' +JJJJ ?\>m0M='+l> /+l   d']6@5L&]655]6LF%5 & "L}"BB5L&]6 X  `6 77777777777JJJJx 77L? L7877777777 776i 7 7867 7`77 777777`x =(`(8`5775I7`B` 76`77`>J><;VU<)?<`8'x0|<&HhHh 8 8 8 8V&` aI꽌ɪVɭ&Y:&<&Y:&;: 꽌ɪ\8`&&꽌ɪɖ'*&%&,E'зЮ꽌ɪФ`+*xS&x'8*3Ixix&& 8 9: :' 9: :& :x)*++`FG8`0($ p,&"ųųೳŪŪųųij  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?8  1 '" *"( (9"1 ( ,.(0# 2  /#0/#0 *?'#07#000'#07#0:"4<*55**5*%5)1)1)1)'#0/#0*5*75**5*:5/#0/#0'#07#0:::*::'#07#0"):$(%"%:$(%"%$$2%4%$$2%4%$(2()!)E(!8b $!H(+ "@H !D)"E` @ $ C ` DQ &J80^݌Hh < <݌ < < h < < < <`HJ>݌h Hh݌`葠葠ȔЖȔЖȠHIHHHHhHH݌hHhHh݌H6 (G FG HZXj 80x D9$xxH` >( Z>h Z>L=.xxH >hh@(LH>9L>HH/Hh/ H?-З( 8(& 8$8 H` *8HNx`* >x$50x*$50xL9JJJJ`HHjf5 >h $50x`HA>VD;;P >(ED Z> ?$0x8x D9- 8DD# H8`?E Vˆʎ55L $ 5 55555 &a*5`*5` "L&5_*b*JL%u**Lz%`** $  Q(lXJ̥KlV $  Q(lV eօ3L e3L &%R*L &%Q*L d' "L4% N'e*)n*5 5 &`@-e*f*f* 5 "L# "5f*`L %.* *t*Q*L$ %L&*L` "O**P**u** d' "L% N'e*)n*o*o*n* &8ɍ` ^&f\*555L& ^&NR* & "R*ΩL&)\*Z* ʽ LH*v 3h`0h8` " ['L & N'С55 &5`*A*@` +5L^6L65`  \* ?*0 '\* '  Q( ^&\*lZl^?*c*q)H c*h`f*5h*5j*555@O*AP*`u*@`@5&`Q*R*`E 'Ls' ' ' @DAE@u*`8` %@ @A@`@`**@*A`M5 ) "L&`8@AW*c*@8@-@HAȑ@hHȑ@ȑ@hHȑ@Ȋ@c*h8&ȑ@Hȑ@Ah@L'Hȑ@ȑ@* htphso`hMhL`9V*8U*897T*6S*67`INILOASAVRUCHAIDELETLOCUNLOCCLOSREAEXEWRITPOSITIOOPEAPPENRENAMCATALOMONOMOPRINMAXFILEFINBSAVBLOABRUVERIF!pppp p p p p`" t""#x"p0p@p@@@p@!y q q p@  LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLRANGE ERROWRITE PROTECTEEND OF DATFILE NOT FOUNVOLUME MISMATCI/O ERRODISK FULFILE LOCKESYNTAX ERRONO BUFFERS AVAILABLFILE TYPE MISMATCPROGRAM TOO LARGNOT DIRECT COMMANč$3>L[dmx- (   Ϡ734@~3!+,W,o,*--,,9,-.-~3~3,,,,~3~3,,,,~3_*3 j.5 *H*H`Lc3 (+L3 +55555 1^3_* )3J Q*L_3Ls3443 D23455545554 70 / 7 :/354545455454555535L^/5-5I5555 55` / 4/ 2-5! / 08555454 70L3 (+50+5B5C3 2 70L35 *H*H`Lg3L{3505 *H*H` 3 ,5L3 3 1 ,H 1hBL, 0 BH [1 1h`Lo3 35 ,L3 3 1B , 1L,H 0hB@ 55 [1L133 (+34) 34 70L3 3L3 (+ 055L- (+34L{33454445 70 ^/* / 3B0 HȱBh -355 -8 /L38 25` +5 /3 /. /. 3 E7D B. /. /. 0]34S0J4 4) 3 4D4E B. 4  /. 02L3 Ν3 3`HD٤33DEEhiHLG.h ` /5B5-` /5B-` + X05I33383 33DH /4 E03744Ȍ7 X040 7 J7L35B5C`,5p` / R0-55`50` K/ R0-55`575755` 4/ K/ /( 55L/BȱBL/58` D2BH5BH :/ 75Bȭ5Bhh55 R0B5m55ȱB5m55` /LR0557755`*7*75LR0 E0(33 48`433 R0` E033LR0*7*7`777 555I7575757577** 7757`7 L35555f /55555555 ^/`855 i /B58` 41L 15ȱB5 /5555 /5`3 D23ȑB55B5 / 7 55`5555555555 5555`555`55BC55`5555`L3 /5B5C355 0Q340"B4 3` 02۰Ϭ33B438`3i#`3ЗLw35!50>5555`53 /3m3 3 3733i35 3583 /35ЉLw35`H /5h 25L/~43 533`55555555J5m55m5jn5n5n5ۭ55m5555m55m55`"L? 585H ~.(3` # d ֠z# u*`09::775:3@12:12:"^KSP =":3:"^SUBSTITUTING THE VALUES OF THE CONCEN-":"TRATIONS OF THE IONS ON THE RIGHT SIDE":"OF THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS EQUATION":"RESULTS IN:":500MC14:5:"^KSP = ["K$(2)"] X ["K$(1)"]4"DG$"0":N(DG$)(DG$""):I((DG$))"10":K:"2["DE$"]0":500:12:"["DE$"]X";:11K:"X["DE$"]":500:12:12K:L16(DG$)2:"82"(DD$,L1)"01":13:K:"28"(DD$,L1)"01":500 =768,13:0:I010:210(DG$)8,99I279,99I:110,108I205,108I::I0103:I,99I,1ST1:21:40:"*"ST) FIRE->J02:0:K(J),B(J,1):B(J,1)B(J,1)((1)53):B(J,1)110B(J,0)((1)2545):B(J,1)IK(J)(B(J,1))3B(J,0):3:K(J),B(J,1)::6:"^PRESS "CW$"SPACE BAR"CZ$" TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:21:6:I130:CT$;:::C2:J1:I1591541:40J,I68J,I:JJ1::3:5005J1:I154M:K110:L((1)(28J2))40:L,I::35,I73,I:JJ1::0:775:3:(1022)127STE RESULTS IN THE DATA TABLE.":"^THE BEAKER AND DRIED SOLUTE MIGHT"j L(10000(88.542W).5)10000:"WEIGH "L" GRAMS.":5025:16:34:CQ$"3"L"G"CA$"0":5005:5020:944,C::CD$"RUN SOL2P2":SPECIAL MASTER SUBROUTINES.T16368,0:21:0:35,Y73,Y:3:PL 0:35,Y40L,Y:2:40L,Y68L,Y:0:68L,Y73,Y:LL1:V Y160Ē0:35,Y40L,Y:2:40L,Y68L,Y:0:68L,Y73,Y:LL1:YY1:C` J02:0:K(J),B(J,1)::3:5005:5020:3:"^WEIGH THE BEAKER AND DRIED SOLUTE AND":"RECORD TH:I1591401:35,I73,I:J120:::5020. 3:"^HEAT THE BEAKER AND CONTENTS TO":"EVAPORATE THE WATER, LEAVING BEHIND":"THE DISSOLVED SOLUTE.":50258 L6:B(0,0)40:B(0,1)140:B(1,0)48:B(1,1)150:B(2,0)60:B(2,1)145B Y140159:5035:Y154:40:"*"CO]Z12):T0:B80:L0:R279:30:CO0:150/'10000D'DOS$"RUN HELLO"V16368,0:21:6:"^PRESS ^S^P^A^C^E ^B^A^R TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:21:6:"                           ":JV0:775:3:](1022)127COCO1:2110000'DO$"RUN HELLO"V16368,0:21:6:"^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:21:35:"":JV0:775:3:](1022)127COCO1:21:40:"*"CO] 004$'(IN$,1)"Y"(IN$,1)"^Y"Į:(EST VALUE OF ^KSP.":"^THEREFORE, IT IS THE LEAST SOLUBLE":"COMPOUND IN THE TABLE.":131,140208,140p 22020'(12):8:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS":" PROGRAM AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0'(IN$,1)"N"10004'(IN$,1)"Y"Į:(12):CO0:130':18306,9:24000:22020W17:"^AG320^CR^O340 HAS THE LARGEST ^KSP, THEREFORE""IT IS THE MOST SOLUBLE COMPOUND LISTED":"IN THE TABLE.":131,31200,31:22020 0:131,31200,31:768,143:769,190:22090e 17:"0^AG220^S HAS THE SMALL55,255,255,0D8,96,72,72,173,2,3,197,36,104,176,3,72,169 _ 160,44,98,3,240,3,238,2,3,8,32,169,3,40,104,72,144,228,73,13,10,208,13,141,2,3,169,138,32,169,3,169,88,32,168,252,169,0,133 d 36,173,2,3,240,9,237,1,3,233,247,144,4,105,31,133,36,104,96,108,3,3,0,0,0,2,3,169,255,153,120,7,169,17,153,248U 7,152,10,10,10,10,168,169,3,153,142,192,169,17,153,142,192,169,155,141,1,3,169,54,133,42,160,0,140,2,3,132,43,40,144,14,173 ,Z 231,3,233,110,133,42,173,232,3,233,0,133,43,169,99,145,42,200,169,3,145,42,104,160:A,CB,C:3:16:1136,50:98,42136,47`qI5088:138,I139,I::I79701:134,I144,I:vCCĒ2:J0:I88801:138J,I139J,I:JJ(I84)::3{0:1136,50:98,42136,47:3:20:1137,50:I78701:134,I144,I::0:I5069:138,I144,32,67:233,3:0:CL$:12:7:"^SOLUTION 1 ^SOLUTION 2":1148,50:1120,50:A,B,C:A,CB,CXI88801:J3(I86):137J,I141J,I::525]R4124:0:R4:1116R,50:A,CB,C:3bR:A,B,C:1120R,50:A,CB,CgT180::)l0:1132,5(((Z$,3))):L5Y$(Z$,1):575C:Y$((((Z$,L4))10),L5)n?Z$".":J1Y1:Z$Z$"0"::Z$Z$Y$:D0:775:3:IL(Z$):I1L(L0):(Z$,I,1)"E"A((((Z$,I1))10).5)10:Z$(A)" X 104-"(((Z$,2)))"0":N:\S:3:22R(3)4:II10(E2):M2I:555:M2$Z$:KR(3):? SP0:540MSP1:540VSP216368,0:21:6:"^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:21:1:E$:SP1İ580!SP2ĺCL$&+Z$(I):L(Z$):L5ı0(Z$,L3,2)"E-"ı"5Y ML OF "M1$"^M "C$(K,8)NVI:" ^SOLUTION 2: "V2" ML OF "M2$"^M "C$(K,9):p251,1::251,0:Z$(IN$,1):IR(4)1:V1I25:J(I3)(I1)4(I2I4)2:V2(R(J)1)25:NVV1V21IR(10)1:E1R(3)4:II10(E1):M1I:555:M1$Z$:IR(10)1:E AND SEE.":525:595:FL1415U17:"^YOUR PREDICTION WAS NOT CORRECT.":535:42017:"^YOU WERE CORRECT. ^VERY GOOD!":53510:"^DO YOU WANT TO TRY ANOTHER MIXTURE?";:510I3:Z$"N"365:Z$"Y"375420V:" ^SOLUTION 1: "V1" FORM?"(E$,10)"(^YES OR ^NO)";:18:510I(C$(K,5)):J(C$(K,3)):IP(M1V1NV)(I(I0))(M2V2NV)(J(J0)):CC0:IP(C$(K,1))CC1FL0:Z$"Y"CC1FL1:405Z$"N"CC0FL1:405Z$"N"Z$"Y"380CL$:4:"^LET'S MIX THEM ^C:";:510(cI(Z$)64:CL$:I13505dI1375BhI2200ZmI3ĺD$"RUN HELLO"cr350w515:CL$:FI$"15 &$4EY1":V5:I2:500::" "C$(K,0)" ^KSP = ";:Z$C$(K,1):585:Z$(|12:"^IF THE TWO SOLUTIONS ARE MIXED, WILL A":"PRECIPITATE aJ((1)3):V:5:CP$"3"CS$"2"CA$"8"CW$;R$(J):I1300::V:5:DT$;CS$"1"CP$"1"CA$"0"CZ$:(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"STL(Z$):I1L(L0):(Z$,I,1)"E"A((((Z$,I1))10).5)10:Z$(A)" X 104-"(((Z$,2)))"0":W$"SPACE BAR"CZ$" TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:V21MV:1:DT$;DT$;DT$;DT$:zZ$(I):L(Z$):L5(Z$,L3,2)"E-"ıK(((Z$,3))):L5Y$(Z$,1):510Y$((((Z$,L4))10),L5)Z$".":J1K1:Z$Z$"0"::Z$Z$Y$:0:775:3:BEAKER"13)"88.542G";:15:"TEMPERATURE"8)"24.33O0^C":15:"VOLUME OF SOLUTION 40.3ML":15:"BEAKER + SOLUTE "88.542W"G"p13:15:"SOLUTE"15);W"G":14:15:"MOLARITY"12);V$"M":18306,9:500:960:278016368,0:21:6:"^PRESS "C-"8dI((R(WMO).0403)10000)10000:504:V$Z$:365g960:10:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS":"PROGRAM AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"N"361:Z$"Y"359iCD$"RUN HELLO"jCD$"RUN SOL2P1"m8:18::18306,12:"0DATA TABLE":15:"LIKE THIS:"^C4C2:DA$"^BA0++":DB$"^BA2++0":DE$"^BA(^I^O330)320":W.014:MO487:DF$"^I^O332-0":DG$"2":DC$"^I^O730-":356aDA$"^CA0++":DB$"^CA2++0":DE$"^CA^S^O340":W.027:MO136:C4:DF$"^S^O242--0":DG$"":DC$"^S^O840COMPUND HAVING"=O12:"A "Z$" ION RATIO?";:251,1::251,0fRX$(IN$,1):X$"N"359:X$"Y"335UY$"^CA^S^O340":C4Y$"^BA(^I^O330)320"XCL$:2:"^A COMPOUND WITH A "Z$" ION RATIO IS "Y$"." [" ^THE DATA TABLE FOR "Y$" MIGHT LOOK K$(2)):J(K$(1))N:KIJ1E10:I(K)1E10:504:516:500:16:5:"^KSP = "Z$F18:5:"OR, ";:Z$(I):(Z$,3)" X 10"CQ$"4-"(Z$,1):500:960IFI$"15 &$4EY1":Z$"1:2":C2Z$"1:1"L10:CA$"0^WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE HOW ^KSP IS CALCULATED FOR A EXTRAPOLATED TO ZERO.":2pITC2731:VCST(I273):279(100I).6,150V2.72:J110:::815:845:7009HO$:6:"^WE EXRAPOLATE TO ZERO VOLUME TO NOTE THE "TM$" WHICH WE WILL LABEL "BO$"ABSOLUTE ZERO"NO$", (THE COLDEST POSSIBLE "TM$"). ^A"(I):VV3:@kA$"VOLUME":BO$:I18:6I:(A$,I,1)::NO$spTETC:VC2:925:TET:VAC:925:TEDT:VC1:925uITCDT:VCST(I273):279(100I).6,150V2.72:J110::z700:81519:"^BASED ON THE DATA WE COLLECTED, THE GAS VOLUME IS00:aMB$" ":V18:H5:I30010050:V:H:A$((I)):L(A$):J1L:(A$,J,1);B$;::HH4:R19:H4:I05:H:"-";:HH4:W16:20:BO$;TM$;NO$:\I1501527:35,I278,I:aI3527827:I,15I,150::845 fV2:I50010:V:" TBT1:B>0:132,TP138,TP:3:TPTP1:BTBT1:132,BT138,BT:C18:"^NOTE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE "M$" IN THE "TM$" AND THE VOLUME OF THE GAS.":H19:"^GAS "TM$": "T"3O0^C 3---->1 "T9"3O0^C ^GAS COLUMN: "AC" MM 3---->1 "B" MM":7TP1:132,I138,I:I:R 1:"^MERCURY COLUMN= "LN"MM ^GAS PRESSURE= "TR"^TORR"%1:23:"^GAS COLUMN=       "B"MM":FLĢ2:23:"^"TM$"= "T9"3O0^C"*/0:775:3:4UP83090:132,BT138,BT:3:132,TP1138,TP1:TPTP1:BJ110::3IL1L14:161,I169,I:J125::9:34:"5T 4E 3M 2P0":14:32:"3    ";:32:P"6O3^C0": 2:130,25130,140140,140140,25:128,25128,141142,141142,25BT(138B):TP(BTLN1):3:OTTPIBTOT:/2:X,Y4X5,Y4:X,Y2X5,Y2:XX8m1:211,75211,125251,125251,75211,75:211,110251,1105:I74691:227,I235,I:J110::I68241:231,I:J110::I2311641:I,24:J110::L1109 I24L1:165,I:251,0:BS$:-Z32Z90(A$)LIMIT935NWIPEUFWIPEUCZ64ZZ32tBS$(Z)CU$;:A$A$(Z):UF0:935BS$BS$;:(A$)2930CU$;:A$(A$,(A$)1):935KEY,PRESS:Z(KEY)PRESS:CLR,WIPE:TCLR,WIPE:R,WIPE:D5,30195,102:269,845,84:146,30146,102U269,665,66:92,3092,102:269,485,48" (^V) = ^LENGTH OF GAS COLUMN (MM)."" (^P) = ^GAS PRESSURE MEASURED IN ^TORR."84532935Z8975Z24āZ0(A$):BS$;::930 Z13ORIZONTAL""kI1N$"^VERTICAL":pI2N$"^INVERTED"MuN1(N110)10~zN4(N37.6.5)100:X$(N4):N41X$"0"X$N4(N4)X$X$".0"" "N$16)((GC(I))".0",4)24)GP(I)31)((GC(I)GP(I))".0",7))I:269,30269,1025,102:1928,39142,39142,1605H3:Z7392:132,Z138,Z::sM21:7:"^PRESS ^S^P^A^C^E ^B^A^R TO CONTINUE.":16368,0R(16384)160850W16368,0:\HO$:810a5:" ^TUBE WAS:"17)"^V"25)"^P"32)BO$"P "(26)"X ^V"NO$ fI02:I0N$"^HL.="HG"MM":I/2:140,8020,8020,88140,88:140,7918,7918,89140,89h43:Z6095:Z,81Z,87::92:130,35130,145140,145140,35:128,35128,146142,146142,35>3:Z95110:132,Z138,Z::C2:140,160140,40130,40130,160:128,1601N THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"ĬaA$"N"ĺ(29)D$"RUN HELLO"j700 0:ZYTYB:YL,ZYR,Z::3:%3:"^GAS ^COLUMN="GC(Z)"MM"20)"^GAS ^PRESSURE="GP(Z)"^TORR" *2:"^ATM. ^PRESSURE="AM;AM$24)"^MERCURY ^CO" ^NOTE: ^THERE MAY BE MEASUREMENT ERRORS AS GREAT AS 3-5 PERCENT. FI$"15 &$4EY1":" ^DO YOU WISH TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"675:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:690(A$,1,1)"N"680AHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUI:D0:1137,50:R1604:0:1124R,50:R:3:1120R,50::I::0:I5069:138,I144,I:0:1137,50:R1604:0:1124R,50:R:3:1120R,50::,I::0:I5069:138,I139,I: u0:1137,50:R1604:0:1124R,50:o~o@_~{~?g]{m?_}v_?~~~?~PO>zog>{k/{~?|>{o7ow[n_?Wwxo?~_|pn6|Xg]_cnw_opg?xw~xA?o/wu>o{{^o_k~s}wg?|{_@ J8 @   a*L6@b* @ ?` @@ 8L@ )L@A  L@S L@X ?