PG.132ˆ34,6:CLR%2̈34,03ֈ,X(8),Y(7):"Resistivity measuive./Copper and aluminum are more/common."_FD$(2)"Sorry. Although silver is the/best conductor, it is too/expensive. Copper is used more/often."_FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."(_3000:JUIG243602_a5^a7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Some ma,X(6),Y(5):"Silver is the most frequently":"used material for conducting":"electricity."_QU3:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"F":AN$(2)"T":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)* _FD$(1)"You are correct. Silver is the/best, but it is too expensX(5):YPY(11)^FD$(1)"Certainly!":FD$(2)"Sorry. All materials can conduct/electricity. However, not all/materials conduct electricity/equally well."^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."^3000:JUIG24260^^4C^34,4:CLR%^^34,0:s what we/call current.":`^FD$(NM)"Please type T or F."Qj^3000:JUIG24170Wt^_^4Bo^34,4:CLR%^34,0:,X(6),Y(5):"Any material can conduct":"electricity."^QU2:LN1:LENO:STYES:TR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPR0:AN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":AXX(2):AYY(9):XPX(5):YPY(11)\L^FD$(1)"You are correct."V^FD$(2)"No. The statement is true. A/connecting path is like a road or/bridge that is necessary for/electrons to move from one point/to another. This flow i or copper."]1000: $^4A}.^7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's check how we're doing. Type T":"for true or F for false:"8^,X(6),Y(5):"A path such as a wire allows":"electrons to flow from one":"point to another.">B^QU1:LN1:LENO:STYES:Tsome materials conduct":"it better than others.":RX14:RY14:15000 ],X(4),Y(15):"The best conductor is silver;":"copper is second best, and aluminum":"is third best. Silver is too":"expensive. Therefore, wires are":"usually made of aluminum]4]7000:,X(4),Y(4):"There must be a path connecting":"one point to another if electrons":"are to flow between them. The":"most common path is a wire.":RX14:RY9:15000D],X(4),Y(10):"All materials conduct electricity.":"However, & Current":,X(3),Y(6):"There are two important ideas that"::"concern current and the way"Y:"it flows: conductivity and"::"resistivity. The two are related.":RX14:RY15:15000Y,X(7),Y(15):"Let's look at these ideas."Z1000:N31000 N31270 N32000) N330004 N34000? N35000J O36000] ORE$"R"20150h O37000s O38000~ $O39000 .O40000 8O41000 BORE$"R"20010 LO11000 Y3aY7000:,X(5),Y(2):"Conductivity, Electric Charge,":" 803:HP%812! JI$(9):QU$(34); JUL$"1&&&&&&&&&&&0"T NLS$"CON.CHAR.CUR.1"q N*CONTROL*CON.CHAR.CUR-1| *N23000 4N24000 fN24100 pN24200 zN24300 N25000 N26000 N27000 N28000 NRE$"R"20010 N29000 N30000 $M$(4):EX$(27)^ LJPI23.141592:XI279PI2:RA27:MO28:CO31:XLOW249:XHIGH250:YLOW251 VJMA9:MF4:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MA2,2):NMMF1:DNMF2:J1MA1:FD(J1,1)IG `JDRW0:ESE1:FLP2:CIRCLE%18432 tJMOD(A)(A2)A2 JCLR%809:SWD%F#9 F4,,1,0,,1,0,,2,1,,1,0,) F#10@ F3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1,I G#11` G3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,i "G#12 6G3,,1,0,,2,0,,3,1, 8J*INIT BJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D,,2,0, `F#3 dF2,,1,1,,2,0,( fF#4? jF3,,1,1,,2,0,,3,0,G lF#5^ nF3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,f sF#6 F9,,1,0,,1,0,,1,0,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,1,,3,1,,3,1, F#7 