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(2) Engine runs too cool -- thermostat is stuck open. (3) Loss of coolant -- check for leakage at radiator, hoses, clamps or water pump gasket. (4) Oil in the coolant -- caused by bad gaskets or a cracked cylinder head. This unit, in combination with a small electric fan, warms the interior of the car with heat removed from the engine. Symptoms of faulty coolant systems: (1) Engine overheats -- lack of antifreeze, broken fan belt, stuck thermostat or clogged rhe engine block. When coolant warms, the thermostat opens allowing fluid from the radiator to be circulated through the engine block. HEATER CORE: Connected to the coolant system by hoses is another small radiator located behind the dash board. ntracts. Excess in the recovery tank is drawn back to fill this space. THERMOSTAT: This valve opens and closes by temperature. When coolant is cold, the thermostat closes which bypasses the radiator and causes coolant to circulate through only tlants boiling temperature from 225F to 260F. RECOVERY TANK: When coolant inside the radiator and engine block heats, it expands. Excess coolant flows from a rubber tube to the recovery tank. When the coolant cools down inside the radiator, it copersal from the antifreeze. It exits at the bottom of the radiator through another rubber hose and returns to the water pump. RADIATOR CAP: Specially designed pressure cap which keeps the cooling system pressure at 14 P.S.I. This raises the coo of the radiator. RADIATOR: Coolant enters the radiator through a specially designed rubber hose at the top. It flows down through a row of tubes that have metal fins attached. These increase the surface area of the metal and aid in the heat disich pulls antifreeze from the radiator by centri- fugal force. It moves into the engine block where it can circulate around cylinders and valves. Mounted on the shaft is a fan which assists in cooling the antifreeze by drawing air through the finsdecrease the temperature required to make water freeze. It also contains other chemicals that prevent corrosion of the engine block and radiator. WATER PUMP: Pumps are driven by a V-belt from the crankshaft pulley. The pump houses an impeller whngine block. The heat is absorbed then transported to the radiator where it is dispersed. ANTIFREEZE COOLANT: Chemical solution combined with water usually in a 50-50 mixture. The purpose is to increase the temperature at which water boils and COOLING SYSTEM Extreme temperatures which an operating engine creates in the combustion chamber requires an efficient cooling system to remove this heat. A mixture of antifreeze and water is circulated by a pump through passages in the e ||@s@L@LL33@E DUDPaff~xpbJJBpp||3C33@Šł@|||~~~`fxff@L@LL|||p@@p|yya((( ?p||<0?030ԠԂ3ss~xUaaP~`f`~~‚ʊʊffg*"   "*<|p|33ggf`~`f`~yyagggf??OO??? <<ԋ~x~x~@|ps@s@s|p@0330`xggs?`ggyy3O?<ss30ߟ OOOff`fxff~~xL 0<0<00330|p@( .. @ `ff~ՕLJŃń LL OOxyyx||||< LL||ÃЈ@|@L@LyaՄՂՂ㥠OOOs? PQUUUTՂ ՁLpLL " sԏ??LL~~~~~`yss@@LOLO ?||<|||||3s3 ꪂgg`yy`fgf ՕՄĄՃ3s303033~`UUU~fggyyԂԂ`fxffp **@LL@03?30@@ss'UUU''f`ff~ayayaUPB* @@PUUO@pOʃ@p|@??OOGQQAffyggg#(**  ## "* (  OLLs3C|| ?<<UUUUgf`aуА|prB ( ((JJr|OO <<(^H[7~BBBCDDEE "!UU<8 >; 0**  ''IJ)VTT(.*GTouP.SU ( LH8pd|W5#Z\/,Vw6T;d=[߮F]RXQMWUI the chassis (). This means that all metal of the car now acts as the negative side of the battery. The positive side goes to all units that require voltage. In this way, only one wire is needed to complete the circuit. Symptoms of Fer. This unit simply tests the specific gravity of the electrolyte. Two terminals are present on the battery -- one positive (+) and one negative (-). Automobiles are configured with one-wire systems. The negative side of the battery is bolted tond current necessary for ignition and for turning the starter motor which then starts the engine. Most batteries today are maintenance free, although some may be serviced by removing caps and testing the electrolyte (battery fluid) with a hydromets are transistorized and require no maintenance. Symptoms of Faulty Regulators: (1) AMP gauge shows discharge -- worn or broken regulator should be replaced. (2) AMP gauge shows overcharge -- faulty regulator. BATTERY: Supplies the voltage a heard when engine runs -- the belt is loose, may cause discharge. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: Its function is to keep a steady voltage in the electrical system at all engine speeds. It does not allow voltage to go below 12 V. or above 14V. Most new unitrnator supplies current to the electrical system to keep it operating and to keep the battery charged. Symptoms of Faulty Alternator: (1) AMP gauge shows discharge -- caused by broken belt, or worn brushes inside the alternator. (2) Squealingymptoms of Faulty Ignition Systems: (1) Engine won't start or runs erratically -- most computers are complex units and must be replaced. ALTERNATOR: Driven by a belt which continually turns the alternator whenever the engine operates. The alteiston's location in the cylinder. The computer then pulses the coil which allows the spark to be delivered precisely and accurately thousands of time per minute. Some units also have advance and retard of the timing built into their computers. S03033||0<<`fxffx`x@LpL@8jj(8ps|ssy~~xa`eeaxyx~~TUUCsCss|px(*    `OO||pEEA0||<<@Uppp|sCLOLOO`" '') bxx~yya33`))(()fffffayayy|?AAESS LLL@`"" * ** **Ճ~ayayaTEEPUTUU~~f`|Մ30L||a`ff??@|ppp|@sspspyxx~~тspp||Op3C33pו@LpLL33@p ff~~x|ńł@đ?3C33||030??~~ЁՂՄ3s3 L L fgffgfgՃՂՂ333CsCsC??fутԃԄUAT x⊨0<< |pB *( " ++//* jj:@|~xaTP`ADdPUAT~АÃps|ss|pB ++*(**BpOOO~x~fgfg ā ߕĄ@|? * *+/>zh "  ** :@p033⊨ xU\p@EUUW_}tTPQPTUTUPxfxff|p|LOLOO " +.8`" **+//+* j j:@ÏyyaaTP@EW\p@AA: 8*:8ssCxxW_|p@AUU_WUUpuuxՂ xh  +/>x`  ** /p OOO`UUW_}tP@EW_}|ttTUUPUU~ `UPGGAGGgggă|pB(**.>~zj*(  *( ?3 UUW_}uUTPATPAffՁĂą ((`  **+/~:(^T,fcLMOQQRS%UU ,=0=** %&('T&Z0;L!?2vTe#U&UTO:Ofu#@U;y^* "G\Bu+H2Ow7wRXPVURvacuum leak due to worn gaskets or connection hoses. (2) Poor performance or economy -- caused by dirty or leaking intake manifold. unts to the engine and the carburetor mounts to it. It has two main functions (a) helps to vaporize fuel that leaves the carburetor and (b) distributes the mixture evenly to all cylinders. Symptoms of faulty intake manifolds: (1) Rough idle -- is allowed to enter the carburetor and mix with fuel. Symptoms of faulty air cleaners: (1) Poor economy and engine performance caused by clogged filters that do not allow air to pass by freely. INTAKE MANIFOLD: Made of steel or aluminum and moshed resulting in lack of fuel to the carburetor. Engine doesn't start or runs poorly. AIR CLEANER: This unit mounts on the top of the carburetor and contains an air filter. The filter's purpose is to remove dirt and dust from the air before its Per Minute (RPM) caused by a filter that is restricting the fuel flow. FUEL LINES: Specialized alloy tubing which carries the fuel from the tank to the fuel pump. Symptoms of faulty fuel lines: (1) These lines may become clogged, kinked or cruretor limits the air which causes a rich mixture that aids starting. The choke plate opens gradually as the engine warms up and is not used until the engine becomes cold again. Symptoms of faulty carburetors: (1) Hard starting -- choke is not setuel to pass through the main discharge nozzle enrichening the mixture until the load decreases. CHOKE SYSTEM: When an engine is cold, fuel does not vaporize efficiently which makes an engine hard to start. The choke plate at the top of the carbung in a small amount of fuel to richen the mixture. POWER ENRICHMENT: Adds fuel to the mixture whenever the engine encounters heavy loads, such as climbing steep hills. The vacuum created in the manifold opens a small power valve allowing more fbe that discharges into the carburetor throat. When you "step on the gas," the throttle opens quickly allowing air to enter the engine. The fuel mixture becomes "lean" causing hesita- tion. The accelerator pump prevents this condition by squirti mixture screw and out the idle jet into the carburetor