`* j `$3:*(1022)Ģ21:40:"*"SO:SOSO10VV20):32P932:3:1140P93,169P97:16368,0:21:6:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.0":16384,128:I21I:1:E$:S0ı0:775:3:(1022)Ģ21:40:"*"SO:SOSO1 HELLO")D$"RUN CHARGE1"f0:1140P93,169P97:P9(V20):32P932:3:1140P93,169P97:21:6:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.":7,016384:Z(7):Z915,920,917915PB121:3:E$;E$;E$;E$"0":S0ı0:775:(Z$)3):J20(Z$):" SPHERE "I;J);Z$:KK12GNU15İ910:800P910bNU1İ263:CL$:284:600:16368,0: CL$:10:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0#Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"809:Z$"N"800&D$"RUNX 104-52 M/S)0":3:40,ZX90,ZX:110,ZX260,ZX:3:CL$:2:15)BO$"0DATA TABLE ":12)"CHARGE IN COULOMBS 1(X 104-190)":K6:0,35276,35:4:"SPHERE #"NO$:74,3574,180S0:NU1NU0715,I1NU1:K:Z$(C(I)):I$(1)".0":Z$Z$I$(:^XP178:YP16:T133:XPXP1.5(1):YPYP.03T:XP,YP:XP1,YP:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3:uXP138XP158500T3350:XPXP1:YPYP.07T:XP,YP:XP1,YP:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3::XP,YP:XP1,YP:5X18:7);BO$"2VOLTAGE"17)"VELOCITY"NO$" (:XP1,YP:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3::r&16368,0:21:6:"^PRESS ^S^P^A^C^E ^B^A^R TO CONTINUE.":16384,128:I210I:1:E$:S0ı:0:775:3:H(1022)127Ģ21:40:"*";SO:SOSO1/eI2771801:I,16:I1,16:0:I,16:I1,16:3:XP178:YP16:T133:XPXP1.5(1):YPYP.03T:XP,YP:XP1,YP:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3:XP138XP158510#T3350:XPXP1:YPYP.03T:XP,YP7,12140,121:X50,3450,3010,3010,12550,12550,121:0,6015,6015,800,800,60:279,15180,15179,16180,17279,17:0:160,25:160,125:3:J125:I25124:P60,I:M60,J:L110::0:JJ1:P60,I:M60,J1:3::M60,J:P60,I1:)RESENTS A LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND "TM$", OR IN OTHER WORDS, ";(34)"THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS TEMPERATURE.";(34):700:HO$: TE100TE:I22:277TE.6,(150V2.72)I280TE.6,(150V2.72)I::J11T THIS "TM$" THERE IS NO MOTION OF THE MOLECULES OF GAS."w700:HO$:2:14);BO$"CHARLES' LAW":15)"CONCLUSION"NO$N" ^WHEN THE DATA WAS PLOTTED ON THE GRAPH, AND THEN EXTRAPOLATED TO ABSOLUTE ZERO, YOU NOTICED A STRAIGHT LINE. ^THIS LINE REP2).1V(VC50VF5):3360NTNT1:NT3336q20:8)"^YOU STOPPED IT.":NT0:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:S1:910QQ(B(PDV)1E20)10C(NU)QQ:NUNU1NU15İ700PBİ700:PB0327I2771801:I,16:I1,16:0:I,16:I1,16:3900:CV,C5:CH,C7:E1$;V:CV,C5:CH,C6:E1$;(V2)F\VC3İ281:354O_278fb0:XP,YP:XP1,YPxeYPYP(.2V2)hYPCHYPC8S1:910:404k3:XP,YP:XP1,YPn16384:Z(7):Z369,369,372qVC(8)C1:VF(9)C1:390tPB1(V90:233,3XDC1.609E19:B4.49139291E14:ST7.64183519E10:PD.0031:16368,0:V0:S1G600:500:AR(10)1:DR(10)1.51:A2(A2).1DDHZR(10):Z0D0MQDCAC100PV1((VPD)QB)STSV2(V1C2)C4V(V2).2V2C32Y,121:P;50,3450,3010,3010,12550,12550,121:0,6015,6015,800,800,60:z>279,15180,15179,16180,17279,17: ANU1:Z$"":I18:E$E$CT$::E1$E$"":C1128:C21E6:C30:C410:CV37:CH36:C518:C623:C77:C8119:AA16368:V20:232,309:315:318:D,20,6520,0279,0279,65278,65278,121,121,65/20,7520,147279,147279,75278,75278,14621,14621,75:222,6522,75:277,65277,75:540,34138,34138,3540,35:158,34257,34257,35158,35840,120257,120257,12140:CL$:284:321:100037,3:36,11:"2 ":37,15:36,11:"6 ":37,3:36,11:"02"PL$:37,15:36,11:"4"MI$"01":37,3:36,11:"2 ":37,15:36,11:"6 ":37,3:36,11:"02"MI$:37,15:36,11:"4"PL$"01":1:3:0:300:306: ADJUSTMENT ^A - ^S ^FINE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT ^X ^DISPLAY DATA CHART":272 BO$"PADDLE 0"NO$" - ^COURSE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT "BO$"PADDLE 1"NO$" - ^FINE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT "BO$"BUTTONS"NO$" - ^DISPLAY DATA CHART"15:14:BO$"VOLTAGE"NO$ JOB!":910:18:"^KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE VELOCITY DATA RATHER THAN VOLTAGE AS YOU RUN THE SIMULATION.":910:CL$:275CL$:3:"^PRACTICE USING THE "Z$" CONTROLS. ^TRY ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE TO -500 OR TO +500. "W Pĺ"3<-- -->1 ^COURSE VOLTAGE21:6:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.0"NE1$"":8,128:9,128o16384:Z(7):Z233,275,236VC(8)128:VF(9)128:VVC16VF.5:25470037,15:36,22:E1$;(V10)10:(V)500M0:230MM1:M5230t16:"^GOODEYS CONTROL THE FINE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE." " ^THE "Z1$" DISPLAYS A DATA TABLE. ^YOU MAY CHECK THIS DATA TABLE AT ANY TIME DURING THE SIMULATION. ^TRANSFER THE DATA FOR THE FOURTEEN SPHERES TO YOUR OWN DATA TABLE.":910-NU1:263:16368,0:L HAVE NO CHARGE AT ALL.":910:CL$ 2:Pĺ"^PADDLE 1 IS FOR COURSE ADJUSTMENT OF OF THE VOLTAGE. ^PADDLE 2 IS FOR FINE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE.":2210 "^THE RIGHT AND LEFT ARROW KEYS CONTROL THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE ^THE ^A AND ^S K^IF YOU SET THE CORRECT VOLTAGE FOR THE PLATES YOU WILL BE ABLE TO STOP THE SPHERE'S MOVEMENT (VELOCITY = 0). "# "^AT THAT TIME THE COMPUTER WILL CALCULATE THE CHARGE ON THE SPHERE. ^YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CONTROL SOME OF THE SPHERES BECAUSE THEY WILTWEEN TWO ELECTRICAL PLATES. ^AS YOU";i (PL)127(PL1)127P1:6,1:Z$"GAME PADDLE":Z1$"BUTTON" " ADJUST THE VOLTAGE (-2050^V TO +2050^V) USING THE "Z$" CONTROLS, THE COMPUTER WILL CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF THE SPHERE.":910o CL$:2:""1":ZX158:AD16384:R(I)((1)I)b jD$"BLOAD KPI":I16:Z(I):: 8,21,65,83,88,32:SO3 mZ$"KEYBOARD":PL16287:Z1$"^X KEY":CL$"":6,0:26,128:27,128' 2:"^IN THIS SIMULATION THE COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU ONE LATEX SPHERE AT A TIME BE1d SCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: ELECTRON CHARGE-2 (CHARGE2) LAST UPDATE: 2/19/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC ' g18135:16600:D$(4):CT$(20)" ":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":CL$(12):3:C(25):960:PL$"+":MI$"-":BO$"2":NO$       0:430:440:460:470:L20,6520,0279,0279,65278,65278,121,121,6520,7520,147279,147279,75278,75278,14621,14621,75:22,6522,75:277,65277,75:40,34138,34138,3540,35:158,34257,34257,35158,3540,120257,12025372q" ^NO, THE FORCE OF GRAVITY PULLING DOWN MUST BE CANCELLED BY THE FORCE OF THE POSITIVELY CHARGED TOP PLATE MOVING THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED SPHERE UPWARD. ^THEREFORE, THE TOTAL FORCE = 0.":550:209t10:"^CORRECT!":550:2091:3:0:41CTING ON THE SPHERE ARE THE DOWNWARD PULL OF GRAVITY AND THE UPWARD PULL OF THE ELECTRICAL FIELD.":550kCL$:FI$"13 &$2 1":3:"^SINCE THE SPHERE IS NOT ACCELERATING,":490:4:"WHAT MUST THE TOTAL FORCE BE?";::Z(IN$):FI$"15 $$4AB1"nZ060,125:550P_18:"^YOUR POWER SOURCE CAN SUPPLY -2050 TO +2050 VOLTS.":550b18:"4^AS YOU ADJUST THE VOLTAGE FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE, YOU REVERSE THE POLARITY OFTHE PLATES.0"eS0:490:550:480:I12000::550:CL$ih3:"^THE FORCES AYP.37T:XP,YP:XP1,YP:I17::YS1:18:"4^ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE CAUSES THE SPHERE TO BE HELD STATIONARY BY BALANCING THE FORCES ACTING IT.0":550 \18:"^ONE PLATE IS POSITIVELY CHARGED, AND ONE IS NEGATIVLY CHARGED.":P12:M14:P60,25:MEEN THE TWO PLATES.":550sP18:"^DURING THE SPRAYING MANY OF THE SPHERES BECOME CHARGED THROUGH FRICTION.":550S18:"4^VOLTAGE ON THE POSITIVE PLATE PULLS SOME OF THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED SPHERES UPWARD.0":550$VT110:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3:YPK REVIEW, THE PARTS HAVE BEEN LABELED IN THIS DIAGRAM.":490:550JCL$:400:18:"^THE LATEX SPHERES SUSPENDED IN WATER ARESPRAYED ABOVE THE HOLE IN THE PLATE.":510:XP,YPXP1,YP:550M18:"^THE WATER EVAPORATES AND A FEW SPHERES DRIFT DOWN BETWO$:Z$"POWER":I27:I:(Z$,I1,1)::Z$"SOURCE":I1116:I:(Z$,I10,1):A5:16:"2METAL PLATE":13:16:"METAL PLATE":2:28:"2ATOMIZER0"DZ$"WINDOW":I611:I:5:(Z$,I5,1);:39:(Z$,I5,1)::16:20:"BOX0"NO$AG18:"^AS A QUIC8:"4^AN ATOMIZER CONTAINING TINY LATEX":"SPHERES SUSPENDED IN WATER LEADS INTO THE APPARATUS.0":470:550;18:"4^A LIGHT SOURCE ILLUMINATES THE INSIDE OFTHE BOX AND THE EXPERIMENTER CAN VIEW THROUGH SMALL WINDOWS IN THE BOX.0":430:550N>B ON THE FOLLOWING SCREENS.":550:CL$ 2S1:3:18:"^A BOX ENCLOSES THE ENTIRE APPARATUS TO PROTECT IT FROM AIR CURRENTS.":410:550 518:"^TWO PARALLEL METAL PLATES ";:440:I1500::"ARE CONNECTED TO A VARIABLE VOLTAGE SOURCE.":460:550o81H CAN BE DONE IN THE LABORATORY TO DETERMINE THE CHARGE ON AN ELECTRON. "% /"^BY ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE ON TWO OPPOSING METAL PLATES, THE EXPERIMENTER IS ABLE TO STOP THE MOVEMENT OF A CHARGED LATEX SPHERE. ^THE APPARATUS USED IN THE EXPERIMENT IS SHOWN AN ELECTRON "( 232,(10):233,(11) 5)"^B) ^A SIMULATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT ":5)"^ENTER ^A OR ^B:";:251,1::251,0 I$(IN$,1):I$"B"I$"^B"ĺD$"RUN CHARGE2"I ,CL$"":3:BO$"ELECTRON CHARGE"NO$" IS A SIMULATION OF AN EXPERIMENT WHIC,96J:M 251,1:9:17)"ELECTRON "18)"CHARGE "16)"EXPERIMENT ":251,0 16368,0:I1300:II300((16384)127):I:16368,0 CL$:6:"0^WOULD YOU LIKE: ":5)"^A) ^AN EXPLANATION OF THE "5)"EXPERIMENT WHICH DETERMINES THE "5)"CHARGE ONO1 pP(I)(I)(I1)256l sD$"NOMONCIO":Z2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS" tI140:E$E$CT$::I06:J:768I,J:: 149,191,0,0,23,1,0 vZ01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140ItdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: ELCTRON CHARGE - 1 LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC g18135:16384:D$(4):CT$(20)" ":IN$"":FI$"15 $$4AB1":CL$(12):3:C(25):BO$"2":NO$"1" jI15:Z(I)::8,21,65,83,88:S        /21:7:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE."HAA,0:AD,128:AA,0l21:1:I136:" ";::"0":(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"ST2:80,2580,150190,150190,25:78,2578,151192,151192,253:82,OT126,OT:144,OT188,NT TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"585:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:590tS(A$,1,1)"N"590XHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"Į:300]A$"N"ĺD$"RUN HELLO"b600FECT OF "TM$" ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS.":715::700:HO$?5:"^A GRAPH IS ONE WAY TO RECORD THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ^YOU WILL NOW SEE A GRAPH OF THE DATA SHOWING VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF "TM$".":715D700IHO$:860\N" ^DO YOU WA62,E4E262,E4E262,E3E162,E3P!E1E1.375:E2E2.375:E3E3.375:E4E4.375&730:5:165,50165,110::C2B:815:T9TC:FL1:805+FL1:805:ZIP2:M$"DECREASE":835:7150700:815:840:HO$,55:"^THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO RECORD THE EFE.":700&E(((THTTC)109)80)QE1104E:E2104E:E3OTE:E4OTE:UP13:IE3E4:E1,IE2,I:E162,IE262,I:I E50:PTHT1TC2:E5E51:BB(P):775:805:820O(E5)5500:E1,E3E1,E4E2,E4E2,E3E1,E3 E162,E3E164:81,I192,I:J125::KI12200::C1B:815:700:2:40:"0"nZIP1:M$"INCREASE":835:715700:815:840:815E(DT)E(TC)TCTC1O(DT)O(TC)TCTC119:"^THE "TM$" OF THE WATER IS COOLED TO "TC"3O0^C USING IC82,165:90,165100,185:182,165172,185:100,190100,185172,185172,1905:P0:I1641521:PP1:93P,I179P,I:J125::20:18:"BURNER":2:40:"0":FL0PT1DT2:BB(P):805:775:820::T9DT:FL1:805:FL00:I1521FL1:740:805:700:815o19:"^WE WILL USE THESE INITIAL READINGS FOR A STANDARD OF COMPARISON.":700:815DTTHT:19:"^THE WATER "TM$" IS INCREASED 2TO "DT"1O2^C0"6:"^NOTE CHANGES IN THE GAS COLUMN LENGTH.":700:815H3:90,1651AT SEA LEVEL."715!7004HO$:800:785ST2:19:"^THE TUBE IS PLACED IN A BEAKER OF WATER.":700:725:I768774:J:I,J::815: 152,191,0,0,23,1,019:"^A "TM$" PROBE IS ADDED AND THE "TM$" IS MEASURED (IN ^CELSIUS)."PM273:800:19:"^DO YOU KNOW KNOW WHAT A ^TORR IS?";:251,1:] 251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"420HO$" ^A ^TORR IS A UNIT OF PRESSURE THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/7604TH0 OF AN ATMOSPHERE, OR THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A COLUMN OF MERCURY ONE MILLIMETER HIGH  ^TCR(4)1$ cF2R(2):F23755 hO(T)TT1I mE(TH)THTH1R r385c wE(T)TT1w |O(TH)THTH1 BAC:TRTRLN:MT273:CSTACM:T9T:785 6:"^MERCURY AND GAS COLUMN LENGTHS ARE MEASURED. ^GAS PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.": TUBING. ^THE SAMPLE WILL BE SUBJECTED TO" 6" TEMPERATURE CHANGES. ^WE WILL EXPLORE THE VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE." ;715 @700 EUP0:ST1:HO$:LNR(15)15 JACR(10)30 OTRR(30)730 TTR(7)18 YTHR(30)451,1:7:16:"CHEMISTRY "17)"GAS LAW "15)"EXPERIMENT: "15)"CHARLES' LAW" AA,0:I1300:II300((AD)127):I:AA,0 ,960:5:15:BO$"CHARLES' LAW"NO$* 1" ^IN CHARLES' LAW YOU WILL HAVE A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS MPERATURE":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":E(I)((I2)I2):O(I)((I2)I2):R(R)((1)R):B(I)(CST(I273)10)10 lHO$(12):BO$"2":NO$"1":HO$ Z01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:N 25ndSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: CHARLES' LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18150:16384:3:AD16384:AAAD16:D$"":P(Z)(Z)(Z1)256hZ2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS"x