F9,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,2,0,,2,0,,2,0,,3,0,,3,0,,3,0, F#8 F4,,1,1,,2,0,,3,0,,4,0, H7 612000-6103,1:104,80:16302,0:1A: .PRESS.RETURN:,X(RX),Y(RY):"Press RETURN.";:FRYES:1000:RESPNSE$M$15010:REWRITE:,X(RX),Y(RY):" ":WRITE:PF*QUSTN.DATARF#1VF2,,1,1,,2,0,ZF#2 ^F2,,1,1                    cts the conductive":,7,125:"ability of a conductor?"q&|yX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000&yQU6:LN1:LEYES:TR0&yAN$(1)"1"&yAN$(2)"2"&yAN$(3)"3"&yAN$(4)"4"&yAN$(5)"5"&yAN$(6)"6"&yAN$(7)"7"'yAN$(8)0:120,82120,70b%Ty3:140,82140,70:161,82161,70:182,82182,70:203,82203,70:224,82224,70%^y7:141,82141,70:162,82162,70:183,82183,70:204,82204,70:225,82225,70%hy,54,94:"9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1"7&ry,7,115:"Which number refleelectricity is conducted.":VSPACE,0g$,y,7,60:"Conducts":" well":,217,60:"Conducts":" poorly"$6y3:37,76244,76:,34,80:"<":,240,80:">"$@y56,8256,70:77,8277,70:98,8298,70:119,82119,70%Jy7:57,8257,70:78,8278,70:99,8299,76W#vu,7,90:"Conductors":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors"c#u1000:j#y9$$"y7000:,X(2),Y(2):VSPACE,1:"On the number line below, choose a":"number to position the material.":"The number line indicates how well":"7,76:98,6898,76:119,68119,76]"Xu7:57,6857,76:78,6878,76:99,6899,76:120,68120,76"bu3:140,68140,76:161,68161,76:182,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76#lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204,76:225,68225,7!0u8!:u7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Graphically, we can show these":"relationships:":::"Conducts":"electricity":"very well"!Du,X(27),Y(6):"Conducts":"electricity":"poorly" "Nu3:38,72243,72:,36,76:"<":,240,76:">":56,6856,76:77,687ent materials have different":"degrees of conductivity:" pq,X(6),Y(17):"* good conductors have":" high conductivity,":"* good insulators have":" very low conductivity, and":"* semi-conductors have":" intermediate conductivity." zq1000:"R"RE$M$)28030:Hq7iRq7000:,X(4),Y(3):"What does conductivity tell us?":RX14:RY6:15000\q,X(10),Y(6):"Conductivity is a":"measure of how well":"a material conducts":"electricity.":RX14:RY12:150009 fq,X(4),Y(13):"Differmber 1, 2, or 3."i3000:$`m6jm7000:,X(8),Y(6):"Next we will take a look at"::"conductivity and resistivity."tm,X(8),Y(12):"Type the letter R to review."::::"Press RETURN to continue."~m,X(33),Y(16):FRYES:1000:(RE$it."YiFD$(2)"Correct. Of these three/choices rubber would be the poorest/conductor."iFD$(3)"Silicon is a semi-conductor. It/is not a good conductor, but/rubber is the poorest. Therefore,/rubber is a better choice."iFD$(NM)"Please type a nur":"3. silicon"viQU5:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18)iFD$(1)"Sorry: of your three choices, that/would be the best conductor./Rubber would be the worst, and you/would most likely choose s."2eFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3.">e3000:Fxi5BVi34,6:CLR%i34,0:,X(8),Y(7):"Assume that you want to use":"a material that slows down":"current flow. You choose":"1&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. an aluminum wire":"2. rubbe14):XPX(4):YPY(16)GeFD$(1)"Right! Insulators are the poorest."eFD$(2)"No. Semi-conductors are not the/best conductors, but insulators/are the poorest."eFD$(3)"Wrong! Silver wires would be the/best. Insulators are the poorest/conductore to