throat. As the throttle begins to open, fuel also enters through the idle air bleeds in the same manner. ACCELERATOR SYSTEM: Consists of a small pump with a linkage to the throttle and a tungine to run faster, starting the cycle over again. This sytem is operative when the engine is at a constant cruising speed. IDLE SYSTEM: When the throttle is nearly closed, the vacuum created in the manifold causes fuel to be drawn past the idleowl through the discharge nozzle into the carburetor throat where it mixes with the air and vaporizes. The more the throttle plate is open, the faster the air enters, the lower the air pressure drops, the more fuel is sucked in. This causes the ehe carburetor by the pumping action of the pistons. As this air passes the venturi, which is simply a restriction in the throat of the carburetor, the air speeds up causing a slight drop in pressure. This pressure drop pulls fuel from the float bgine draws fuel, the float goes down allowing more fuel to enter keeping the level of fuel in the bowl constant. MAIN METERING SYSTEM: Uses the main discharge nozzle located inside the venturi as the fuel distribution point. Air is drawn into tT BOWL SYSTEM: Utilizes a small float that bobs up and down inside the float bowl which contains a reservoir of fuel. Attached to the float is a small needle valve which stops fuel from entering the bowl when it reaches a preset level. As the en CARBURETOR Mixes air and fuel in the correct proportions for all engine conditions. A basic automotive carburetor utilizes at least six fuel metering mechanisms to provide an optimum fuel air mixture for all driving conditions. FLOA ࿀࿀࿀࿀La||s3OO |CsCOCyfgff3OOCsCsC@LL03?30333fgayayaffxfffffsC33COO~~)`AAAA a-̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳:::: 3 03<33`gg`(`````````````````````~`f`ffCsCsCOO@LAPQPQQaxxxxpсpp O@pCpCpss@UUՆ PPp| g b**@̓Ņ@ppp p@O@pCpCpss< ̳̳̰@(( ##OOς sCCOO@pՆ @@@@ xg`xaxaxyy 晆CCC@̰̰̳̳̳jjjj̳~ ga**晘`? <|sp|p|p||@̳J B|aaa`uuuuІ sCCOO@pԆԂ̳(( xxx g`xaxyxyyՏՂ Gg@@ppp0̳̳̳::::肨 yaagg`x|܃||sp|p|p||ՏՂՇ Ԍ yaagg`xꃪ Brrp@LL@~~~~ ~xyx~x~x~~TPQPUUaaӂ |00330|**Յ ̰̰?CsCOC ~yx~x~x~~`EEED@`ffOO|||)̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳̳0|0s0̳̳̳̳̳̳jjjj̳??<)晆@@A@AA@A@ @@`fxff |00330|**Յ ̳̳ 3s3fff LO?@L@||yggCsCOC03033 ?<< LOL x33330<0330033fff~`ff၊(^Rc>JJLNOP *(AAU A\\A czp2WW ,!. 9^^3zq3:}qVXSTTUR pump may be inoperative. (7) Engine knocks or pings -- power valve inoperative or a vacuum leak in DFT8) Poor performance and economy -- dirty or misproperly set carburetor. Idles rough -- idle mixture screw out of adjustment or a vacuum leak somewhere on the carburetor, intake manifold or connecting hoses. (5) Idles fast or slow -- idle speed adjustment screw not set properly. (6) Engine hesitates -- accelerator properly, probably opens too soon. (2) Floods when starting -- caused by over pumping the gas pedal before starting. (3) Idles fast for a long time then slows to normal after starting -- choke is staying closed too long, needs adjustment. (4)e necessary to complete one cycle to run the engine. INTAKE STROKE: The intake valve opens as the piston goes down in the cylinder. The fuel air mixture is drawn through the intake manifold past the open valve into the cylinder. COMPRESSION STROngs. When the rocker arm presses on the valve this overcomes the spring tension allowing the valve to open. FOUR STROKE CYCLE The movement of a piston either up or down inside the cylinder is called a stroke. Four strokes of the piston arad and the other at the end of the valve. The camshaft causes these to pivot, pressing on the valve causing it to open. VALVES: Constructed of special heat resistant steel, the valves are held in the closed position on the cylinder head by sprihaft causes the cams to pivot the rocker arms, opening the corresponding valves. The camshaft is rotated in precise timing with the crankshaft by a special belt, chain or gears. ROCKER ARMS: A steel finger with one end attached at the cylinder hets. The intake and exhaust manifolds are bolted