jTM$"TE           USING THE"DATA JUST COLLECTED. ^NOTICE THAT EACH TIME YOU MULTIPLY PRESSURE BY VOLUME, YOU GET APPROXIMATELY THE SAME RESULT.":845860HO$:5:14)BO$"^BOYLE'S LAW "6);BO$"P"NO$"RESSURE X "BO$"V"NO$"OLUME = "BO$"CONSTANT"NO$IAND THE":24)"VOLUME TO":24)"INCREASE.845:HO$:8:"^THE OBSERVED EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON VOLUME COULD BE RECORDED SEVERAL WAYS.":(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*3 845:HO$:7:"^ONE WAY TO RECORD THE DATA IS BY MAKING A DATA CHART. ^A CHART IS MADE"IN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF":"THE GAS COLUMN":"WHEN THE TUBE IS":"INVERTED.b845:8006:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"ATMOSPHERIC)24)"PRESSURE CAUSING":24)"GAS PRESSURE TO":24)"DECREASE ERTED TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MINUS THE PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845{6:24);GP(0)" "AM$:24)"-"GP(0)GP(2)" "AM$:24)"4-------1":24);GP(2)" "AM$:845:HO$:835:Z2:805T6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":g6:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"THE GAS COLUMN,":24)"THUS COMPACTINGl24)"ITS VOLUME AND":24)"INCREASING ITS":24)"PRESSURE.":845qHO$:835:Z2:805:(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*2 sv6:"^IN AN INVMN WHEN":"THE TUBE IS PLACED>N"IN A VERTICAL":"POSITION.S18:"^GAS PRESSURE: "GP(0)" ^TORR "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GP(1)" ^TORR."X"^GAS COLUMN: "GC(0)" MM "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GC(1)" MM."](1022)127Ģ21:39:"*1"b845:YT180:800tE PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845:H0$:825:Z1:805:7:25)GP(0)" "AM$:24)"+ "GP(1)GP(0)" "AM$D24)"4---------1":25)GP(1)" "AM$:845:HO$:825:Z1:805I6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":"IN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF THE":"GAS COLUTHESE INITIAL READINGS AS A STANDARD.":8455GP(1)GP(0)HG:GP(2)GP(0)HG:GC(1)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(1))10:GC(2)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(2))10:HO$:825:Z1:805p?6:"^IN A VERTICAL TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRES- SURE PLUS THRE INSIDE THE HORIZONTAL TUBE (GAS PRESSURE) IS THE SAME AS THE PRESSURE OUTSIDE IT (ATMOSPHERIC PRESS- URE). ";,0"^NOTICE THAT IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY HAS NO EFFECT ON THE PRESSURE OR VOLUME OF THE GAS. ^WE WILL USE URE IN ^TORRS?";:251,1::251,0A G(IN$):G0İ800:530q 800:GGP(0)Ģ18:"^THAT IS CORRECT.":550 !18:"^NO. ^THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS "GP(0)". &2:23:Z18:BS$;::AM$"^TORR":AMGP(0):AM;AM$:845w+HO$:3:" ^THE PRESSUG((1)10)15:GP(0)((1)21)730:AM(GP(0)7.6)100:GC(0)((1)12)30Z HO$:815 6:"^THE LENGTH OF THE MERCURY AND GAS":"COLUMNS ARE MEASURED.":13:"^ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.% Z0:805:18:"^WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESS^BOYLE'S GAS LAW USES A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS TUBING. ^DURING THE COM- "PUTER SIMULATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT, WE WILL EXPLORE HOW THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY WILL AFFECT THE VOLUME OF THE TRAPPED GAS.":845L H96B:140A,96B:140A,96B:} 251,1:7:17:"CHEMISTRY":9:18:"GAS LAW":11:16:"EXPERIMENT:":14:16:"BOYLE'S LAW" 16368,0:I1300:II300((16384)127):I:16368,0 960:3:15:BO$"BOYLE'S LAW"NO$f " ^AN EXPERIMENT EXAMINING 1ĺD$"BRUNMASTER"S }Z0:CL16368:KE16384:PR128:UC1:YT153:YB191:YL0:YR279 HO$(12):BS$(8):CU$(16)"4."(16)"1":BO$(16)"2"(23):NO$(16)"1"(26):AM$" ATM. ":GC(2),GP(2) Z01.57.03:A100(Z):B95(Z):140A,96B:140A,ndSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: BOYLE'S LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/19/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC s3:255:1:0:18175:16385:D$(13)(4):IN$"":FI$"13 &$4091":D$"NOMONCIO" x:16302,0:Z2966(54)(55)256:(Z)(Z1)2561821               HE SOLUTIONS COULD ACTUALLY BE MIXED.":535fY595:14:"^YOU SEE, OUR PREDICTION WAS CORRECT.":535 ^10:"^DO YOU WANT TO:"::"^A) ^PREDICT SOME PRECIPITATES?":"^B) ^GO OVER THE DEMONSTRATION AGAIN?":"^C) ^RETURN TO MENU?"::10:"^ENTER ^A,^B ORALUE, THEN PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR. ^IF THE ION PRODUCT IS LESS THAN THE ^KSP, THEN NO PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR.":525OCC(IP(C$(K,1))):Z$"":CC0Z$"NOT "+T580:12:"^IN THIS EXAMPLE, A PRECIPITATE SHOULD "Z$"FORM. ^TO TEST OUR PREDICTION, TPRODUCT = "Z$:530E1:E$;E$:2:" "C$(K,7):8:"ION PRODUCT = "C$(K,6)::"ION PRODUCT = "Z$:12:"^COMPARE THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF "C$(K,0)" WITH THE ION PRODUCT JUST OBTAINED.":768,93:530xJ12:"^IF THE ION PRODUCT IS GREATER THAN THE ^KSP V CONCENTRATIONS INTO THE ^KSP EXPRESSION.":525:769,172p6C(C$(K,3)):D(C$(K,5)):C1C(C0)1:D1D(D0)1;17:"ION PRODUCT = ["M3$"]"((D1)4)"0"C$(K,5)" X ["M4$"]";:C(C1)4:""C;C$(K,3)"0":525@19:IPM3D1M4C1:Z$(IP):585:"ION DO THE SAME FOR "C$(K,4)"."X"I(M2V2NV10(E21).5)(10(E21)):555:M4$Z$:M4I'15:"["C$(K,4)"] = "M2$"^M X 6";:V(36)1:V2"ML";:V:"03----15";:V:NV"ML0 ="M4$"^M":5308,7:"^THE ION PRODUCT IS CALCULATED BY SUBSTITUTING THESEOLUMEOF THE ION ("V1"ML) TO THE FINAL VOLUME K"OF THE ION ("NV"ML).0"I(M1V1NV10(E11).5)(10(E11)):555:M3$Z$:M3I12:"["C$(K,2)"] = "M1$"^M X 6";:V(36)1:V1"ML";:V:"03----15";:V:NV"ML0 = "M3$"^M":5307:"^NOW MUST CALCULATE THE ACTUAL ION CONCENTRATION IN THE MIXTURE.":5307:"^THE FIRST STEP IS TO FIND THE MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF "C$(K,2)".":12:"["C$(K,2)"] = ":530- 7:"5^TO DO THIS, MULTIPLY THE ION CONCENTRA- TION BY THE RATIO OF THE ORIGINAL V10:5:"^KSP = "C$(K,6):540:5804:14)"4^AT EQUILIBRIUM:":4)"0^KSP = "C$(K,6)" = ";:Z$C$(K,1):585:Z$:10,20270,20270,4510,4510,20:768,46:769,90:530B7:"^HOWEVER, OUR MIXTURE MAY NOT BE AT EQUILIBRIUM. ^TO FIND OUT IF IT IS, WE"ABOUT THE TWO INITIAL SOLUTIONS:":V7:I2:500:535:V1:I1:500:768,184:"^FIRST WRITE THE EQUATION FOR THE":"DISSOLVING OF "C$(K,0)".":5258:C$(K,7):5304:"^FROM THIS EQUATION WRITE THE ":"SOLUBILITY PRODUCT EXPRESSION.":525#FOR EXAMPLE, SUPPOSE THAT SOLUTIONS OF":C$(K,8)" AND "C$(K,9)" ARE MIXED." 525:7:"^THE MIXTURE CONTAINS BOTH OF THE":"FOLLOWING IONS: "C$(K,2)" AND "C$(K,4) "WHICH MAY FORM SOLID "C$(K,0)".":535J" ^CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION":MIXED, A PRECIPITATE MAY OR MAY NOT FORM, DEPENDING ON THE INITIAL MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF THE TWO SOLUTIONS. " "^THE CONCEPT OF SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS WILL ALLOW YOU TO PREDICT WITH CERTAINTY WHETHER OR NOT A PRECIPITATE WILL FORM.":535:515K 3:"^L","1.7E-10","^AG2+0","","^CL2-0","","[^AG2+0] X [^CL2-0]","^AG^CL(S) 2<-->1 ^AG2+0(AQ) + ^CL2-0(AQ)","^AG^N^O230","^NA^CL" r"0":IN$"":FI$"15 $$4AC1":768,16:769,60:770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1o 5:"^WHEN TWO SOLUTIONS ARE )220(S) 2<-->1 ^MG2++0(AQ) + 2^O^H2-0(AQ)","^MG(^N^O230)220","^NA^O^H" n"^NI^S","3.0E-21","^NI2++0","","^S2--0","","[^NI2++0] X [^S2--0]","^NI^S(S) 2<-->1 ^NI2++0(AQ) + ^S2--0(AQ)","^NI^S^O240","^NA220^S" p"^AG^CR(I)((1)I):IR((79)):Z(54)(55)2562966:(Z)(Z1)25618211ĺ:D$"BRUN MASTER":D$"BLOAD BSUBS" jI02:J09:C$(I,J):J,I:960T l "^MG(^O^H)220","8.9E-12","^MG2++0","2","^O^H2-0","","[^MG2++0] X [^O^H2-0]220","^MG(^O^HJpdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: PRECIPITATES (SOL3)LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18175:16384:C$(2,9):CL$(12):I112:J:: 105,117,70,100,114,70,101,117,57,92,125,49p hCT$(20)" ":D$(4):I140:E$E$CT$::          ^M"CA$"0"q13:"^THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (^KSP) CAN BE":"CALCULATED FROM THE IONIZATION EQUATION":"OF "DE$"."410:5:DE$" <"CP$"8--- "CP$"1> "DB$" + "DG$;DF$:K20(DG$) 7500:12:12:"^KEQ= ["DB$"]["DF$"]"CQ$"4"DG$;CA$"0";:17:"48"(DP$,13 IS":"THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OF "DB$" IONS,":K$(1)Z$:K$(2)Z$+"THE CONCENTRATION WILL ALSO BE "Z$"^M":1:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(1)"^M"CA$"0" .CA$"0":500:CL$:1:" "CA$"4["DA$;CA$"4] = "K$(2)"^M"CA$"0";:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(C2)"" IONS IS TWICE":"THE NUMBER OF "DB$" IONS, SO THE "DF$:I2(Z$):K$(2)Z$:504:K$(1)Z$%"ION CONCENTRATION WILL BE:":18:10:"2 X "K$(2)" = "K$(1)" ["DF$"]":1:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(1)"^M"CA$"0":302?(14:"^SINCE THE NUMBER OF "DF$" IONS" WILL BE FOUND IN SOLUTION. ""^SINCE "Z$" MOLES OF "DE$" WILL DISSOLVE PER LITER OF SOLUTION, THE CONCENTRATION OF THE IONS OF "DB$" WILL BE "Z$"^M ALSO."1:" "CA$"4["DA$;CA$"4] = "Z$"^M"CA$"0":500:C4296Y"14:"^BUT, THE NUMBER OF "DF$" ^M":3:21:CA$"2"DT$;DH$;Z$" ^M"CA$"0"Z18:34:CA$"3"Z$"^M"CA$"0":500:960:K1$Z$3:DE$;CA$"0 IS A STRONG ELECTROLYTE. ^AS":"SUCH IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE SOLUTE WILL""COMPLETELY IONIZE IN SOLUTION. ^IN OTHERWORDS, NO MOLECULES OF "DE$T IS THE MOLARITY?":516:3:5:Z$" MOLES";:4:CA$"2"CP$"8.............."CP$"1" 4:5:".0403 LITERS":3:18:CA$"2 ="9)"^M "C$;:20 :CA$"0":I(((Z$).0403)10000)10000:504:(IN$)(Z$)V10:514:275)6:"^INCORRECT, THE ANSWER IS "Z$TION DID":"WE HAVE?"8)"L";:9::I(IN$):I.0403V10:514:263I40.3Ģ5:"^NO, WE WANT LITERS. ^SO":CA$"4 40.3ML X 1L/1000ML =.0403 L"CA$"0":2635:"^WRONG, THERE WERE .0403 L OF SOLUTION."P3:10:DT$;DH$".0403 L":500:512:1:"^WHA":504:JR((IN$)):JIV10:514:V3:2547:"^NO, IF WE CONVERT TO MOLES THE ANSWER":"SHOULD BE ";:504:Z$" MOLES.":4:23:CA$"5"(DT$,16);(DH$,8);Z$;CA$"0"B500:512:1:1:"^MOLARITY IS MOLES/LITER OF SOLUTION.":"^HOW MANY LITERS OF SOLU1:"^MULTIPLY THE GRAMS OF SOLUTE BY":"1 MOLE/"MO" GRAMS TO FIND THE NUMBER":"OF MOLES OF SAMPLE WE HAVE COLLECTED."4:3:CA$"7"W"G X "CA$"3 1 MOLE";:12:CA$"7"CP$"8......."CP$"1"+5:14:MO"G";:4:21:"="9)"MOLES";:22::IR(WMO):CA$"0C4239 11:"^BA"5)"= 137G":11:"2 X ^I = 254G":11:"6 X ^O = 96G ^TOTAL = 487G":4:L21:CA$"0"DT$;DH$"487G":242 11:"^CA"5)"= 40G":11:"^S"6)"= 32G":11:"4 X ^O = 64G ^TOTAL = 136G":4:L21:CA$"0"DT$;DH$"136G"w500:512:j "MASS OF THE "CW$"BEAKER + SOLUTE"CZ$;CA$"4":8:L"G - 88.542G = "W"G"CA$"0":2:9:DT$;DH$;W"G":500 17:36:W"G":512 3:CA$"0^WHAT IS THE MASS OF ONE MOLE":"OF "DE$"?";:L2(36)1:8)"G";:L2::(IN$)MOV3:514:242 CA$"4^NO,";:":DG$"":DC$"^S^O"CA$"84"CA$"0-" L(1000(88.542W).5)1000:1:"^WHAT WOULD BE THE MASS OF THE":516:2:"SOLUTE?"8)"G";:8::(IN$)Wİ514:227 4:"^TO FIND THE MASS OF THE SOLUTE JUST":"SUBTRACT THE MASS OF "CW$"BEAKER"CZ$" FROM THE" C(944):C2DA$"^BA0++":DB$"^BA2++0":DE$"^BA(^I^O330)320":W.014:MO487:DF$"^I^O332-0":DG$"2":DC$"^I^O730-":218% DA$"^CA0++":DB$"^CA2++0":DE$"^CA^S^O"CA$"34"CA$"0":W.027:MO136:C4:DF$"^S^O"CA$"24"CQ$"2--"CA$"0):ST11:V3r CP$(16):CW$(23):CZ$(26):I110:DT$DT$CT$:DH$DH$CH$::DD$"--------":DP$"............." 770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1:768,0:769,70:774,0 CA$"0":V3:R$(0),R$(1),R$(2):IN$"":FI$"13 *$3091":512: RIGHT!,GREAT!,GOOD!dSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS-PART 2 (SOL2P2) LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC 18175:16385:R(A)(A1000000.5)1000000:CA$(1):CD$(4):CH$(8):CL$(12):CQ$(17):CT$(20)" ":CS$(19               2:30,L47,L:LL1::B 14:34:CA$"340.3ML"CA$"0":5005:5020 3:"^TRANSFER THE CONTENTS OF THE GRADUATED":"CYLINDER TO THE PREVIOUSLY WEIGHED":"BEAKER.":5025:5005+$ 0:I175601:14,I90,I::3:30,11333,11333,16075,16075,11378,113":"ABOUT 40 ML OF THE FILTRATE AND RECORD":"THE EXACT VOLUME ON YOUR DATA TABLE.":5025:5005I1250::J1:I82691:39J,I39J,I:JJ1::L174:M69:JJ1 I012:0:39J,M39J,M:3:MM1:JJ1:K82L62:139,K:N15::139,K::O0.":5025:5005:502028,7628,17422,17455,17449,17449,76:10:I1011:5:CP$"3----"CP$"1 "I10::14,6034,8034,10043,9643,8063,6014,60:34,8038,8243,80_1:"^GRADUALLY POUR SOME OF THE SATURATED":"SOLUTION INTO THE FUNNEL. ^COLLECTMEASURED AND":"RECORDED. ^THE TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE""CLOSE TO ROOM TEMPERATURE (20"F1$"^C-30"F1$"^C).":13:34:"24.3"F1$"^C":5025:5005:50200:I113160:30,I80,I:I:33:"^SET UP A FUNNEL AND FILTER PAPER":"ON A GRADUATED CYLINDERSTIRRING UNTIL SOME OF THE SOLID":C$" REMAINS VISIBLE IN THE BEAKER,""THUS INDICATING A SATURATED SOLUTION.":M157:5010:5025K120:L((1)(28J2))40:L,I::5005:502062:"^AT THIS POINT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE":"SOLUTION SHOULD BE "^ADD A SMALL AMOUNT OF THE SOLUTE,":C$" IN THIS EXAMPLE, TO THE BEAKER":"AND WATER. ^USE A STIRRING ROD TO""AGITATE THE WATER.":M159:5010:5025:5005F5020:2:"^IF ALL OF THE SOLID DISSOLVES, ADD":"MORE AND STIR. ^CONTINUE ADDING AND":"15:"MOLARITY"CZ$:18306,9:5005:5020p3:"^NEXT, PLACE ABOUT 80 ML OF "CW$"DISTILLED"CZ$:"WATER INTO ANOTHER ^C^L^E^A^N BEAKER."z5025:5005:30,11333,11333,16075,16075,11378,113I1591391:J120::35,I73,I::5005:5020o3:ST DETERMINE THE MASS OF A ^C^L^E^A^N":"BEAKER. ^ITS MASS MIGHT BE 88.542 GRAMS."