complete":"the statement:"e,X(8),Y(7):"The worst conductors of":"electricity are 1&&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. insulators":"2. semi-conductors":"3. silver wires"eQU4:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(called semi-conductors."a,X(3),Y(16):"These materials conduct electricity,":"but not very well. Silicon is an":"example of a semi-conductor."a1000:e5A e7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choicterials are extremely poor":"conductors of electric current.":"We call them 1insulators0."a,X(3),Y(7):"Two common insulators are paper":"and rubber.":RX14:RY10:15000a,X(3),Y(12):"Between conductors and insulators":"are materials VITY":RX14:RY15:150006,X(6),Y(15):"The ratio formula tells us that":"if we know one quantity, we":"can easily compute the other.":"Standard handbooks generally":"list measurements for":"resistivity and conductivity."61000:6p16z736020:515o57000:,X(6),Y(4):"How are conductivity and":"resistivity related?":RX14:RY7:150005,X(6),Y(8):"Their relationship is inverse:"6,X(7),Y(12):"RESISTIVITY =":,175,90:"1":7:140,91224,91:,140,100:"CONDUCTIFD$(3)"Correct."@4FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3."L43000:T41447000:,X(9),Y(7):"Before you go on, you":"may review. Press R":"to review now, or":"RETURN to continue."5,X(28),Y(10):FRYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$M$)":AN$(3)"3":AXX(2):AYY(17):XPX(4):YPY(19)|3FD$(1)"No. Conductivity is what your/choice refers to. Try again."3FD$(2)"Sorry. The capacity to insulate/is a property that you would/consider for insulators such as/rubber. Try again."4ures a":"substance's  1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. ability to conduct an":" electric flow":"2. capacity to insulate":" an electric flow"2,X(8),Y(14):"3. opposition to a current":" flow"23QU10:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2y/again."z1FD$(2)"Right. Materials such as rubber/and paper are poor conductors./They are better used as/insulators."1*FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."143000:1131ˆ34,6:CLR%1̈34,02ֈ,X(8),Y(7):"Resistivity meas1&&&&&&0."::"1. aluminum":"2. copper":"3. rubber":"4. silver"0QU9:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY(16):XPX(4):YPY(18) 1FD$(1)"No. Metals such as the one you/chose are good conductors. Trow/well a material opposes a current/flow. Try again."i/8FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, 3, or 4."u/B3000:}/Є12/ڄ34,6:CLR%/䄹34,0D0,X(8),Y(7):"When you need a material":"with low conductivity, you":"are most likely to use 16):XPX(4):YPY(18)2.FD$(1)"You are right!".FD$(2)"No. Insulation refers to how/a material slows down a current/flow. Try again.".$FD$(3)"No. You need a word that refers/to moving. Try again."7/.FD$(4)"Sorry. Resistivity refers to hY(7):"The measure of how well a":"material conducts":"electricity is 1&&&&&&&&&&&&0."::"1. conductivity":"2. insulation":"3. intermediacy":"4. resistivity".QU8:LN1:LENO:STNO:TR0:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":AN$(4)"4":AXX(2):AYY((13):"An insulator has high resistivity.":"On the other hand, a conductor":"has low resistivity."p,(}1000:x,耲11,7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's stop to review. Type the":"number of your choice to complete":"the statement below:"-,X(8),r characteristic of":"materials that relates to an":"electric flow: resistivity.":RX14:RY7:15000+},X(4),Y(8):"Resistivity is a measure of the":"opposition of a substance to the":"flow of electric current.":RX14:RY12:15000d,},X(4),Yry. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electricity./Try again."*bzFD$(3)"Sorry. The high-numbered/positions on the number line/represent good conductors/of electricity. Try again."*lz3000:1000:*}10f+ }7000:,X(4),Y(3):"There is anothe115:"Which number reflects the conductivity":,7,125:"ability of an insulator?"):zX1%3:Y1%103:X2%279:Y2%128:H1%2:S1%1:D1%1:2000)DzQU7:LN1:LEYES:TR0)NzFD$(1)"Very good. An insulator is a/poor conductor of electricity."A*XzFD$(2)"Sors are/semi-conductors. Try again."v(yFD$(3)"Very good. Conductors are/substances which conduct/electricity well."(zFD$(NM)"Please type a number 1 through 9."(zJ1IN:AX0:AY147:XP29:YP147(z3000:1000:(&z34,12:CLR%(+z34,0R)0z,7,"8"'yAN$(9)"9"'yFD$(1)"Sorry. Low-numbered positions/on the number line represent/poor conductors of electricity./Try again."#(yFD$(2)"Sorry. The middle positions/represent substances with medium/ability to conduct electricity./These substances":" poorly"?&6y3:37,76244,76:,34,80:"<":,240,80:">"y&@y56,8256,70:77,8277,70:98,8298,70:119,82119,70&Jy7:57,8257,70:78,8278,70:99,8299,70:120,82120,70'Ty3:140,82140,70:161,82161,70:182,82182,70:203,82203,70:224,8000:%y*PG.9%"y7000:,X(2),Y(2):VSPACE,1:"On the number line below, choose a":"number to position the material.":"The number line indicates how well":"electricity is conducted.":VSPACE,0 &,y,7,60:"Conducts":" well":,217,60:"ConductQ$bu3:140,68140,76:161,68161,76:182,68182,76:203,68203,76:224,68224,76$lu7:141,68141,76:162,68162,76:183,68183,76:204,68204,76:225,68225,76$vu,7,90:"Conductors":,196,90:"Insulators":,102,87:" Semi-":"Conductors"%u1ucts":"electricity":"very well"Z#Du,X(27),Y(6):"Conducts":"electricity":"poorly"#Nu3:38,72243,72:,36,76:"<":,240,76:">":56,6856,76:77,6877,76:98,6898,76:119,68119,76#Xu7:57,6857,76:78,6878,76:99,6899,76:120,68120,76have":" high conductivity,":"* good insulators have":" very low conductivity, and":"* semi-conductors have":" intermediate conductivity.""zq3000:"0u*PG.8!#:u7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Graphically, we can show these":"relationships:":::"Cond000!\q,X(10),Y(6):"Conductivity is a":"measure of how well":"a material conducts":"electricity.":RXPS14:RYPS12:15000!fq,X(4),Y(13):"Different materials have different":"degrees of conductivity:""pq,X(6),Y(18):"* good conductors if you wish to"::"review before going on type R."::"Otherwise, press RETURN to":"continue." ~m,X(17),Y(18):FROMOTHERYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$M$)28030: Hq*PG.7!Rq7000:,X(4),Y(3):"What does conductivity tell us?":RXPS14:RYPS6:15."G?F,X(33),Y(14):NXNO:FRYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$EX$)41030:030:ow press:":::" R to review,":::" ESC to leave the lesson."?F,X(33),Y(14):NXNO:FRYES:1000:(RE$"R"RE$EX$)41030:A,X(5),Y(20):"* Conductivity and resistivity":" are inversely related."W>r1000:_>(19>27000:,X(3),Y(3):"You have completed this lesson."?