to this part and it has threaded holes to accommodate the spark plugs. CAMSHAFT: A forged steel shaft wih egg shaped lobes called cams. There is one cam per valve on the engine. Rotating the camsforged steel, this unit converts the up and down motion of the pistons into the rotary motion of the engine. CYLINDER HEAD: Manufactured of cast iron or aluminum. This unit bolts to the cylinder block with a specialized gasket between the two pars made of spring steel fit. These rings seal the gases in the cylinder and stop excess oil from building up on the cylinder walls. CONNECTING ROD: A forged steel component that attaches the piston to the crankshaft. CRANKSHAFT: Constructed of of the engine. PISTONS: Made of lightweight aluminum, attached to the crankshaft by connecting rods. They move up and down inside the cylinders as the crankshaft rotates. The pistons also have grooves running around them, into which piston ring COMBUSTION CHAMBER COMPONENTS The site where the power of the fuel is released, then converted to mechanical energy in order to run your car. CYLINDER BLOCK: Constructed of cast iron or aluminum with cast iron sleeves. This is a main component 怀惀~~~@̂L@ĂČ@OO@Ňp||ՃՄՂ LLLy~ggy~ՄL ݈?@|||||ՃԐՄՂ O O xxyyxagfgf|sO?<Ռ@|?O@ŋOOs|ՃՄ|30gy~~`f`~~OO ĂԋՃѐՄՂO?ggfgffL?<<|NV%F2)D6IT#CvA K=P [KRXW][[\Ygins all over again. When the piston reaches the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the piston rises again. This forces the burned gas out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold. When the piston reaches the top of this stroke, the cycle beroke, the spark plug fires igniting the compressed fuel-air mixture. This causes the mixture to expand greatly forcing the piston back down the cylinder with tremendous force. This is the only stroke of the piston that produces power. EXHAUST: KE: At the bottom of the intake stroke, the intake valve closes and the piston goes up. The fuel-air mixture is squeezed into a small volume near the spark plug called the combustion chamber. POWER STROKE: At almost the top of the compression st. At the lowest point of this pan, a drain plug is located where dirty oil can be drained. From this small reservoir, oil is drawn past the oil pickup screen and into the oil pump. Oil returns to the pan after distribution simply by dripping ba preventing leakage. A bypass valve may also be present in some filters which allows oil to bypass the filter if it becomes clogged. OIL PAN: Collection pan for engine oil. It is mounted on the bottom of the engine block and sealed with a gasketlogging small oil passages which results in permanent engine damage. Most filters consist of specially impregnated paper folded inside a steel canister. Inlet and outlet holes are also provided along with a gasket which seals the filter in placeheir recommendations. OIL FILTER: After leaving the oil pump, all oil goes through the oil filter before being distributed to the rest of the engine. This filter is necessary to prevent small abrasive particles from causing unnecesary wear or c engines. Today, oil also incorporates many other chemical additives and detergents to prolong engine life and the durability of the oil. Changing the oil and filter should be done in accordance with manufacturer's specifications and not beyond tchemicals which allow use at varying temperatures. American Petroleum Institute service classification is a rating given to oil which denotes its durability. The rating is graded from SA to SF. SF being the best and most commonly used in today's ty or thickness is identified by a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) number. An SAE 10w oil is thin and flows well in cold temperatures. SAE 50 oil is thick and used for high temperatures. Multi-viscosity oils such as SAE 20w-50 have added hamber, absorbs residual particles from combustion and filters them from the system. OIL: Engine oil is the most important component for prolonging engine life. By changing the oil and oil filter regularly, engine life can be increased. Viscosi LUBRICATION SYSTEM The engine oil system is designed primarily to reduce friction between moving parts. It also serves to prevent corrosion of metal parts, transfers heat to areas where it can be dissipated, seals gases in the combustion c Ճfgggg@L|L@3C33߉߂Օ`~~~pC  @@p|~~x~g@ 0pp@sCCsCsC ~aוaa`xx~gga?