\5025:5005:8:18:18306,12:CW$"DATA TABLE":15:"BEAKER"13)"88.542"CZ$"G"CW$;:15:"TEMPERATURE":15:"VOLUME OF SOLUTION"&f15:"BEAKER + SOLUTE":15:"SOLUTE":12:5:"^ENTER ^A OR ^B: ";:251,1::251,0:IN$"A"C$"^CA^S^O340":C4:W.027:2120>C$"^BA(^I^O330)320":C2:W.014HCL$:3:"^THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF "C$" WILL":"BE DETERMINED BY THE METHOD JUST":"DESCRIBED.":5005:CL$RR3:"^FIRBILITY":"PRODUCT CAN BE CALCULATED.":5025:5005:CL$ 3:"^DO YOU WANT TO DETERMINE THE SOLUBILITY":"PRODUCT OF A COMPOUND WITH:":6:5:"^A) 1:1 ION RATIO (^CA^S^O"CA$"34"CA$"0)" *9:5:"^B) 1:2 ION RATIO (^BA(^I^O"CA$"33"CA$0")"CA$"32"CA$0Y4ATED SOLUTION RESULTS. ^A KNOWN":"VOLUME OF CLEAR SOLUTION IS TRANSFERRED":"TO A CLEAN WEIGHED BEAKER AND THE WATER" "IS EVAPORATED."::"^THE MASS OF SOLUTE PER VOLUME OF":"SOLUTION CAN READILY BE DETERMINED."6 "^FROM THIS INFORMATION THE SOLU3:"^THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR ":"DETERMINING SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS BY A":"SOLUBILITY TEST IS REALLY QUITE SIMPLE.": "^A SAMPLE OF THE SOLUTE IS PLACED IN":"A BEAKER OF WATER AND DISSOLVED. ":"^ADDITIONAL SOLUTE IS ADDED UNTIL A"v "SATURTHE ":"EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS USUALLY FOLLOWS":"ONE OF TWO PROCEDURES:":::" 1. ^A SOLUBILITY TEST PROCEDURE.": " 2. ^A CHEMICAL REACTION."::"^THE SOLUBILITY TEST PROCEDURE WILL BE" "THE METHOD DESCRIBED IN THIS PROGRAM."::5005:CL${ FI$"15 $$4AB1":CW$(23):CZ$(26):F1$CQ$"3O"CA$"0"::CD$"BRUNMASTER":CD$"BLOADBSUBS" 770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1:768,0:769,60:774,0:232,46:233,3:1:0:3:IN$""s 3:1:"^SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS ARE ALWAYS":"DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY. ^dSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS-PART 1 (SOL2P1) LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC 18175:16385CA$(1):CC$(3):CD$(4):CL$(12):CP$(16):CQ$(17):CR$(18):CS$(19):CT$(20)" "^          LL BE THE MORE SOLUBLE. ^THE":"ONE WITH THE LOWER VALUE OF ^KSP WILL":"BE LESS SOLUBLE."m22020:(12)1:5:"COMPOUND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT":28,1084,10:110,10231,1018306,12:3:I09:A$,C$,D$:7:A$"0";:20:C$" X 103"D$"0" HOW":"SOLUBLE A PARTICULAR COMPOUND IS IN""WATER."::"^IN COMPARING TWO COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE":"THE SAME NUMBER OF IONS PER MOLECULE"["(SUCH AS ^NA320^S^O340 AND ^BA^CL320 WITH 3 IONS":"EACH), THE ONE WITH THE HIGHER VALUE":"OF ^KSP WI29:"":22020:22090923:40:""3:"^THIS IS WHAT SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS ARE:":"SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM":"EXPRESSIONS.":22020:(12),3:"^THE VALUE OF THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT":"(^KSP) IS A DIRECT INDICATOR OFANT, WHICH IS"f"CALLED THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (^KSP).":17:12:CO$" X ^KEQ = ^KSP":22020:220903:"^KSP CAN REPLACE ITS EQUIVALENT IN THE":"EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION, RESULTING IN:"24000&22020:15:15:"4 ^KSP0":17:18:"[^NA2+0] X [^CL2-0]":15:22:"2"CO$"0":15:40:"43"xw15:18:"4[^NA6+4] X [^CL6-4]0"z22020:220903:"^KEQ IS A CONSTANT. ^WHEN A CONSTANT IS":"MULTIPLIED BY A CONSTANT ("CO$" X ^KEQ)":"THE RESULT IS A CONST:33:"X "CO$"0":22020:22090f3:"^THE EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION CAN BE":"SIMPLIFIED BY DELETING "CO$" IN BOTH":"THE NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR ON THE"u"RIGHT SIDE OF THE EQUATION, RESULTING":"IN:":22020Mv15:18:"078............10":14:24000:H22020:15:28:"2"CO$"0":22020:22090R3:"^THE EQUATION CAN BE TRANSPOSED TO MOVE":"THE VALUE OF "CO$" TO THE LEFT SIDE":"OF THE EXPRESSION BY MULTIPLYING EACH"\"SIDE OF THE EXPRESSION BY "CO$".":22020:15:"4 "CO$" X";ITS VOLUME WILL CHANGE":"PROPORTIONATELY. ^THUS ITS CONCENTRATION IS CONSTANT.":22020:22090>3:"^SINCE THE CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM ":"CHLORIDE IS CONSTANT, WE CAN REPLACE":"ITS VALUE IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION"C"WITH THE CONSTANT "CO$".":12:"4^KEQ = 78............10":14:18:"[^NA2+0] X [^CL2-0]":15:22:"2[^NA^CL]0":22020:22090*3:"^SODIUM CHLORIDE IS A SOLID. ^THE":"CONCENTRATION OF A SOLID IS CONSTANT.":"^THE MASS OF A SOLID CAN CHANGE, BUT AS"^4"IT DOES SO, ON IS IN AQUEOUS (WATER) SOLUTION.":22020:22090 3:"^THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION (EQUATION)":"FOR THE DISSOLVING OF SODIUM CHLORIDE":"CAN BE WRITTEN AS SHOWN BELOW.":"^KEQ REPRESENTS THE EQUILIBRIUM"m "CONSTANT FOR THE CHEMICAL REACTION.":15: ^NA^CL(S) <3---1> ^NA2+0(AQ) + ^CL2-0(AQ)":22020 V3:N8:22090:3:"^THE SOLUTE SODIUM CHLORIDE (^NA^CL)":"IS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH ITS IONS,":"^NA2+0 (A CATION OR POSITIVE ION) AND"1 "^CL2-0 (AN ANION OR NEGATIVE ION).":"^EACH I 22020:(12):3:"^SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS ARE SPECIAL":"APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS,":"BECAUSE THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO SOLUTES" "IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH THEIR IONS IN A":"WATER SOLUTION.":" ^CONSIDER THE CHEMICAL REACTION BELOW:"= 11:" 20^S,5.5,-51a 3:"SOLUBILITY PRODUCT - ^THE TYPE OF":"EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT APPLICABLE TO" "THE SOLUBILITY OF ELECTROLYTES. ^IT":"CONSISTS OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE":"CONCENTRATIONS OF ALL IONS FORMED,":"EACH RAISED TO THE APPROPRIATE POWER.",0:771,0:772,23:773,1:774,0:IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1"  ^AG320^CR^O34,1.1,-2,^BA(^O^H)32,5.0,-3,^PB^CL32,1.6,-5,^CA(^O^H)32,1.3,-6,^BA(^I^O330)32,1.57,-9,^MG(^O^H)32,8.9,-12,^NA(^O^H)32,2.0,-14,^PB(^O^H)32,2.5,-16,^TL320^S,1.0,-22,^AG3tdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: DEFINITION (SOL1) LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC xDO$(4):CO$"[^C^O^N]":Z(54)(55)2562966:(Z)(Z1)25618211ĺDO$"BRUN MASTER":DO$"BLOAD BSUBS"7 960:768,0:769,80:770        yxA?ooo}={{^o^k|sg~np{p{~`{{aqswxO8oJV[_{]n]vox?>pp}xOw_ow{O7_}?X_{{@ww~_>?wvyx?o`}?__`_@_~{~?p_0G~~?]{o}_ow[g_?^wgog?wox?o@?~?x>{m?_9v^}xA?ooo}];?oogy{s~nnun{~n{{nnow?~oxp67\_{]qcfoxG?G|}xw[ow{o7_}?X_s;ww|_>?gv|_x?o~?~}?__y_@_8{~??~wp`}x_xs~xXc{o~_ow[k_?]wwoO?w{nsox|?xO>n?_}x^|xA?ooo}@?Wt?~Ox?x|}x`ow[m_?[wsownw_opq?xg~xA?oOoy]_{??oogO{}qqpnpqan`{qqqwqq`}Oox>?|}?~?xp~@|_>?7{ox?s}|qw[ow{o7_}?os W :`66.?%-??-,?%=766666>>''$$$$$<I666>$$? .%?66$666$,e$? u66$$66$, u -=?-?/ 666$$=/6ve $666 $66 $$& 6ve $66?---- 66ve $66?----- -566?'-$<'-6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$<6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666$466 $$666 4$$$vd 4v6&$ 4--.-=*-6n??$$*-566??L!$/--- u$66$>4666$ u6 -?6- I166&$ -6" ->?7--'du66& -6&$6M?666$ u6&6&I66?666$-  6666&$ & 6&66$, u6& -6? 66$?-- 666H)hɠFȄBLfMLMB<%=eB$$ " CBFFLfM=$<% " C0` UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU h%<$=ЅBPCPDPEPFȄB@ i؅Ni>CBCC` N OH)HJJh)JJLM)hLdND D0 ELdNLNdF?0hԢ O APPL;PDPEPDPȑ OH?@DE >LL nPL;Pi0 PL;P81Hȱ81Hȥ 8$Ʌ<ȥ 8$(=ȱ8"(>ȱ8#>L*L?ȱ81@ȱ Dȱ Eȱ81ׅh<&݅ۅ߅,`߅߅ LJ0`LKLK cKJFcK8ȹcKe8ИLTK`LaKø{{ttlnghab\\WWRRMNIIEEAA=>::673401..+,))&'$%"# !LٍK`Ԣ OȱLKPL;PAPF``GhhhhtGuGL2GPP 6JPPGGGGP `#! "`#6G7 X J~GGG  TWRPG|G}GuG``` I0I}G$% W ` I 0G` I 0J8G`` LK0`LJ IxG I I` LHޅhhLH$(`L X}GLJ+**++8 $%` $%%#"%L"$$!LVI` I0I~G`*U IGHGmGGhHGmGGhPP 6J` IG` I0 |G`uGGG80 tG`yGzGsGrGtG`6G tGtGɡ`hhL2Ghh7GIH8GJH HL2GtG !I8   ` e pGȱ e qGG{GvGwGxG pGqG|G {G wGxG`67 ( 6JTQLX HhhL2G G !IhhL/G}G GwG IxG IG I THvG IwGG G K G`LGLJLJLK AJ G H G NH iI H`HAJH)I&IIZIVIHIuIIIIJJJJJZRZ %vG GmvGvG$wGxGGmwGwGxGL"rGsG0 i tGyG~GzGG筁G`tGuGuG      z#     ŧӠנӧנűŲɠϠ!ŧנ "ϠҠӠ̱ ̲б ̲в ̳ox<@}~??|_Oox?g}xG[ow{o3_}?go?~o@|?p>{m?_}v_?ppx?X_~zoo>{k/?{~?~>{o7owoW?O~ox_8onV;W[]_]nw_ox?|g?~xc?oox p|ao?lxg}sO{_qq~{nqan{`xq`o88`}~?~~gox?O}x~[w{o5}?|p{{@|~?~~1wvwg?o@q?|C>{m?_}~?@~`?@_O~zog>{K/{~??~>{o7_ow[oO?_gxs_X_nfWO{]_>nwOo?~?o?x?ocO}{o_nn~{v{nn{{wn~O0?~}~?_qwlw`\o<~`ox?a@}xx\wo6A?8o{;?o{~_}~.wvsw?o@G?xx>{m?_mv^??`@?`@?W~v[k>w-w.{~?> x`\o_`wpg_X_nvW_{]_~nwoo|?o?x?o~_}?@{?|c@ooo}}`|a?l?~gO~n~{z{fn{{on}_ |~?_?|k{o;_ow[o_?>_ox? }xcw_w{/7}?X_{{?ww~_>wv{w?o@?x?~>{m?_Uv^G_@X~nx1{~?G wpO_X_lfW_{_>fwooq?o          ,21:7:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO GO ON."EAA,0:AD,128:AA,0i21:1:I136:" ";::"0":(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"ST2:80,2580,150190,150190,25:78,2578,151192,151192,253:82,OT126,OT:144,OT188,OT:NT TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"585:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:590tS(A$,1,1)"N"590XHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"Į:300]A$"N"ĺD$"RUN HELLO"b600FECT OF "TM$" ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS.":715::700:HO$?5:"^A GRAPH IS ONE WAY TO RECORD THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ^YOU WILL NOW SEE A GRAPH OF THE DATA SHOWING VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF "TM$".":715D700IHO$:860\N" ^DO YOU WA62,E4E262,E4E262,E3E162,E3P!E1E1.375:E2E2.375:E3E3.375:E4E4.375&730:5:165,50165,110::C2B:815:T9TC:FL1:805+FL1:805:ZIP2:M$"DECREASE":835:7150700:815:840:HO$,55:"^THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO RECORD THE EFE.":700&E(((THTTC)109)80)QE1104E:E2104E:E3OTE:E4OTE:UP13:IE3E4:E1,IE2,I:E162,IE262,I:I E50:PTHT1TC2:E5E51:BB(P):775:805:820O(E5)5500:E1,E3E1,E4E2,E4E2,E3E1,E3 E162,E3E164:81,I192,I:J125::KI12200::C1B:815:700:2:40:"0"nZIP1:M$"INCREASE":835:715700:815:840:815E(DT)E(TC)TCTC1O(DT)O(TC)TCTC119:"^THE "TM$" OF THE WATER IS COOLED TO "TC"3O0^C USING IC82,165:90,165100,185:182,165172,185:100,190100,185172,185172,1905:P0:I1641521:PP1:93P,I179P,I:J125::20:18:"BURNER":2:40:"0":FL0PT1DT2:BB(P):805:775:820::T9DT:FL1:805:FL00:I1521FL1:740:805:700:815o19:"^WE WILL USE THESE INITIAL READINGS FOR A STANDARD OF COMPARISON.":700:815DTTHT:19:"^THE WATER "TM$" IS INCREASED 2TO "DT"1O2^C0"6:"^NOTE CHANGES IN THE GAS COLUMN LENGTH.":700:815H3:90,1651AT SEA LEVEL."715!7004HO$:800:785ST2:19:"^THE TUBE IS PLACED IN A BEAKER OF WATER.":700:725:I768774:J:I,J::815: 152,191,0,0,23,1,019:"^A "TM$" PROBE IS ADDED AND THE "TM$" IS MEASURED (IN ^CELSIUS)."PM273:800:19:"^DO YOU KNOW KNOW WHAT A ^TORR IS?";:251,1:] 251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"420HO$" ^A ^TORR IS A UNIT OF PRESSURE THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/7604TH0 OF AN ATMOSPHERE, OR THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A COLUMN OF MERCURY ONE MILLIMETER HIGH  ^TCR(4)1$ cF2R(2):F23755 hO(T)TT1I mE(TH)THTH1R r385c wE(T)TT1w |O(TH)THTH1 BAC:TRTRLN:MT273:CSTACM:T9T:785 6:"^MERCURY AND GAS COLUMN LENGTHS ARE MEASURED. ^GAS PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.": TUBING. ^THE SAMPLE WILL BE SUBJECTED TO" 6" TEMPERATURE CHANGES. ^WE WILL EXPLORE THE VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE." ;715 @700 EUP0:ST1:HO$:LNR(15)15 JACR(10)30 OTRR(30)730 TTR(7)18 YTHR(30)451,1:7:16:"CHEMISTRY "17)"GAS LAW "15)"EXPERIMENT: "15)"CHARLES' LAW" AA,0:I1300:II300((AD)127):I:AA,0 ,960:5:15:BO$"CHARLES' LAW"NO$* 1" ^IN CHARLES' LAW YOU WILL HAVE A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS MPERATURE":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":E(I)((I2)I2):O(I)((I2)I2):R(R)((1)R):B(I)(CST(I273)10)10 lHO$(12):BO$"2":NO$"1":HO$ Z01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:N 25<000::/21:7:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE."HAA,0:AD,128:AA,0l21:1:I136:" ";::"0":(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"ST2:80,2580,150190,150190,25:78,2578,151192,151192,253:82,OT126,OT:144,OT188,NT TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"585:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:590tS(A$,1,1)"N"590XHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"Į:300]A$"N"ĺD$"RUN HELLO"b600FECT OF "TM$" ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS.":715::700:HO$?5:"^A GRAPH IS ONE WAY TO RECORD THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ^YOU WILL NOW SEE A GRAPH OF THE DATA SHOWING VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF "TM$".":715D700IHO$:860\N" ^DO YOU WA62,E4E262,E4E262,E3E162,E3P!E1E1.375:E2E2.375:E3E3.375:E4E4.375&730:5:165,50165,110::C2B:815:T9TC:FL1:805+FL1:805:ZIP2:M$"DECREASE":835:7150700:815:840:HO$,55:"^THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO RECORD THE EFE.":700&E(((THTTC)109)80)QE1104E:E2104E:E3OTE:E4OTE:UP13:IE3E4:E1,IE2,I:E162,IE262,I:I E50:PTHT1TC2:E5E51:BB(P):775:805:820O(E5)5500:E1,E3E1,E4E2,E4E2,E3E1,E3 E162,E3E164:81,I192,I:J125::KI12200::C1B:815:700:2:40:"0"nZIP1:M$"INCREASE":835:715700:815:840:815E(DT)E(TC)TCTC1O(DT)O(TC)TCTC119:"^THE "TM$" OF THE WATER IS COOLED TO "TC"3O0^C USING IC82,165:90,165100,185:182,165172,185:100,190100,185172,185172,1905:P0:I1641521:PP1:93P,I179P,I:J125::20:18:"BURNER":2:40:"0":FL0PT1DT2:BB(P):805:775:820::T9DT:FL1:805:FL00:I1521FL1:740:805:700:815o19:"^WE WILL USE THESE INITIAL READINGS FOR A STANDARD OF COMPARISON.":700:815DTTHT:19:"^THE WATER "TM$" IS INCREASED 2TO "DT"1O2^C0"6:"^NOTE CHANGES IN THE GAS COLUMN LENGTH.":700:815H3:90,1651AT SEA LEVEL."715!7004HO$:800:785ST2:19:"^THE TUBE IS PLACED IN A BEAKER OF WATER.":700:725:I768774:J:I,J::815: 152,191,0,0,23,1,019:"^A "TM$" PROBE IS ADDED AND THE "TM$" IS MEASURED (IN ^CELSIUS)."PM273:800:19:"^DO YOU KNOW KNOW WHAT A ^TORR IS?";:251,1:] 251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"420HO$" ^A ^TORR IS A UNIT OF PRESSURE THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/7604TH0 OF AN ATMOSPHERE, OR THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A COLUMN OF MERCURY ONE MILLIMETER HIGH  ^TCR(4)1$ cF2R(2):F23755 hO(T)TT1I mE(TH)THTH1R r385c wE(T)TT1w |O(TH)THTH1 BAC:TRTRLN:MT273:CSTACM:T9T:785 6:"^MERCURY AND GAS COLUMN LENGTHS ARE MEASURED. ^GAS PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.": TUBING. ^THE SAMPLE WILL BE SUBJECTED TO" 6" TEMPERATURE CHANGES. ^WE WILL EXPLORE THE VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE." ;715 @700 EUP0:ST1:HO$:LNR(15)15 JACR(10)30 OTRR(30)730 TTR(7)18 YTHR(30)451,1:7:16:"CHEMISTRY "17)"GAS LAW "15)"EXPERIMENT: "15)"CHARLES' LAW" AA,0:I1300:II300((AD)127):I:AA,0 ,960:5:15:BO$"CHARLES' LAW"NO$* 1" ^IN CHARLES' LAW YOU WILL HAVE A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS MPERATURE":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":E(I)((I2)I2):O(I)((I2)I2):R(R)((1)R):B(I)(CST(I273)10)10 lHO$(12):BO$"2":NO$"1":HO$ Z01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:N 25ndSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: CHARLES' LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18150:16384:3:AD16384:AAAD16:D$"":P(Z)(Z)(Z1)256hZ2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS"x jTM$"TE          $666$,e$? u66$$66$, u -=?-?/ 666$$=/6ve $666 $66 $$& 6ve $66?---- 66ve $66?----- -566?'-$<'-6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$<6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666%$$$,6666$466 $$666 4$$$vd 4v6&$ 4--.-=*-6n??$$*-566??L!$/--- u$66$>4666$ u6 -?6- I166&$ -6" ->?7--'du66& -6&$6M?666$ u6&6&I66?666$-  6666&$ & 6&66$, u6& -6? 66$?-- 6660:132,TP138,TP:3:TPTP1:BTBT1:132,BT138,BT:C18:"^NOTE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE "M$" IN THE "TM$" AND THE VOLUME OF THE GAS.":H19:"^GAS "TM$": "T"3O0^C 3---->1 "T9"3O0^C ^GAS COLUMN: "AC" MM 3---->1 "B" MM":7TP1:132,I138,I:I:R 1:"^MERCURY COLUMN= "LN"MM ^GAS PRESSURE= "TR"^TORR"%1:23:"^GAS COLUMN=       "B"MM":FLĢ2:23:"^"TM$"= "T9"3O0^C"*/0:775:3:4UP83090:132,BT138,BT:3:132,TP1138,TP1:TPTP1:BJ110::3IL1L14:161,I169,I:J125::9:34:"5T 4E 3M 2P0":14:32:"3    ";:32:P"6O3^C0": 2:130,25130,140140,140140,25:128,25128,141142,141142,25BT(138B):TP(BTLN1):3:OTTPIBTOT:/2:X,Y4X5,Y4:X,Y2X5,Y2:XX8m1:211,75211,125251,125251,75211,75:211,110251,1105:I74691:227,I235,I:J110::I68241:231,I:J110::I2311641:I,24:J110::L1109 I24L1:165,I:3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.":AA,0:AD,128:AA,0^21:1:I136:" ";::"0":(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"ST2:80,2580,150190,150190,25:78,2578,151192,151192,253:82,OT126,OT:144,OT188,OT:!2:XCHART AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"585:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:590fS(A$,1,1)"N"590XHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"Į:300]A$"N"ĺD$"RUN HELLO"b600!21:7:"ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS.":715,:700:HO$?5:"^A GRAPH IS ONE WAY TO RECORD THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ^YOU WILL NOW SEE A GRAPH OF THE DATA SHOWING VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF "TM$".":715D700IHO$:860NN" ^DO YOU WANT TO SEE THE E262,E3E162,E3B!E1E1.375:E2E2.375:E3E3.375:E4E4.375z&730:5:165,50165,110::C2B:815:T9TC:FL1:805+FL1:805:ZIP2:M$"DECREASE":835:7150700:815:840:HO$55:"^THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO RECORD THE EFFECT OF "TM$" (((THTTC)109)80)CE1104E:E2104E:E3OTE:E4OTE:UP1r3:IE3E4:E1,IE2,I:E162,IE262,I:I E50:PTHT1TC2:E5E51:BB(P):775:805:820O(E5)5500:E1,E3E1,E4E2,E4E2,E3E1,E3E162,E3E162,E4E262,E4:J125::=I12200::C1B:815:700:2:40:"0"`ZIP1:M$"INCREASE":835:715x700:815:840:815E(DT)E(TC)TCTC1O(DT)O(TC)TCTC119:"^THE "TM$" OF THE WATER IS COOLED TO "TC"3O0^C USING ICE.":700E100,185:182,165172,185:100,190100,185172,185172,190u5:P0:I1641521:PP1:93P,I179P,I:J125::20:18:"BURNER":2:40:"0":FL0PT1DT2:BB(P):805:775:820::T9DT:FL1:805:FL0 0:I152164:81,I192,I:700:815a19:"^WE WILL USE THESE INITIAL READINGS FOR A STANDARD OF COMPARISON.":700:815DTTHT:19:"^THE WATER "TM$" IS INCREASED 2TO "DT"1O2^C0"6:"^NOTE CHANGES IN THE GAS COLUMN LENGTH.":700:815:3:90,165182,165:90,165" 715700&HO$:800:785ST2:19:"^THE TUBE IS PLACED IN A BEAKER OF WATER.":700:725:I768774:J:I,J::815: 152,191,0,0,23,1,019:"^A "TM$" PROBE IS ADDED AND THE "TM$" IS MEASURED (IN ^CELSIUS)." PM273:FL1:740:805DO YOU KNOW KNOW WHAT A ^TORR IS?";:251,1:O 251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"420HO$" ^A ^TORR IS A UNIT OF PRESSURE THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/7604TH0 OF AN ATMOSPHERE, OR THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A COLUMN OF MERCURY ONE MILLIMETER HIGH AT SEA LEVEL.0 cF2R(2):F2375' hO(T)TT1; mE(TH)THTH1D r385U wE(T)TT1i |O(TH)THTH1 BAC:TRTRLN:MT273:CSTACM:T9T:785 6:"^MERCURY AND GAS COLUMN LENGTHS ARE MEASURED. ^GAS PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.", 800:19:"^S TUBING. ^THE SAMPLE WILL BE SUBJECTED TO" 6" TEMPERATURE CHANGES. ^WE WILL EXPLORE THE VOLUME OF THE GAS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE." ;715 @700 EUP0:ST1:HO$:LNR(15)15:ACR(10)30:TCR(4)1:THR(30)45:TR(7)18:TRR(30)73251,1:7:16:"CHEMISTRY "17)"GAS LAW "15)"EXPERIMENT: "15)"CHARLES' LAW" AA,0:I1300:II300((AD)127):I:AA,0 ,960:5:15:BO$"CHARLES' LAW"NO$, 1" ^IN CHARLES' LAW YOU WILL HAVE A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASTEMPERATURE":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":E(I)((I2)I2):O(I)((I2)I2):R(R)((1)R):B(I)(CST(I273)10)10 lHO$(12):BO$"2":NO$"1":HO$ Z01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:P pd SCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: CHARLES' LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18150:16384:3:AD16384:AAAD16:D$"":P(Z)(Z)(Z1)256hZ2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS"z jTM$"          LUBLE. ^THE":"ONE WITH THE LOWER VALUE OF ^KSP WILL":"BE LESS SOLUBLE."\22020:(12)1:5:"COMPOUND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT":28,1084,10:110,10231,1018306,12:3:I09:A$,C$,D$:7:A$"0";:20:C$" X 103"D$"0":18306,9:2400 PARTICULAR COMPOUND IS IN"|"WATER."::"^IN COMPARING TWO COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE":"THE SAME NUMBER OF IONS PER MOLECULE"J"(SUCH AS ^NA320^S^O340 AND ^BA^CL320 WITH 3 IONS":"EACH), THE ONE WITH THE HIGHER VALUE":"OF ^KSP WILL BE THE MORE SO":22020:22090(23:40:""3:"^THIS IS WHAT SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS ARE,":"SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM":"EXPRESSIONS.":22020:(12)3:"^THE VALUE OF THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT":"(^KSP) IS A DIRECT INDICATOR OF HOW":"SOLUBLE AV"CALLED THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (^KSP)":17:12:CO$" X ^KEQ = ^KSP":22020:220903:"^KSP CAN REPLACE ITS EQUIVALENT IN THE":"EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION RESULTING IN:"2400022020:15:15:"4 ^KSP0":17:29:"0] X [^CL2-0]":15:22:"2"CO$"0":15:40:"43"kw15:18:"4[^NA6+4] X [^CL6-4]0"}z22020:220903:"^KEQ IS A CONSTANT, WHEN A CONSTANT IS":"MULTIPLIED BY A CONSTANT ("CO$" X ^KEQ)":"THE RESULT IS A CONSTANT, WHICH IS"$"0":22020:22090f3:"^THE EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION CAN BE":"SIMPLIFIED BY DELETING "CO$" IN BOTH":"THE NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR ON THE"u"RIGHT SIDE OF THE EQUATION":"RESULTING IN:":22020@v15:18:"078............10":14:18:"[^NA2+22020:15:28:"2"CO$"0":22020:22090R3:"^THE EQUATION CAN BE TRANSPOSED TO MOVE":"THE VALUE OF "CO$" TO THE LEFT SIDE":"OF THE EXPRESSION BY MULTIPLYING EACH"\"SIDE OF THE EXPRESSION BY "CO$".":22020:15:"4 "CO$" X";:33:"X "COAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND "TM$", OR IN OTHER WORDS, ";(34)"THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS TEMPERATURE.";(34):700:HO$:TE100TE:I22:277TE.6,(150V2.72)I280TE.6,(150V2.72)I::J11000::HERE IS NO MOTION OF THE MOLECULES OF GAS."i700:HO$:2:14);BO$"CHARLES' LAW":15)"CONCLUSION"NO$@" ^WHEN THE DATA WAS PLOTTED ON THE GRAPH, AND THEN EXTRAPOLATED TO ABSOLUTE ZERO, YOU NOTICED A STRAIGHT LINE. ^THIS LINE REPRESENTS A LINETO ZERO.":2bITC2731:VCST(I273):279(100I).6,150V2.72:J110:::815:845:700+HO$:6:"^WE EXRAPOLATE TO ZERO VOLUME TO NOTE THE "TM$" WHICH WE WILL LABEL "BO$"ABSOLUTE ZERO"NO$", (THE COLDEST POSSIBLE "TM$"). ^AT THIS "TM$" T2kA$"VOLUME":BO$:I18:6I:(A$,I,1)::NO$epTETC:VC2:925:TET:VAC:925:TEDT:VC1:925uITCDT:VCST(I273):279(100I).6,150V2.72:J110::z700:815 19:"^BASED ON THE DATA WE COLLECTED, THE GAS VOLUME IS EXTRAPOLATED ":V18:H5:I30010050:V:H:A$((I)):L(A$):J1L:(A$,J,1);B$;::HH4:wR19:H4:I05:H:"-";:HH4:W16:20:BO$;TM$;NO$:\I1501527:35,I278,I:aI3527827:I,15I,150::845fV2:I50010:V:" "(I):VV3:0:132,TP138,TP:3:TPTP1:BTBT1:132,BT138,BT:C18:"^NOTE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE "M$" IN THE "TM$" AND THE VOLUME OF THE GAS.":H19:"^GAS "TM$": "T"3O0^C 3---->1 "T9"3O0^C ^GAS COLUMN: "AC" MM 3---->1 "B" MM":700:SMB$" 38,I:I:D 1:"^MERCURY COLUMN= "LN"MM ^GAS PRESSURE= "TR"^TORR"%1:23:"^GAS COLUMN=       "B"MM":FLĢ2:23:"^"TM$"= "T9"3O0^C"*/0:775:3:4UP83090:132,BT138,BT:3:132,TP1138,TP1:TPTP1:BTBT1:4>IL1L14:161,I169,I:J125::u9:34:"5T 4E 3M 2P0":14:32:"3    ";:32:P"6O3^C0":{ 2:130,25130,140140,140140,25:128,25128,141142,141142,25BT(138B):TP(BTLN1):3:OTTP IBTTP1:132,I1,Y4X5,Y4:X,Y2X5,Y2:XX8_1:211,75211,125251,125251,75211,75:211,110251,1105:I74691:227,I235,I:J110::I68241:231,I:J110::I2311641:I,24:J110::L1109I24L1:165,I:J110::%4:CA$"340.3ML"CA$"0":5005:5020 3:"^TRANSFER THE CONTENTS OF THE GRADUATED":"CYLINDER TO THE PREVIOUSLY WEIGHED":"BEAKER.":5025:5005 $ 0:I175601:14,I90,I::3:30,11333,11333,16075,16075,11378,113:I1591401:35,I73,I:J120ND RECORD":"THE EXACT VOLUME ON YOUR DATA TABLE.":5025:5005I1250::J1:I82691:39J,I39J,I:JJ1::L174:M69:JJ1 I012:0:39J,M39J,M:3:MM1:JJ1:K82L62:139,K:N15::139,K::O02:30,L47,L:LL1::! 