<,X(3),Y(8):"You may now press:":::" R to review,":::" ESC to leave the lessonorst":" conductors.":RX14:RY14:15000=^,X(5),Y(14):"* Conductivity is a measure of":" how well a material conducts":" electric currents, while":" resistivity is a measure of":" how a material opposes currents.":RX14:RY20:15000K>hLet's summarize!"::" * Electrons flow from one point to":" another through a path which is":" commonly a wire.":RX14:RY9:15000)=T,X(5),Y(9):"* The best materials for conducting":" electricity are conductors;":" insulators are the w is usually stated in/another way. Try again.";FD$(2)"Sorry. If it were that way,/resistivity would equal/conductivity. Try again.";FD$(3)"Correct.";FD$(NM)"Please type a number 1, 2, or 3.";3000:;@18<8\bBBBwcAA@```@#!##d?/Ngc1000?  @'GgwACg=GHHHG` ` `# ?  '8ACFFFC`  ,T,W,P,R`\bBb\!!!#3- .1!1.HBBBbHA!!!A30!!!a!F$$$d#dHCBCB@p@@3Rd2Q;p pppb i;ppp t0H>`8DD83?aȮ  'x 8(i8逅i 8ԥΥд`$ 08 !      Т @ `` @ @ŠĠӠԠōԠΠԮŠӠŠԠƠōˠŠĠԠΠҠӢŠΠӠ΍ŠҠӠ٠άԍӠŠˠΠŠōĠӠΠӍΠ͠ՠĠŠƠźΠŠ۠ӍΠԠ͠čҠŠĠˠĮŠԠӠϠҠҮҠ΍@@   ` X  (! M %8 M ` %! M `HI2$% "h  2`x ɧ͠٬ՠĠŠԍŠΠҠҠōՠΠŠӠŮt  G / XZ]_    L  L``ꩿ 0 XL,L ,L ` HhH#J  h`@hg@     808$m$imi`%J!8!`ɖ%Jm`ɇ |`ɕ `Ɇ `ɠ`m%mm%8%%m! !` 8     8   m%!!!8! 8!! )8  m$imim$ LɍLɊLɉLI`ɈLH8$K - ,H# ,P,R,Wux {&~) `L%LLiL  $ȱ% $%  ` L *UU*ժ    L Ɍ SI SL$ɕ(ESɍм `Ɉɠ ɍ7)L Li؍ĠӍԍ׍٠̍ō č ԍ̠ҠŠө&cr[H HHHH123./-0 C012/ۭ3hhhh h m-iLm.L`L S ,9 c{  J L1 I1``Q`   mL"` ` & & 8e e ȱȱȱee -.)-#.)-%LL Н],I9` S ,轓 S , 'ؠ'?`f  C  C  C  C`8 I1``Q`888 L17/8DL CL8  C CL C CL`````],@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @H Mh`-)%!H)'Lq'h)I `HHHFf & Chhh`F S ,/* + '  + '- !!!!!"""""""#######$$$$$$$%%%%%%%&&&&&&&''''''' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @      !!((((((((PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP                     $%%%&&&&'''@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ((((((((((((((((((((((((@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @  !!!""""###$$$LCLLLLLLLXLLLLLLLLLLLL,W,P`,Q`,S`,R` ,`@,`,T`,U`L  !!!!"""####$$$%%%%&&&'''' @       akes up":"an atom?"hnZ,X(6),Y(14):"Press RETURN to find out now.";:FRYES:1000:RE$M$23150:u]*PAGE.4]7000:,X(4),Y(4):"An atom is made up of three kinds":"of particles:":RX14:RY7:15000+],X(14),Y(8):"* electron,":"* pr/The atom is the smallest part/or piece of an element. When/elements combine, they form/compounds.":FD$(NM)"Type T or F."N2*Q#8F3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,$FQ#9;G3,,1,0,,2,1,,3,0,O8JINITIALIZATIONBJZ9815:YE1:NO0:BOYE:JU0:NR1:LS2:QTNR:LENO:CR1:IN0:IG3:G04:RI0:WR0:A$"":A1$A2$:G$(7):M$(13):D$M$(4):EX$(27))LJMA5:MF5:AN$(MA):FD$(MF2):FD(MAPF*QUESTION.DATAZF*Q#1/dF2,,1,1,,2,0,9nF*Q#2UxF4,,1,0,,2,0,,3,0,,4,1,_F*Q#3{F4,,3,1,,2,0,,4,0,,1,0,F*Q#4F4,,2,0,,1,0,,3,1,,1,0,F*Q#5F2,,1,0,,2,1,F*Q#6F3,,1,1,,2,0,,3,1,F*Q#7F2,,1,1,,2,0,F080:16150:X:# ?*FLASH.NUCLEUSd @H1%4:M1%1:X115:M1%M1%:16000:16040:X1150:X1:X:x @*FLASH.NEUTRON @H1%4:M1%1:X115:M1%M1%:16000:X1150:X1:X: $@*FLASH.PROTON .@H1%4:M1%1:X115:M1%M1%:16040:X1150:X1:X:4:18432> 4?RA,1:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,20:XH,0:YL,104:18432t >?RA,0:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,20:XH,0:YL,104:18432z H? R?DRAWELECTRONSHELL \?RA,49:MO,0:CO,H1%:XL,70:XH,0:YL,98:18432 f? ?