|||OOOO `xՕёUUUU ******sC UUUPTTp03?3003?30``** `~`f`ff`ff` |C|qpq|pp|@ss@LL fgfg3s0ՂՂՂCsCsC~xyxap||Ԕ@`x~ 3??|fff LL?STUUTPTT******CsCss UU~`ax~`yy |L@@LL@ g֕~a@? ~yϏ??ggf~~3O33ՅՂL fff L LLՂՂՂ O OO??OOOgِ`xp| O ? ~ApPPQagff0<<030??(**** LL`f`fffffUUUUL  L O*j> 0spss~~~(^Ld`HHHHI U;765 * (BCBD/ ,`.#III$$Gj*PPP+ `+Q2XvRQOML. (5.) Water in oil (foaming) -- cracked engine block. (6.) Dripping oil from engine -- worn gaskets on the oil pan or valve cover, loose drain plug or oil filter. -- dirty oil of clogged filter. (2.) Low oil pressure reading -- lack of oil in the engine. (3.) No oil pressure reading -- shut off engine immediately, check oil level and system. (4.) Excessive oil loss -- worn piston rings or worn valve sleevesr smaller passages which lead to all bearing surfaces to ensure proper lubrication. DIP STICK: Straight steel calibrated rod which is removed to check for proper oil level. Symptoms of faulty lubrication systems: (1.) High oil pressure reading .S.I.). The pump also contains a pressure relief valve which limits the pressure the pump can create. The pick up screen stops large particles from entering the pump. MAIN OIL GALLERY: Large drilled passage where oil is distributed from two otheck to this lowest point. OIL PUMP/PICK UP SCREEN: Located at the bottom of the oil pan. The pump is driven by a shaft from the engine and pumps oil through the oil filter to the main oil gallerys at a pressure up to 60 Pounds Per Square Inch (Pz#     ϠĠŠĠŠң ELECTRICAL/IGNITION SYSTEM This system has two main functions. First, it must supply a timed voltage to the spark plugs that is high enough to cause an arc of spark across the spark plug gap. Second, it must charge and regulate voltage throug                                        ay be made. (1) Blue smoke indicating oil leakage past rings or valves. (2) Black sooty smoke characterized by rich fuel mixture or partially clogged air intake. (3) White smoke indicating coolant leaks into the exhaust system. e first. It absorbs noise that penetrates past the initial muffler. Symptoms of faulty resonator: See MUFFLER. TAIL PIPES Where clean quiet exhaust gas is released into the atmosphere. By observing these gases, engine performance evaluations messive noise -- loose fastening clamps, holes in the muffler or rusted out baffles. (2) Poor engine performance and economy -- collapsed chambers in the muffler or other obstructions. RESONATOR: Another type of muffler sometimes found behind thstricting the flow of gases from the exhaust system (back pressure). Reduces the speed and pressure of exhaust gases by sending them through a series of baffles and perforated tubes also decreases noise level. Symptoms of faulty muffler: (1) Exc (1) Poor engine performance -- caused by clogged converter. (2) Unacceptable pollutant levels -- dirty or broken sections inside the catalytic converter. (3) Excessive noise -- caused by holes in the converter. MUFFLER: Reduces power by reCONVERTER: A chamber in the exhaust system where harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons are oxidized through chemical reactions to produce harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20). Symptoms of faulty catalytic converter:are collected and sent to the rest of the exhaust system. Symptoms of faulty exhaust manifold: (1) Excessive noise -- caused by loose manifold bolts or leaking gasket. (2) Poor engine performance -- cracked or clogged manifold. CATALYTIC EXHAUST SYSTEM This system transports hot gases away from the engine, reduces the pollutant levels released into the atmosphere and limits the noise of combustion to an acceptable level. 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ՎՃCÂA! $%%ax~ đđđđđՃ?LJ????