14:38,17422,17455,17449,17449,76:10:I1011:5:CP$"3----"CP$"1 "I10::14,6034,8034,10043,9643,8063,6014,60:34,8038,8243,80>1:"^GRADUALLY POUR SOME OF THE SATURATED":"SOLUTION INTO THE FUNNEL. ^COLLECT":"ABOUT 40 ML OF THE FILTRATE AEMPERATURE SHOULD BE"v"CLOSE TO ROOM TEMPERATURE (20"F1$"^C-30"F1$"^C).":13:34:"24.3"F1$"^C":5025:5005:50200:I113160:30,I80,I:I:33:"^SET UP A FUNNEL AND FILTER PAPER":"ON A GRADUATED CYLINDER.":5025:5005:502028,762C$" REMAINS VISIBLE IN THE"d"BEAKER THUS INDICATING A SATURATED":"SOLUTION.":M157:5010:5025K120:L((1)(28J2))40:L,I::5005:50202:"^AT THIS POINT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE":"SOLUTION SHOULD BE MEASURED AND":"RECORDED. ^THE TSMALL AMOUNT OF THE SOLUTE,":C$" IN THIS EXAMPLE, TO THE BEAKER":"AND WATER. ^USE A STIRRING ROD TO""AGITATE THE WATER.":M159:5010:5025:50055020:2:"^IF ALL OF THE SOLID DISSOLVES, ADD":"MORE WHILE STIRRING UNTIL SOME OF THE":"SOLID "ITY"CZ$:18306,9:5005:5020p3:"^NEXT, PLACE ABOUT 80 MLS. OF "CW$"DISTILLED"CZ$:"WATER INTO ANOTHER ^C^L^E^A^N BEAKER."z5025:5005:30,11333,11333,16075,16075,11378,113I1591391:J120::35,I73,I::5005:5020g3:"^ADD A NE THE MASS OF A ^C^L^E^A^N":"BEAKER. ^ITS MASS MIGHT BE 88.542 GRAMS."\5025:5005:8:18:18306,12:CW$"DATA TABLE":15:"BEAKER"13)"88.542"CZ$"G"CW$;:15:"TEMPERATURE":15:"VOLUME OF SOLUTION"f15:"BEAKER + SOLUTE":15:"SOLUTE":15:"MOLAR^ENTER ^A OR ^B: ";:251,1::251,0:IN$"A"C$"^CA^S^O340":C4:W.027:2120w>C$"^BA(^I^O330)320":C2:W.014HCL$:3:"^THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF "C$" WILL":"BE DETERMINED BY THE METHOD JUST":"DESCRIBED.":5005:CL$HR3:"^FIRST DETERMIPRODUCT CAN BE CALCULATED.":5025:5005:CL$ 3:"^DO YOU WANT TO DETERMINE THE SOLUBILITY":"PRODUCT OF A COMPOUND WITH:":6:5:"^A) 1:1 ION RATIO (^CA^S^O"CA$"34"CA$"0)" *9:5:"^B) 1:2 ION RATIO (^BA(^I^O"CA$"33"CA$0")"CA$"32"CA$0O412:5:"ION RESULTS. ^A KNOWN":"VOLUME OF CLEAR SOLUTION IS TRANSFERRED":"TO A CLEAN WEIGHED BEAKER AND THE WATER" "IS EVAPORATED."::"^THE MASS OF SOLUTE PER VOLUME OF":"SOLUTION CAN READILY BE DETERMINED.", "^FROM THIS INFORMATION THE SOLUBILITY":"EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR ":"DETERMINING SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS BY A":"SOLUBILITY TEST IS REALLY QUITE SIMPLE.": "^A SAMPLE OF THE SOLUTE IS PLACED IN":"A BEAKER OF WATER AND DISSOLVED. ":"^ADDITIONAL SOLUTE IS ADDED UNTIL A"l "SATURATED SOLUTPERIMENTAL PROCESS USUALLY FOLLOWS":"ONE OF TWO PROCEDURES:":::" 1. ^A SOLUBILITY TEST PROCEDURE.": " 2. ^A CHEMICAL REACTION."::"^THE SOLUBILITY TEST PROCEDURE WILL BE" "THE METHOD DESCRIBED IN THIS PROGRAM."::5005:CL$q 3:"^THE $$4AB1":CW$(23):CZ$(26):F1$CQ$"3O"CA$"0"::CD$"BRUNMASTER":CD$"BLOADBSUBS" 770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1:768,0:769,60:774,0:232,46:233,3:1:0:3:IN$""i 3:1:"^SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS ARE ALWAYS":"DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY. ^THE ":"EXdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS-PART 1 LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC 18175:16385CA$(1):CC$(3):CD$(4):CL$(12):CP$(16):CQ$(17):CR$(18):CS$(19):CT$(20)" "T FI$"15      13:"^THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (^KSP) CAN BE":"CALCULATED FROM THE IONIZATION EQUATION":"OF "DE$"."410:5:DE$" <"CP$"8--- "CP$"1> "DB$" + "DG$;DF$:K20(DG$)7500:12:12:"^KEQ= ["DB$"]["DF$"]"CQ$"4"DG$;CA$"0";:17:"48"(DP$,13(DG$))"1SAME AS THE NUMBER OF "DB$" IONS,":K$(1)Z$:K$(2)Z$+"THE CONCENTRATION WILL ALSO BE "Z$"^M":1:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(1)"^M"CA$"0".CA$"0":500:CL$:1:" "CA$"4["DA$;CA$"4] = "K$(2)"^M"CA$"0";:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(C2)"^M"CA$"0"f":"THE NUMBER OF "DB$" IONS, SO THE "DF$:I2(Z$):K$(2)Z$:504:K$(1)Z$%"ION CONCENTRATION WILL BE:":17:10:"2 X "K$(2)" = "K$(1)" ["DF$"]":1:20:CA$"4["DC$;CA$"4] = "K$(1)"^M"CA$"0":3024(12:"^AND SINCE THE NUMBER OF "DF$" IONS IS":"THE "IN SOLUTION. ^SINCE "Z$" MOLES OF":DE$" WILL DISSOLVE PER LITER OF""SOLUTION THE CONCENTRATION OF THE IONS":"OF "DB$" WILL BE "Z$"^M ALSO.":1:" "CA$"4["DA$;CA$"4] = "Z$"^M"CA$"0":500:C4296J"12:"^BUT, THE NUMBER OF "DF$" IONS IS TWICECA$"2"DT$;DH$;Z$" ^M"CA$"0"L18:34:CA$"3"Z$"^M"CA$"0":500:960:K1$Z$3:DE$;CA$"0 IS A STRONG ELECTROLYTE, AS":"SUCH IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE SOLUTE WILL""COMPLETELY IONIZE IN SOLUTION, THAT IS":"NO MOLECULES OF "DE$;" WILL BE FOUND"GITY?":516:3:5:Z$" MOLES";:4:CA$"2"CP$"8.............."CP$"1"| 4:5:".0403 LITERS":3:18:CA$"2 ="9)"^M "C$;:20 :CA$"0":I(((Z$).0403)10000)10000:504:(IN$)(Z$)V10:514:2756:"^INCORRECT, THE ANSWER IS "Z$" ^M":3:21: HAVE?"8)"L";:9::I(IN$):I.0403V10:514:263I40.3Ģ5:"^NO, WE WANT LITERS. ^SO":CA$"4 40.3ML X 1L/1000ML =.0403 L"CA$"0":2635:"^WRONG, THERE WERE .0403 L OF SOLUTION."B3:10:DT$;DH$".0403 L":500:512:1:"^WHAT IS THE MOLARIN$)):JIV10:514:V3:2547:"^NO, IF WE CONVERT TO MOLES THE ANSWER":"SHOULD BE ";:504:Z$" MOLES.":4:23:CA$"5"(DT$,16);(DH$,8);Z$;CA$"0"4500:512:1:1:"^MOLARITY IS MOLES/LITER OF SOLUTION.":"^HOW MANY LITERS OF SOLUTION DID":"WE THE GRAMS OF SOLUTE BY":"1 MOLE/"MO" GRAMS TO FIND THE NUMBER":"OF MOLES OF SAMPLE WE HAVE COLLECTED."4:3:CA$"7"W"G X "CA$"3 1 MOLE";:12:CA$"7"CP$"8......."CP$"1"5:14:MO"G";:4:21:"="9)"MOLES";:22::IR(WMO):CA$"0":504:JR((11:"^BA"5)"= 137G":11:"2 X ^I = 254G":11:"6 X ^O = 96G ^TOTAL = 487G":4:L21:CA$"0"DT$;DH$"487G":242 11:"^CA"5)"= 40G":11:"^S"6)"= 32G":11:"4 X ^O = 64G ^TOTAL = 136G":4:L2:CA$"0"DT$;DH$"136G"i500:512:1:"^MULTIPLY OF THE "CW$"BEAKER + SOLUTE"CZ$;CA$"4":8:L"G - 88.542G = "W"G"CA$"0":2:9:DT$;DH$;W"G":500w 17:36:W"G":512 3:CA$"0^WHAT IS THE MASS OF ONE MOLE":"OF "DE$"?";:L2(36):8)"G";:L2::(IN$)MOV3:514:242 CA$"4^NO,";:C4239u C$"^S^O"CA$"84"CA$"0-" L(1000(88.542W).5)1000:1:"^WHAT WOULD BE THE MASS OF THE":516:2:"SOLUTE?"8)"G";:8::(IN$)Wİ514:227 4:"^TO FIND THE MASS OF THE SOLUTE JUST":"SUBTRACT THE MASS OF "CW$"BEAKER"CZ$" FROM THE"` "MASS4):C2DA$"^BA0++":DB$"^BA2++0":DE$"^BA(^I^O330)320":W.014:MO487:DF$"^I^O332-0":DG$"2":DC$"^I^O730-":218 DA$"^CA0++":DB$"^CA2++0":DE$"^CA^S^O"CA$"34"CA$"0":W.027:MO136:C4:DF$"^S^O"CA$"24"CQ$"2--"CA$"0":DG$"":D3h CP$(16):CW$(23):CZ$(26):I110:DT$DT$CT$:DH$DH$CH$::DD$"--------":DP$"............." 770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1:768,0:769,70:774,0 CA$"0":V3:R$(0),R$(1),R$(2):IN$"":FI$"13 *$3091":512: RIGHT!,GREAT!,GOOD!~ C(94dSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS-PART 2 LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC  18175:16385:R(A)(A1000000.5)1000000:CA$(1):CD$(4):CH$(8):CL$(12):CQ$(17):CT$(20)" ":CS$(19):ST11:V          HE SOLUTIONS COULD ACTUALLY BE MIXED.":535eY595:14:"^YOU SEE OUR PREDICTION WAS CORRECT.":535 ^10:"^DO YOU WANT TO:"::"^A) ^PREDICT SOME PRECIPITATES?":"^B) ^GO OVER THE DEMONSTRATION AGAIN?":"^C) ^RETURN TO MENU?"::10:"^ENTER ^A,^B OR KSP VALUE, THEN PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR. ^IF THE ION PRODUCT IS LESS THAN ^KSP, THEN NO PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR.":525OCC(IP(C$(K,1))):Z$"":CC0Z$"NOT "+T580:12:"^IN THIS EXAMPLE, A PRECIPITATE SHOULD "Z$"FORM. ^TO TEST OUR PREDICTION, T"ION PRODUCT = "Z$:530E1:E$;E$:2:" "C$(K,7):8:"ION PRODUCT = "C$(K,6)::"ION PRODUCT = "Z$:12:"^COMPARE THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF "C$(K,0)" WITH THE ION PRODUCT JUST OBTAINED.":768,93:530xJ12:"^IF THE ION PRODUCT IS GREATER THAN THE ^THESE CONCENTRATIONS INTO THE ^KSP EXPRESSION.":525:769,172u6C(C$(K,3)):D(C$(K,5)):C1C(C0)1:D1D(D0)1;17:"ION PRODUCT = ["M3$"]"((D1)4)"0"C$(K,5)" X ["M4$"]";:C(C1)4:""C;C$(K,3)"0":525@19:IPM3D1M4C1:Z$(IP):585:"^NOW DO THE SAME FOR "C$(K,4)"."]"I(M2V2NV10(E21).5)(10(E21)):555:M4$Z$:M4I'15:"["C$(K,4)"] = "M2$"^M X 6";:V(36)1:V2"ML";:V:"03----15";:V:NV"ML0 ="M4$"^M":530=,7:"^THE ION PRODUCT IS CALCULATED BY SUBSTITUTING AL VOLUME OF THE ION ("V1"ML) TO THE FINAL VOLUME P"OF THE ION ("NV"ML).0"I(M1V1NV10(E11).5)(10(E11)):555:M3$Z$:M3I12:"["C$(K,2)"] = "M1$"^M X 6";:V(36)1:V1"ML";:V:"03----15";:V:NV"ML0 = "M3$"^M":530!7:LIBRIUM, WE MUST CALCULATE THE ACTUAL ION CONCENTRATION IN THE MIXTURE.":5307:"^THE FIRST STEP IS TO FIND THE MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF "C$(K,2)".":12:"["C$(K,2)"] = ":5302 7:"5^TO DO THIS MULTIPLY ION CONCENTRATION BY THE RATIO OF THE ORIGIN10:5:"^KSP = "C$(K,6):540:5804:14)"4^AT EQUILIBRIUM:":4)"0^KSP = "C$(K,6)" = ";:Z$C$(K,1):585:Z$:10,20270,20270,4510,4510,20:768,46:769,90:530M7:"^OUR MIXTURE MAY NOT BE AT EQUILIBRIUM, HOWEVER, TO FIND OUT IF IT IS AT EQUIABOUT THE TWO INITIAL SOLUTIONS:":V7:I2:500:535:V1:I1:500:768,184:"^FIRST WRITE THE EQUATION FOR THE":"DISSOLVING OF "C$(K,0)".":5258:C$(K,7):5304:"^FROM THIS EQUATION WRITE THE ":"SOLUBILITY PRODUCT EXPRESSION.":525!R EXAMPLE, SUPPOSE THAT SOLUTIONS OF":C$(K,8)" AND "C$(K,9)" ARE MIXED." 525:7:"^THE MIXTURE CONTAINS BOTH OF THE":"FOLLOWING IONS: "C$(K,2)" AND "C$(K,4) "WHICH MAY FORM SOLID "C$(K,0)".":535H" ^CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION":"XED, A PRECIPITATE MAY OR MAY NOT FORM, DEPENDING ON THE INITIAL MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF THE TWO SOLUTIONS. " "^THE CONCEPT OF SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS WILL ALLOW YOU TO PREDICT WITH CERTAINTY WHETHER OR NOT A PRECIPITATE WILL FORM.":535:515I 3:"^FO,"1.7E-10","^AG2+0","","^CL2-0","","[^AG2+0] X [^CL2-0]","^AG^CL(S) 2<-->1 ^AG2+0(AQ) + ^CL2-0(AQ)","^AG^N^O230","^NA^CL" r"0":IN$"":FI$"15 $$4AC1":768,16:769,60:770,0:771,0:772,23:773,1m 5:"^WHEN TWO SOLUTIONS ARE MI220(S) 2<-->1 ^MG2++0(AQ) + 2^O^H2-0(AQ)","^MG(^N^O230)220","^NA^O^H" n"^NI^S","3.0E-21","^NI2++0","","^S2--0","","[^NI2++0] X [^S2--0]","^NI^S(S) 2<-->1 ^NI2++0(AQ) + ^S2--0(AQ)","^NI^S^O240","^NA220^S" p"^AG^CL"R(I)((1)I):IR((79)):Z(54)(55)2562966:(Z)(Z1)25618211ĺ:D$"BRUN MASTER":D$"BLOAD BSUBS" jI02:J09:C$(I,J):J,I:960R l "^MG(^O^H)220","8.9E-12","^MG2++0","2","^O^H2-0","","[^MG2++0] X [^O^H2-0]220","^MG(^O^H)FndSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: PRECIPITATES LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18175:16384:C$(2,9):CL$(12):I112:J:: 105,117,70,100,114,70,101,117,57,92,125,49n hCT$(20)" ":D$(4):I140:E$E$CT$::     SING THE"DATA JUST COLLECTED. ^NOTICE WHEN YOU MULTIPLY PRESSURE BY VOLUME, YOU WILL GET RELATIVELY THE SAME CONSTANT.":845860HO$:5:14)BO$"^BOYLE'S LAW "6);BO$"P"NO$"RESSURE X "BO$"V"NO$"OLUME = "BO$"CONSTANT"NO$@" ^NOTD THE":24)"VOLUME TO":24)"INCREASE.845:HO$:8:"^THE OBSERVED EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON VOLUME COULD BE RECORDED SEVERAL WAYS.":(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*3845:HO$:7:"^ONE WAY TO RECORD THE DATA IS BY MAKING A DATA CHART. ^A CHART IS MADE UN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF":"THE GAS COLUMN":"WHEN THE TUBE IS":"INVERTED.