*FLASH.ELECTRONS ?M1%0:X110:M1%M1%:16MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,104:XH,0:YL,63:18432` ?RA,0:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,104:XH,0:YL,63:18432f ? ?RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,20:XH,0:YL,104:18432 ?RA,3:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,20:XH,0:YL,104:18432 *?RA,2:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,20:XH,0:YL,108432: >RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,75:XH,0:YL,101:18432@ >R >DRAWELECTRON >RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,104:XH,0:YL,63:18432 >RA,3:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,104:XH,0:YL,63:18432 >RA,2:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,104:XH,0:YL,63:18432* >RA,1:$"B"İ16400:$ DRAWNEUTRON >RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,69:XH,0:YL,96:18432 >RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,69:XH,0:YL,106:18432 > >.DRAW.PROTON >RA,4:MO,M1%:CO,H1%:XL,64:XH,0:YL,101:1LLH H h vL   .H h`l7F67Q89L@ɰ ɵ)B 7ɐ :I:`ɉ EIE`ɏ 9I 9`ɔ@`Ɇ@`LY review. Type T for":"true or F for false.":,X(5),Y(6):"An electron has a charge of +1."$tmAN$(1)"T":AN$(2)"F":FD$(1)"Sorry. The statement is false.":FD$(2)"Correct.":FD$(NM)"Type T or F.":QU5:LN1:LEYE:STPYE:FD(J1,1)IG8%~mAXX(1):AYon, however, has no charge.":RX14:RY15:15000#i,X(3),Y(16):"An atom has a net charge of zero.":"This is because an atom normally has":"the same number of protons and":"electrons.":1000:#`m*PAGE.7A_$jm7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's pause to share a property:":RX14:RY7:15000"iREWRITE:X18:,X(18),Y(8):" ":X1150:X1:,X(18),Y(8):"charge":X:WRITE/#i,X(3),Y(11):"The electron has a charge of -1.":X1990::"The proton has a charge of +1.":X1990::"The neutr."?!fFD$(2)"Sorry. Electrons/orbit the nucleus./Try again."W!fFD$(3)"Very good."~!f3000:JUDGECRRECTİ16380:26290!f1000:!xi*PAGE.7%"i7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Each of the three particles (the":"proton, the electron, and the":"neutron)n."$ DfFD$(NM)"Type A, B, C or D."D NfAX90:AY156:XPS121:YPSAYk Xf3000:JUDGECRRECTİ16360:26200q bf lf*PAGE6.B vf*FLASHNUCLEUS f16380 fQU4:LN1:STYE:LEYE:TR0:FD(J1,1)IN!fFD$(1)"Sorry. There is a/better answer./Try again2)"B":AN$(3)"C":AN$(4)"D"`fFD$(1)"Sorry. The proton/is part of the/nucleus. Try again."&fFD$(2)"Sorry. The neutron/is part of the/nucleus. Try again."0fFD$(3)"Correct." :fFD$(4)"Sorry. The nucleus/is the center of the/atom. Try agait":"identifies the part of the atom":"which is flashing."e,X(27),Y(7):"A. Electrons"::"B. Neutrons"::"C. Nucleus"::"D. Protons"e*SCHEMATICeH1%4:M1%0:16000:16040:16210:16360fQU3:LN1:STYES:LENO:TR0fAN$(1)"A":AN$(30Xe15500:,X(21),Y(15):"Type another letter":"or press RETURN":"to continue."e,X(33),Y(17):"";:FRYES:1000:RE$M$(RE$"A"RE$"D")26050eRE$M$ıe15500:26050;e7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Time to review! Type the letter thaits parts.":1000: e*PAGE.6e7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Type a letter to see a part of the"::"atom.":,X(27),Y(6):"A. Electrons"::"B. Neutrons"::"C. Nucleus"::"D. Protons"e16210e,X(8),Y(4):"";:FRYES:1000:RE$"A"RE$"D"260ns of":"an atom form the nucleus of the":"atom.":RX14:RY7:15000a,X(4),Y(8):"The nucleus is a small, tightly":"packed mass in the center of the":"atom.":RX14:RY12:15000a,X(4),Y(13):"Let's take a look at a model of":"an atom and three particles./Try again."$^FD$(3)"Sorry. The word you want/looks like 'neuron,' but that's/not it. Try again.":FD$(4)"That's correct.".