`845:8006:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"ATMOSPHERIC'24)"PRESSURE CAUSING":24)"GAS PRESSURE TO":24)"DECREASE ANTED TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MINUS THE PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845{6:24);GP(0)" "AM$:24)"-"GP(0)GP(2)" "AM$:24)"4-------1":24);GP(2)" "AM$:845:HO$:835:Z2:805R6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":"Ig6:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"THE GAS COLUMN":24)"THUS COMPACTINGl24)"ITS VOLUME AND":24)"INCREASING ITS":24)"PRESSURE.":845qHO$:835:Z2:805:(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*2 qv6:"^IN AN INVERN WHEN":"THE TUBE IS PLACED=N"IN A VERTICAL":"POSITION.S18:"^GAS PRESSURE: "GP(0)" ^TORR "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GP(1)" ^TORR."X"^GAS COLUMN: "GC(0)" MM "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GC(1)" MM."](1022)127Ģ21:39:"*1"b845:YT180:800r PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845:H0$:825:Z1:805:7:25)GP(0)" "AM$:24)"+ "GP(1)GP(0)" "AM$D24)"4---------1":25)GP(1)" "AM$:845:HO$:825:Z1:805I6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":"IN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF THE":"GAS COLUMHESE INITIAL READINGS AS A STANDARD.":8455GP(1)GP(0)HG:GP(2)GP(0)HG:GC(1)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(1))10:GC(2)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(2))10:HO$:825:Z1:805o?6:"^IN A VERTICAL TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRES- SURE PLUS THEE INSIDE THE HORIZONTAL TUBE (GAS PRESSURE) IS THE SAME AS THE PRESSURE OUTSIDE IT (ATMOSPHERIC PRESS- URE). ";+0"^NOTICE THAT IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY HAS NO EFFECT ON THE PRESSURE OR VOLUME OF THE GAS. ^WE WILL USE TRE IN ^TORRS?";:251,1::251,0@ G(IN$):G0İ800:530p 800:GGP(0)Ģ18:"^THAT IS CORRECT.":550 !18:"^NO. ^THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS "GP(0)". &2:23:Z18:BS$;::AM$"^TORR":AMGP(0):AM;AM$:845v+HO$:3:" ^THE PRESSUR((1)10)15:GP(0)((1)21)730:AM(GP(0)7.6)100:GC(0)((1)12)30Y HO$:815 6:"^THE LENGTH OF THE MERCURY AND GAS":"COLUMNS ARE MEASURED.":13:"^ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.$ Z0:805:18:"^WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUBOYLE'S GAS LAW USES A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS TUBING. ^DURING THE COM- "PUTER SIMULATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT, WE WILL EXPLORE HOW THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY WILL AFFECT THE VOLUME OF THE TRAPPED GAS.":845K HG6B:140A,96B:140A,96B:| 251,1:7:17:"CHEMISTRY":9:18:"GAS LAW":11:16:"EXPERIMENT:":14:16:"BOYLE'S LAW" 16368,0:I1300:II300((16384)127):I:16368,0 960:3:15:BO$"BOYLE'S LAW"NO$e " ^AN EXPERIMENT EXAMINING ^ĺD$"BRUNMASTER"R }Z0:CL16368:KE16384:PR128:UC1:YT153:YB191:YL0:YR279 HO$(12):BS$(8):CU$(16)"4."(16)"1":BO$(16)"2"(23):NO$(16)"1"(26):AM$" ATM. ":GC(2),GP(2) Z01.57.03:A100(Z):B95(Z):140A,96B:140A,9mdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: BOYLE'S LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC s3:255:1:0:18175:16385:D$(13)(4):IN$"":FI$"13 &$4091":D$"NOMONCIO" x:16302,0:Z2966(54)(55)256:(Z)(Z1)25618211          ,21:7:"3^PRESS SPACE BAR TO GO ON."EAA,0:AD,128:AA,0i21:1:I136:" ";::"0":(1022)127STST1:21:40:"*"ST2:80,2580,150190,150190,25:78,2578,151192,151192,253:82,OT126,OT:144,OT188,OT:NT TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN? ";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"585:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:590tS(A$,1,1)"N"590XHO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PROGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"Į:300]A$"N"ĺD$"RUN HELLO"b600FECT OF "TM$" ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS.":715::700:HO$?5:"^A GRAPH IS ONE WAY TO RECORD THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ^YOU WILL NOW SEE A GRAPH OF THE DATA SHOWING VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF "TM$".":715D700IHO$:860\N" ^DO YOU WA62,E4E262,E4E262,E3E162,E3P!E1E1.375:E2E2.375:E3E3.375:E4E4.375&730:5:165,50165,110::C2B:815:T9TC:FL1:805+FL1:805:ZIP2:M$"DECREASE":835:7150700:815:840:HO$,55:"^THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO RECORD THE EFE.":700&E(((THTTC)109)80)QE1104E:E2104E:E3OTE:E4OTE:UP13:IE3E4:E1,IE2,I:E162,IE262,I:I E50:PTHT1TC2:E5E51:BB(P):775:805:820O(E5)5500:E1,E3E1,E4E2,E4E2,E3E1,E3 E162,E3E164:81,I192,I:J125::KI12200::C1B:815:700:2:40:"0"nZIP1:M$"INCREASE":835:715700:815:840:815E(DT)E(TC)TCTC1O(DT)O(TC)TCTC119:"^THE "TM$" OF THE WATER IS COOLED TO "TC"3O0^C USING IC82,165:90,165100,185:182,165172,185:100,190100,185172,185172,1905:P0:I1641521:PP1:93P,I179P,I:J125::20:18:"BURNER":2:40:"0":FL0PT1DT2:BB(P):805:775:820::T9DT:FL1:805:FL00:I1521FL1:740:805:700:815o19:"^WE WILL USE THESE INITIAL READINGS FOR A STANDARD OF COMPARISON.":700:815DTTHT:19:"^THE WATER "TM$" IS INCREASED 2TO "DT"1O2^C0"6:"^NOTE CHANGES IN THE GAS COLUMN LENGTH.":700:815H3:90,1651AT SEA LEVEL."715!7004HO$:800:785ST2:19:"^THE TUBE IS PLACED IN A BEAKER OF WATER.":700:725:I768774:J:I,J::815: 152,191,0,0,23,1,019:"^A "TM$" PROBE IS ADDED AND THE "TM$" IS MEASURED (IN ^CELSIUS)."PM273:800:19:"^DO YOU KNOW KNOW WHAT A ^TORR IS?";:251,1:] 251,0:Z$(IN$,1):Z$"Y"420HO$" ^A ^TORR IS A UNIT OF PRESSURE THAT IS EQUAL TO 1/7604TH0 OF AN ATMOSPHERE, OR THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A COLUMN OF MERCURY ONE MILLIMETER HIGH  ^TCR(4)1$ cF2R(2):F23755 hO(T)TT1I mE(TH)THTH1R r385c wE(T)TT1w |O(TH)THTH1 BAC:TRTRLN:MT273:CSTACM:T9T:785 6:"^MERCURY AND GAS COLUMN LENGTHS ARE MEASURED. ^GAS PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.": TUBING. ^THE SAMPLE WILL BE SUBJECTED TO" 6" TEMPERATURE CHANGES. ^WE WILL EXPLORE THE VOLUME OF GAS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE." ;715 @700 EUP0:ST1:HO$:LNR(15)15 JACR(10)30 OTRR(30)730 TTR(7)18 YTHR(30)451,1:7:16:"CHEMISTRY "17)"GAS LAW "15)"EXPERIMENT: "15)"CHARLES' LAW" AA,0:I1300:II300((AD)127):I:AA,0 ,960:5:15:BO$"CHARLES' LAW"NO$* 1" ^IN CHARLES' LAW YOU WILL HAVE A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS MPERATURE":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":E(I)((I2)I2):O(I)((I2)I2):R(R)((1)R):B(I)(CST(I273)10)10 lHO$(12):BO$"2":NO$"1":HO$ Z01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:N 25ndSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: CHARLES' LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC f18150:16384:3:AD16384:AAAD16:D$"":P(Z)(Z)(Z1)256hZ2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS"x jTM$"TE     0:430:440:460:470:L20,6520,0279,0279,65278,65278,121,121,6520,7520,147279,147279,75278,75278,14621,14621,75:22,6522,75:277,65277,75:40,34138,34138,3540,35:158,34257,34257,35158,3540,120257,12025372q" ^NO, THE FORCE OF GRAVITY PULLING DOWN MUST BE CANCELLED BY THE FORCE OF THE POSITIVELY CHARGED TOP PLATE MOVING THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED SPHERE UPWARD. ^THEREFORE, THE TOTAL FORCE = 0.":550:209t10:"^CORRECT!":550:2091:3:0:41CTING ON THE SPHERE ARE THE DOWNWARD PULL OF GRAVITY AND THE UPWARD PULL OF THE ELECTRICAL FIELD.":550kCL$:FI$"13 &$2 1":3:"^SINCE THE SPHERE IS NOT ACCELERATING,":490:4:"WHAT MUST THE TOTAL FORCE BE?";::Z(IN$):FI$"15 $$4AB1"nZ060,125:550P_18:"^YOUR POWER SOURCE CAN SUPPLY -2050 TO +2050 VOLTS.":550b18:"4^AS YOU ADJUST THE VOLTAGE FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE, YOU REVERSE THE POLARITY OFTHE PLATES.0"eS0:490:550:480:I12000::550:CL$ih3:"^THE FORCES AYP.37T:XP,YP:XP1,YP:I17::YS1:18:"4^ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE CAUSES THE SPHERE TO BE HELD STATIONARY BY BALANCING THE FORCES ACTING IT.0":550 \18:"^ONE PLATE IS POSITIVELY CHARGED, AND ONE IS NEGATIVLY CHARGED.":P12:M14:P60,25:MEEN THE TWO PLATES.":550sP18:"^DURING THE SPRAYING MANY OF THE SPHERES BECOME CHARGED THROUGH FRICTION.":550S18:"4^VOLTAGE ON THE POSITIVE PLATE PULLS SOME OF THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED SPHERES UPWARD.0":550$VT110:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:3:YPK REVIEW, THE PARTS HAVE BEEN LABELED IN THIS DIAGRAM.":490:550JCL$:400:18:"^THE LATEX SPHERES SUSPENDED IN WATER ARESPRAYED ABOVE THE HOLE IN THE PLATE.":510:XP,YPXP1,YP:550M18:"^THE WATER EVAPORATES AND A FEW SPHERES DRIFT DOWN BETWO$:Z$"POWER":I27:I:(Z$,I1,1)::Z$"SOURCE":I1116:I:(Z$,I10,1):A5:16:"2METAL PLATE":13:16:"METAL PLATE":2:28:"2ATOMIZER0"DZ$"WINDOW":I611:I:5:(Z$,I5,1);:39:(Z$,I5,1)::16:20:"BOX0"NO$AG18:"^AS A QUIC8:"4^AN ATOMIZER CONTAINING TINY LATEX":"SPHERES SUSPENDED IN WATER LEADS INTO THE APPARATUS.0":470:550;18:"4^A LIGHT SOURCE ILLUMINATES THE INSIDE OFTHE BOX AND THE EXPERIMENTER CAN VIEW THROUGH SMALL WINDOWS IN THE BOX.0":430:550N>B ON THE FOLLOWING SCREENS.":550:CL$ 2S1:3:18:"^A BOX ENCLOSES THE ENTIRE APPARATUS TO PROTECT IT FROM AIR CURRENTS.":410:550 518:"^TWO PARALLEL METAL PLATES ";:440:I1500::"ARE CONNECTED TO A VARIABLE VOLTAGE SOURCE.":460:550o81H CAN BE DONE IN THE LABORATORY TO DETERMINE THE CHARGE ON AN ELECTRON. "% /"^BY ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE ON TWO OPPOSING METAL PLATES, THE EXPERIMENTER IS ABLE TO STOP THE MOVEMENT OF A CHARGED LATEX SPHERE. ^THE APPARATUS USED IN THE EXPERIMENT IS SHOWN AN ELECTRON "( 232,(10):233,(11) 5)"^B) ^A SIMULATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT ":5)"^ENTER ^A OR ^B:";:251,1::251,0 I$(IN$,1):I$"B"I$"^B"ĺD$"RUN CHARGE2"I ,CL$"":3:BO$"ELECTRON CHARGE"NO$" IS A SIMULATION OF AN EXPERIMENT WHIC,96J:M 251,1:9:17)"ELECTRON "18)"CHARGE "16)"EXPERIMENT ":251,0 16368,0:I1300:II300((16384)127):I:16368,0 CL$:6:"0^WOULD YOU LIKE: ":5)"^A) ^AN EXPLANATION OF THE "5)"EXPERIMENT WHICH DETERMINES THE "5)"CHARGE ONO1 pP(I)(I)(I1)256l sD$"NOMONCIO":Z2966P(54):P(Z)18211ĺD$"BRUNMASTER":D$"BLOADBSUBS" tI140:E$E$CT$::I06:J:768I,J:: 149,191,0,0,23,1,0 vZ01.57.03:I100(Z):J95(Z):140I,96J:140I,96J:140I,96J:140ItdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: ELCTRON CHARGE - 1 LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC g18135:16384:D$(4):CT$(20)" ":IN$"":FI$"15 $$4AB1":CL$(12):3:C(25):BO$"2":NO$"1" jI15:Z(I)::8,21,65,83,88:S        50VF5):336$NTNT1:NT3336e20:8)"^YOU STOPPED IT.":NT0:0:XP,YP:XP1,YP:S1:910QQ(B(PDV)1E20)10C(NU)QQ:NUNU1NU15İ700PBİ700:PB0327I2771801:I,16:I1,16:0:I,16:I1,16:3:RXP17CH,C7:E1$;V:CV,C5:CH,C6:E1$;(V2):\VC3İ281:354C_278Zb0:XP,YP:XP1,YPleYPYP(.2V2)hYPCHYPC8S1:910:404k3:XP,YP:XP1,YPn16384:Z(7):Z369,369,372qVC(8)C1:VF(9)C1:390tPB1(V2).1V(VCDC1.609E19:B4.49139291E14:ST7.64183519E10:PD.0031:16368,0:V0:S1G600:500:AR(10)1:DR(10)1.51:A2(A2).1DDHZR(10):Z0D0MQDCAC100PV1((VPD)QB)STSV2(V1C2)C4V(V2).2V2C3&Y900:CV,C5:50,3450,3010,3010,12550,12550,121:0,6015,6015,800,800,60:n>279,15180,15179,16180,17279,17:ANU1:Z$"":I18:E$E$CT$::E1$E$"":C1128:C21E6:C30:C410:CV37:CH36:C518:C623:C77:C8119:AA16368:V20:232,90:233,3L8:8,20,6520,0279,0279,65278,65278,121,121,65w/20,7520,147279,147279,75278,75278,14621,14621,75:222,6522,75:277,65277,75:540,34138,34138,3540,35:158,34257,34257,35158,35840,120257,120257,12140,121:D;284:321:1000u37,3:36,11:"2 ":37,15:36,11:"6 ":37,3:36,11:"02"PL$:37,15:36,11:"4"MI$"01":37,3:36,11:"2 ":37,15:36,11:"6 ":37,3:36,11:"02"MI$:37,15:36,11:"4"PL$"01":1:3:0:300:306:309:315:31 ^A - ^S ^FINE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT ^X ^DISPLAY DATA CHART":272 BO$"PADDLE 0"NO$" - ^COURSE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT "BO$"PADDLE 1"NO$" - ^FINE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT "BO$"BUTTONS"NO$" - ^DISPLAY DATA CHART"15:14:BO$"VOLTAGE"NO$:CL$:^KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE VELOCITY DATA RATHER THAN VOLTAGE AS YOU RUN THE SIMULATION.":910:CL$:275CL$:3:"^PRACTICE USING THE "Z$" CONTROLS. ^TRY ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE TO -500 AND THEN TO +500. "K Pĺ"3<-- -->1 ^COURSE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE.0"<E1$"":8,128:9,128]16384:Z(7):Z233,275,236VC(8)128:VF(9)128:VVC16VF.5:25470037,15:36,22:E1$;(V10)10:(V)500M0:230MM1:M5230b16:"^GOOD JOB!":910:18:"NE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE." " ^THE "Z1$" DISPLAYS A DATA TABLE. ^YOU MAY CHECK THIS DATA TABLE AT ANY TIME DURING THE SIMULATION. ^TRANSFER THE DATA FOR THE FOURTEEN SPHERES TO YOUR OWN DATA TABLE.":910NU1:263:16368,0:21:6:"3^PRESS T ALL.":910:CL$ 2:Pĺ"^PADDLE 1 IS FOR COURSE ADJUSTMENT OF OF THE VOLTAGE. ^PADDLE 2 IS FOR FINE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE.":221 "^THE RIGHT AND LEFT ARROW KEYS CONTROL THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT OF THE VOLTAGE ^THE ^A AND ^S KEYS CONTROL THE FIORRECT VOLTAGE FOR THE PLATES YOU WILL BE ABLE TO STOP THE SPHERES MOVEMENT (VELOCITY = 0). " "^AT THAT TIME THE COMPUTER WILL CALCULATE THE CHARGE ON THE SPHERE. ^YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CONTROL SOME OF THE SPHERES BECAUSE THEY WILL HAVE NO CHARGE AAL PLATES. ^AS YOU";W (PL)127(PL1)127P1:6,1:Z$"GAME PADDLE":Z1$"BUTTON" " ADJUST THE VOLTAGE (-2050^V TO +2050^V) USING THE "Z$" CONTROLS. ^THE COMPUTER WILL CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF THE SPHERE.":910] CL$:2:"^IF YOU SET THE C6384:R(I)((1)I)P jD$"BLOAD KPI":I16:Z(I):: 8,21,65,83,88,32:SO3 mZ$"KEYBOARD":PL16287:Z1$"^X KEY":CL$"":6,0:26,128:27,128 2:"^IN THIS SIMULATION THE COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU ONE LATEX SPHERE AT A TIME BETWEEN TWO ELECTRICvdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: ELCTRON CHARGE - 2 LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC  g18135:16600:D$(4):CT$(20)" ":IN$"":FI$"15 &$4EY1":CL$(12):3:C(25):960:PL$"+":MI$"-":BO$"2":NO$"1":ZX158:AD1       PLEASE ENTER THE SEARCH KEY:":13:5:"";S$:S$""25000O(PRİ700:" ":" "(:1:" NAME PHONE NUMBER":"----------------------------------------"(PRİ750(S22510(12:868:12::"<< SEARCHING >>"::VT2):N SAVED!!":22:'z::22:/' SEARCH D'3000:OP11010':9:5:"WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEARCH BY"::10:"1 WORD (FAST)":7:"OR 2 CHARACTER (SLOW)"'14:868:20:"WHICH: ";SK$:SK(SK$):SK1SK2(SK$)1ĺ"":10078(:11:5:":&  END ROUTINE %&*MF0890U&4DISKĺ(4)"SAVE PHONE LIST":::22:976:&>:11:"INSERT A NEW TAPE INTO THE RECORDER, SET";:"ON RECORD, AND PRESS 'RETURN' ";:"";S$&HI11500:::I12000::'R:12:"THE PROGRAM AND DATA HAVE BEE)(1001)192DISK13%DISKĺ(4)"NOMON C,I,O":`% GET ADDRESS OF FIRST DATA STATEMENT %START((103)(104)256458)%& SET FAST/SLOW SEARCH %0OP0%:25000% ACTIVATE PRINTER %SL:% DE-ACTIVATE PRINTER &0..0$[\.......................................^$\\.......................................$]\.......................................$^\.......................................$ SET PRINTER SLOT $SL1$ DISK SYSTEM?? %(994............................J#V\.......................................x#W\.......................................#X\.......................................#Y\.......................................$Z\.............................................6"P\.......................................d"Q\......................................."R\......................................."S\......................................."T\.......................................#U\.............................................P!K\.......................................~!L\.......................................!M\.......................................!N\......................................."O\.............................................< E\.......................................j F\....................................... G\....................................... H\....................................... I\......................................."!J\.....\.......................................V@\.......................................A\.......................................B\.......................................C\....................................... D\.............................................B:\.......................................p;\.......................................<\.......................................=\.......................................>\.......................................(?.4\.......................................\5\.......................................6\.......................................7\.......................................8\.......................................9\.............................................H/\.......................................v0\.......................................1\.......................................2\.......................................3\.......................................`饠@ J8 @   a*L6@b* @ ?` @@ 8L@ )L@A  L@S L@X ?`* j `SING THE"DATA JUST COLLECTED. ^NOTICE WHEN YOU MULTIPLY PRESSURE BY VOLUME, YOU WILL GET RELATIVELY THE SAME CONSTANT.":845860HO$:5:14)BO$"^BOYLE'S LAW "6);BO$"P"NO$"RESSURE X "BO$"V"NO$"OLUME = "BO$"CONSTANT"NO$@" ^NOTD THE":24)"VOLUME TO":24)"INCREASE.845:HO$:8:"^THE OBSERVED EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON VOLUME COULD BE RECORDED SEVERAL WAYS.":(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*3845:HO$:7:"^ONE WAY TO RECORD THE DATA IS BY MAKING A DATA CHART. ^A CHART IS MADE UN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF":"THE GAS COLUMN":"WHEN THE TUBE IS":"INVERTED.`845:8006:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"ATMOSPHERIC'24)"PRESSURE CAUSING":24)"GAS PRESSURE TO":24)"DECREASE ANTED TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MINUS THE PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845{6:24);GP(0)" "AM$:24)"-"GP(0)GP(2)" "AM$:24)"4-------1":24);GP(2)" "AM$:845:HO$:835:Z2:805R6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":"Ig6:24)"^THE WEIGHT OF":24)"THE MERCURY IS":24)"ACTING AGAINST":24)"THE GAS COLUMN":24)"THUS COMPACTINGl24)"ITS VOLUME AND":24)"INCREASING ITS":24)"PRESSURE.":845qHO$:835:Z2:805:(1022)127Ģ21:39:"*2 qv6:"^IN AN INVERN WHEN":"THE TUBE IS PLACED=N"IN A VERTICAL":"POSITION.S18:"^GAS PRESSURE: "GP(0)" ^TORR "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GP(1)" ^TORR."X"^GAS COLUMN: "GC(0)" MM "(16)"3-->"(16)"1 "GC(1)" MM."](1022)127Ģ21:39:"*1"b845:YT180:800r PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF MERCURY.":845:H0$:825:Z1:805:7:25)GP(0)" "AM$:24)"+ "GP(1)GP(0)" "AM$D24)"4---------1":25)GP(1)" "AM$:845:HO$:825:Z1:805I6:"^NOTE THE CHANGE":"IN PRESSURE AND":"THE HEIGHT OF THE":"GAS COLUMHESE INITIAL READINGS AS A STANDARD.":8455GP(1)GP(0)HG:GP(2)GP(0)HG:GC(1)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(1))10:GC(2)(10GC(0)GP(0)GP(2))10:HO$:825:Z1:805o?6:"^IN A VERTICAL TUBE THE GAS PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRES- SURE PLUS THEE INSIDE THE HORIZONTAL TUBE (GAS PRESSURE) IS THE SAME AS THE PRESSURE OUTSIDE IT (ATMOSPHERIC PRESS- URE). ";+0"^NOTICE THAT IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY HAS NO EFFECT ON THE PRESSURE OR VOLUME OF THE GAS. ^WE WILL USE TRE IN ^TORRS?";:251,1::251,0@ G(IN$):G0İ800:530p 800:GGP(0)Ģ18:"^THAT IS CORRECT.":550 !18:"^NO. ^THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS "GP(0)". &2:23:Z18:BS$;::AM$"^TORR":AMGP(0):AM;AM$:845v+HO$:3:" ^THE PRESSUR((1)10)15:GP(0)((1)21)730:AM(GP(0)7.6)100:GC(0)((1)12)30Y HO$:815 6:"^THE LENGTH OF THE MERCURY AND GAS":"COLUMNS ARE MEASURED.":13:"^ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS ALSO MEASURED.$ Z0:805:18:"^WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUBOYLE'S GAS LAW USES A SAMPLE OF GAS TRAPPED BY MERCURY INSIDE GLASS TUBING. ^DURING THE COM- "PUTER SIMULATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT, WE WILL EXPLORE HOW THE WEIGHT OF THE MERCURY WILL AFFECT THE VOLUME OF THE TRAPPED GAS.":845K HG6B:140A,96B:140A,96B:| 251,1:7:17:"CHEMISTRY":9:18:"GAS LAW":11:16:"EXPERIMENT:":14:16:"BOYLE'S LAW" 16368,0:I1300:II300((16384)127):I:16368,0 960:3:15:BO$"BOYLE'S LAW"NO$e " ^AN EXPERIMENT EXAMINING ^ĺD$"BRUNMASTER"R }Z0:CL16368:KE16384:PR128:UC1:YT153:YB191:YL0:YR279 HO$(12):BS$(8):CU$(16)"4."(16)"1":BO$(16)"2"(23):NO$(16)"1"(26):AM$" ATM. ":GC(2),GP(2) Z01.57.03:A100(Z):B95(Z):140A,96B:140A,9mdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: BOYLE'S LAW LAST UPDATE: 2/4/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC s3:255:1:0:18175:16385:D$(13)(4):IN$"":FI$"13 &$4091":D$"NOMONCIO" x:16302,0:Z2966(54)(55)256:(Z)(Z1)25618211          !!! ! ! ! wpO_X_lfW_{_>fwooq?ow?o@?x?~>{m?_Uv^G_@X~nx1{~?G_ |~?_?\^^{}>_}~}~{}~ox? }xcw_w{/7}?X_{{?ww~_>wv{?x?o~_}?@{?|c@ooo}}`|a?l?~gO~n~{z{fn{{on}wpg_X_nvW_{]_~nwoo|?ow?o@G?xx>{m?_mv^??`@?`@?W~v[k>w-w.{~?w`@x`}~`pO0?~}~?_1`>x`}~}~~ox?a@}xx\wo6A?8o{;?o{~_}~.wvs?x?ocO}{o_nn~{v{nn{{wn~gxs_X_nfWO{]_>nwOo?~?og?o@q?|C>{m?_}~?@~`?@_O~zog>{K/{~??~w[>{}>_}~}~{}~102:269,845,84:146,30146,102L269,665,66:92,3092,102:269,485,48y" (^V) = ^LENGTH OF GAS COLUMN (MM)."" (^P) = ^GAS PRESSURE MEASURED IN ^TORR."845j"kI1N$"^VERTICAL"1pI2N$"^INVERTED"DuN1(N110)10uzN4(N37.6.5)100:X$(N4):N41X$"0"X$N4(N4)X$X$".0"" "N$16)((GC(I))".0",4)24)GP(I)31)((GC(I)GP(I))".0",7) I:269,30269,1025,102:195,30195,,39142,160,H3:Z7392:132,Z138,Z::jM21:7:"^PRESS ^S^P^A^C^E ^B^A^R TO CONTINUE.":16368,0R(16384)160850W16368,0:\HO$:810a5:" ^TUBE WAS:"17)"^V"25)"^P"32)BO$"P "(26)"X ^V"NO$fI02:I0N$"^HORIZONTAL":@/2:140,8020,8020,88140,88:140,7918,7918,89140,89_43:Z6095:Z,81Z,87::92:130,35130,145140,145140,35:128,35128,146142,146142,35>3:Z95110:132,Z138,Z:: C2:140,160140,40130,40130,160:128,160128,39142OGRAM":" AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"ĬXA$"N"ĺ(29)D$"RUN HELLO"a700 0:ZYTYB:YL,ZYR,Z::3:%3:"^GAS ^COLUMN="GC(Z)"MM"20)"^GAS ^PRESSURE="GP(Z)"^TORR"*2:"^ATM. ^PRESSURE="AM;AM$24)"^MERCURY ^COL.="HG"MME: ^THERE MAY BE MEASUREMENT ERRORS AS GREAT AS 3-5 PERCENT. FI$"15 &$4EY1":" ^DO YOU WISH TO SEE THE CHART AGAIN?";:251,1::251,0:A$(IN$,1):A$"Y"675:A$"N"ĺHO$:10:690(A$,1,1)"N"6808HO$:9:"^DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS PR$  2610 (C$)02600- A$;" ";A$;? (C$)22600Z C$(C$,(C$)1):2610l :16368,0:P SPACE-BAR ROUTINEPZH(36):ZV(37):ZZ1200:ZZP24:7:16368,0#P"PRESS ";::"SPACE BAR";::" TO CONTINUE";(PZC(16384)(A$,(A$)1):62010?KEY,PRESS:Z(KEY)PRESS:CLR,WIPE:PE:DSUBJECT"|"TO A*X <= B, X >= 0, AND B > 0."( C$""2 16368,0< A$F A(A$)P A342620Z A132760d A82720n A32AA64:x (A);: C$C$A00Z13Ĺ251,0:BS$:<Z49Z48O(A$)LIMIT705]WIPEUFWIPEUCZ64ZZ32BS$(Z)CU$;:A$A$(Z):UF0:705BS$BS$;:(A$)2700CU$;:A$(A$,(A$)1):705KEY,PRESS:Z(KEY)PRESS:CLR,WIPE: 262000CU$;:A$8:P$"*^O^F^F"::255960:6:"^NUMBERED ASTERISKS WILL APPEAR ON CERTAIN FRAMES. ^THESE FRAMES ARE KEYED TO MATERIALS FOUND IN THE SUPPORT BOOKLET.":500:1022,127:P$"*^O^N"::210A$""Z32705Z8765Z24āZ0(A$):BS$;::7ETERMINE THE BASIC UNIT OF CHARGE ON AN ELECTRON. ^IT ALSO SIMULATES THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT WITH THE STUDENT CONTROLLING EVENTS DURING THE EXPERIMENT.A$"":CLR,WIPE:251,1:CU$;775:Z27UF1:705Z1730P(1022):P127Ĺ1022,12RE AND THE VOLUME OF A GAS.> ^BOYLE'S ^LAW,BOYLE'S LAW^DEMONSTRATES THE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRESSURE AND THE VOLUME OF A GAS. ^ELECTRON ^CHARGE,CHARGE1^PRESENTS A TUTORIAL ON THE EXPERIMENT USED TO DUCT CONSTANTS (^KSP)..q^PRECIPITATES,SOL3v^SHOWS HOW TO PREDICT THE FORMATION OF PRECIPITATES THROUGH USE OF SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS.{ ^CHARLES' ^LAW,CHARLES' LAW^DEMONSTRATES THE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TEMPERATU6384)160510960:1XSCIENCE VOLUME 4,6G]^DEFINITION,SOL1b^DESCRIBES THE MEANING AND USEFULNESS OF SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS.g^SOLUBILITY ^PRODUCTS,SOL2P1l ^ILLUSTRATES THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE USED TO DETERMINE SOLUBILITY PRODwDESCRIPTIONS960C2:14:BO$"DESCRIPTIONS"NO$:4}T1N:(37)15İ500:14:2:BO$"DESCRIPTIONS"NO$:4N$(T,0)":":" "N$(T,2):T:50021016368,021:7:"3^PRESS ^S^P^A^C^E ^B^A^R TO CONTINUE.0"(1 RUN ANOTHER"::"DISKETTE (^Y/^N)? ";:LI10:700:A$(A$,1)x OA$"Y"Č960:10:"^INSERT THE NEW DISKETTE.":500:350 TA$"N"330 Y(29)::: ^A(999)(1000)256 cB(A)(A1)256 hCS(B1)16:SLOT # mCS1CS7CS6 rCS$(Q,0)"...":D$"RUN"N$(Q,1)M ,17:21:BS$BS$;:700:(A$)(((A$)))310m 1(A$)0A$"0"ZN(A$): 6A$"D"ZN0: ;20:320:"^THAT IS NOT A NUMBER - TRY AGAIN";:300 @40:" ";:Z140:BS$;:: E960< J10:O42:"^DO YOU WANT TO368,0:1023,123K 16:1:"^TYPE THE NUMBER OF THE":"PROGRAM YOU WANT:";b 21:40:"";P$k 300{ ZNO1400 QZN Q0QO285 18:1:320:"^PLEASE ENTER A NUMBER FROM 1 TO "N".":250 QO325 "960:10 '"^GETTING "N2,0)"^END":N$(N1,0)"^DESCRIPTIONS"H P$"":(1022)127P$"*^O^N"g 960:2:20(T$)2:BO$T$ 3:11:(26)"^AVAILABLE ^PROGRAMS"NO$:6 ONM:T1O T10ĺ" "; TN1ĺ(10); 11);T" "N$(T,0) T:(1023)123250 16OAD LOGO":16304,0:16368,0+ u16297,0R xD$"BLOAD MASTER":D$"BLOAD BSUBS" }I1400:II500((16384)127)::18176 D$"NOMON CIO" CL16368:KE16384:PR128:UC1:LI1:WI0 :T$,N:M2:N$(NM,2)& T1N:C02:N$(T,C):::N$(N jdSCIENCE VOLUME 4 PROGRAM: HELLO LAST UPDATE: 2/18/82 COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 MECC ti8192nD$(13)(4):BO$(16)(50)(23):NO$(16)(49)(26):BS$(8):CU$" "r:s:255:(1023)123135 t16302,0:::D$"BL"" " " " " """""""""