^FD$(NM)"Type A, B, C or D."8^3000:a*PAGE.5Da7000:,X(3),Y(3):"The protons and the neutro):QU2:STPNO:AN$(1)"A":AN$(2)"B":AN$(3)"C":AN$(4)"D"^FD$(1)"No. Compounds are made up of/elements. The smallest part of/an element is the atom. Try/again.":FD$(2)"No. The smallest part of an element/is the atom. The atom itself/consists of e to complete":"the statement below."],X(8),Y(8):"An atom is made up of":"electrons, protons, and":"1&&&&&&&&&&0."^,X(11),Y(12):"A. compounds":"B. elements":"C. neurons":"D. neutrons"9^AXX(2):AYY(11):XPSX(2):YPSY(17oton, and":"* neutron.":RX14:RY14:15000],X(4),Y(15):"All atoms of a specific element":"have the same number of protons":"and electrons.":1000:]*PAGE.4A&]7000:,X(3),Y(3):"Let's review quickly. Type the":"letter of your choicher. That is to say that like":"charges repel, while different":"charges attract.":RX14:RY16:15000)Xu,X(4),Y(17):"Neutral charges, however, neither":"attract nor repel.":1000:)y*PAGE.8A/*"y7000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's check how much yois very important in":"determining how electrons and":"protons behave.":RX14:RY7:15000(Du,X(4),Y(8):"Two negative charges or two":"positive charges repel each other.":"However, a positive charge and a":"negative charge attract each"h)Nu"ot. Think of the value of a charge/for a given particle in the atom./Try again.":FD$(3)"That's correct. A proton has a/charge of +1, but an electron has/a charge of -1."'qFD$(NM)"Type 1, 2 or 3.":3000:'0u*PAGE.8[(:u7000:,X(4),Y(3):"Charge 2 3"2&fq32,0:33,40:34,10:35,24:CLR%&pq34,24:AXX(1):AYY(10):XPSX(3):YPSY(12):QU6:LENO:STPNO:AN$(1)"1":AN$(2)"2":AN$(3)"3":FD$(1)"You are right. The word should be/1proton0. An electron has a charge/of -1."'zqFD$(2)"NoE.OBJ">NFILE$LS$:13500Y(10):XPSX(3):YPSY(12):3000:QU0:JUDGEIGNRE28030>%mL%Hq*PAGE.7Bo%Rq32,0:33,40:34,0:35,4:CLR% &\q35,24:,X(3),Y(2):"Type the number of the word that has":"to be changed to make the statement":"true.":,X(11),Y(8):"1  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @  !!!!!!!"""""""#######$$$$$$$%%%%%%%&&&&&&&''''''' @ @ @PPPPPPP                         @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @  !!!""""###$$$$%%%&&&&'''@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @`Q`ZV21F{   !!!!"""####$$$%%%%&&&'''' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @08F8`LoHJJJ` J J JJ4JJJ H J J H JJ`N Jn JNJnJJJ I J ILpILKL M J9 JJ3KKJ LI1 I1`HLOH;KL M J$NO MN I1``Q` H`I88 Iei -Ie I8 -Iei8 I8 -Ie Iei -I 8e     :"below."7,X(6),Y(7):"When a region of an atom has":"extra electrons it is said to":"be 1&&&&&&&&&&&&&0 charged."::"1. positively":"2. negatively":"3. neutrally"8QU8:LENO:STPNO:AXX(1):AYY(10):XPSX(2):YPSY(16):AN$(1)"1":AN$."6ֈRX14:RY17:15000:,X(3),Y(18):"Current can also be created by":"chemical reactions (batteries) and":"by solar power.":1000:6*PAGE15 77000:,X(3),Y(2):"Let's review. Type the number of":"your choice to complete the statement"w for several reasons."5̈"An excess or a shortage of electrons":"in one region causes a current to":"flow.":RX14:RY12:15000:,X(3),Y(13):"Current can be created by moving"6ш"magnets. This is how an electrical":"generator produces current,H1%:XLOW,87:XHIGH,0:YLOW,150:18432X4H,21,155:"A":,84,155:"B":71,15040,150l4R,106,155:"-"x4\1000:4*PAGE145ˆ7000:,X(3),Y(3):"The flow of electrons is called":"current.":RX14:RY6:15000:,X(3),Y(7):"Current may flol flow from":"B to A. This looks like:"3*,X(21),Y(16):"most of the extra":"electrons have":"neutralized all of":"the excess positive":"charges on A."34RADIUS,15:MODE,0:CO,H1%:XLOW,24:XHIGH,0:YLOW,150:18432'4>RADIUS,15:MODE,0:CO28,60:"A":,116,60:"B":,2,60:"+":,57,60:"+":,29,87:"+":,29,33:"+"2 ,136,42:"-":,88,59:"-":,144,59:"-":,116,86:"-":,116,34:"-"21000)3 ,X(2),Y(12):"If we connect these two regions with":"a wire, the electrons wil look like:"o1䄯,X(25),Y(5):"We have two":"charged regions:";:"one positive,":"the other":"negative."1H1%4:RADIUS,21:MODE,0:CO,H1%:XLOW,32:XHIGH,0:YLOW,56:184321RADIUS,21:MODE,0:CO,H1%:XLOW,119:XHIGH,0:YLOW,56:18432P2, the region that is positively":"charged if they are connected by":"a wire."0,X(4),Y(23):"Type R to review, or press":"RETURN to continue.";:FRYES:1000:RE$"R"RE$M$33040:0Є*PAGE.13 1ڄ7000:,X(2),Y(2):"Here is what that wouldcharged.":RX14:RY7:15000/,X(4),Y(8):"Similarly, when there is a shortage":"of electrons the region is":"positively charged.":RX14:RY12:15000N0,X(4),Y(13):"The extra electrons flow from the":"region that is negatively charged":"toative":"charge.".(},X(4),Y(23):"Type R to review, or press":"RETURN to continue.";:FRYES:1000:RE$"R"RE$M$32040:.耲*PAGE.10/7000:,X(4),Y(3):"When there is an excess of":"electrons in one region, that":"region is negatively , they are not tightly":"held to the atom.":RX14:RY14:15000:,X(4),Y(15):"Those electrons can be removed from":"the atom. This makes the atom".}"become positively charged. The":"area where the extra electrons go":"will then increase in neg4),Y(3):"How is charge affected by changes":"in a atom?":RX14:RY6:15000:,X(4),Y(7):"The model of the atom showed that":"electrons orbit the nucleus. Some",}"of the electrons orbit at a greater"-}"distance from the nucleus.":"Therefores/repel, whereas different/charges attract.":FD$(2)"Sorry. Two like charges/repel. A negative charge,/however, will be attracted/to a positive charge."+@yFD$(NM)"Type T or F.":FD(J1,1)IG+Jy3000:QU0:JUIG31050+Ty+}*PAGE9, }7000:,X(u remember.":"Type T for true or F for false."*,y,X(7),Y(6):"A negative charge is":"attracted to another":"negative charge.":AXX(1):AYY(11):XPSX(6):YPSY(15):QU7:LENO:STPYE+6yAN$(1)"F":AN$(2)"T":FD$(1)"You are correct. Like charge=<103,1:104,80:80256,0::(4)"RUN ATOMIC.TH.1.MR":, FILES1"4103,56:104,9514D$"RUN "FI$",D1"=412000z47000:,63,40:"Please put the diskette"::"marked - "5:(9)24)" ":" BASIC ELECTRONICS ":24)" ":" ATOMIC THEORY ":25)(9)8H5:"in drive 1 and make sure"::,X(6),Y(16):" Press CTRL-RESET to start over.":16384,0Q2PLEASE.WAIT]2UNHOOK216301,0:32,0:33,40::23:2:"** PREPARING LESSON--PLEASE WAIT. **";2REHOOK:,0,8:44135504D$"BLOAD ID.ATOMIC.TH.1,D1"4D$"MAX6384,0 .#.(222)255Č64166G.32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24:CLR%.,35,39:"ERROR TYPE = ";(222):"LINE NO. = ";(218)(219)256:,X(6),Y(10)@/(9)31)(0):" Please report this to your ":" instructor. ":31)(9):00:FI$LS$:13500##A$"3"11000.#115004*+7000:,X(10),Y(9):"Going to the menu."::"Please wait one moment." +FI$"INDEX.ATOM.TH.1":13500,*BYE NOW,7000:,X(9),Y(10):"BYE NOW --"::" come back soon!":16368,0:1 THE BEGINNING?"::5)"3. GO TO THE MENU?"::5)"4. STOP THIS LESSON?"j#:" TYPE 1, 2, 3, OR 4."#20:23:A$:A$"1"A$"4"9130#16300,0:16297,0:16302,0:16304,0:SWD%,EW:REHOOK:32,0:33,40:34,0:35,24:A$"1"ı#A$"2"İ130l:16302,0:LMARGIN,0:WRITE:((#7-#EW(SWD%)2#SWD%,8:UNHOOK:::32,5:33,30:5:1:" YOU ENDED THE LESSON IN THE":"MIDDLE."::" DO YOU WANT TO:"::5)"1. GO BACK TO WHERE":9)"YOU LEFT OFF?"J#:5)"2. 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