@ՂՊ@qq@E??ՇՃ ՌՐEGGEE `ffՃՆՂp #cc#"" сOOCsЂЉ?N@N@@ ՇՃAx ``yya''8??LJ????@**Պ@qq1E@ՇՃΉΉEGGEE `ff gGGA@DEEE~ đđđđĀЉ  ? ՃՃաAAx ``yyaUU%$ !'đđđđđՃ  ՃՃՄѐА~~~TTTT đđđđĀՋ|pp| bb"" сOOCs Ї?||||((||ՇՃU*(((**( ( ?UU đđđđđՊё00"330 Cssp@@t5EEA@Րp||< **?|xՃ~~ đđĐՐ(?՘ՉňтуЌЈԃՃՃ0~~~հ̈ՔՃՁTT}@`1A`8ՐÏXաՃ@Ӕ``Ք @p<₀~ @`8`@Վ՞Ճ ``@Tᙁ( iS,XYZ[]_  !U***6<~0*UUU #(tRa>.YQSP}UUn3EF{. 0[SURuk:L 5                                            ~~ff~**@@@UUggg**333UU**OCOOOCOOOCOOĄUU**U**3?00?3?3?ĄUU~~ff~~ff~**@L @@L @@L UU**?33??33??33?UU~ff~~ffUUPPPPPP(((**" """ """ ""QUUEDDEEDDEEDDE"**      EDDEUU  **UUAAUU  ** *" *" *"AEUQAUUAAA **   EAAUU **         (bbi^ZZZZION: A small computer that determines when the spark will be delivered to the spark plug. The system contains a small electronic pick up assembly inside the distributor which connects to the computer and relays information to it determining the p it up to approximately 40,000 V. This high voltage is then run to the center terminal on the distributor cap. Symptoms of Faulty Coil: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by shorted coil or loose or broken wires . TRANSISTORIZED ELECTRONIC IGNITnsferred to the spark plug wires. Symptom of Faulty Rotor: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by broken rotor. (2) Engine runs rough -- caused by dirty, worn rotor. COIL: A transformer that takes the low voltage from the battery (12V) and stepsributor cap. ROTOR: This unit fits onto the end of the distributor shaft in one position and rotates with it. It connects the center electrode to each of the surrounding electrodes as it rotates, allowing the high voltage from the coil to be tra specific order determined by the manufacturer. Symptom of Faulty Distributor Cap: (1) Engine misfires -- cracked distributor cap, loose distributor cap or plug wire put on out of order. (2) Engine won't start -- bad center terminal on the diste high voltage is fed to the individual plug wires at the proper time. The distributor cap has one center terminal made of carbon that connects it to the coil, and steel terminals surrounding this center terminal which lead to each spark plug in a wires or by wires running parallel and close together which allows the voltage to jump to the wrong wire. (2) Won't start -- bad wire from coil to distributor. (3) Rough running -- defective spark plug wires. DISTRIBUTOR: That point where thufactured cables for high voltage transfer. Transfer the high voltage of the secondary winding of the coil to the distributor, and from the distributor to the spark plugs. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plug Wires: (1) Engine misfires -- caused by badirty plugs, gap too wide, or cracked insulator causing misfire. (3) Engine knocking or pinging -- dirty plugs, wrong plug heat range. (4) Engine occassionally skips -- one or more plugs fouled, gap too wide. SPARK PLUG WIRES: Specially manthe gap between the center electrode and the side electrode. The gap should be set to manufacturer's recommendations. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plugs: (1) Poor economy or performance-- worn or dirty spark plugs. (2) Lack of power -- worn or dhout the system. SPARK PLUGS: Produce the spark which ignites the fuel air mixture inside the combustion chamber. Spark plugs must withstand heat to 3000F and electrical sparks to 40,000 volts. The plug's function is to allow the spark to jump ION: A small computer that determines when the spark will be delivered to the spark plug. The system contains a small electronic pick up assembly inside the distributor which connects to the computer and relays information to it determining the p it up to approximately 40,000 V. This high voltage is then run to the center terminal on the distributor cap. Symptoms of Faulty Coil: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by shorted coil or loose or broken wires . TRANSISTORIZED ELECTRONIC IGNITnsferred to the spark plug wires. Symptom of Faulty Rotor: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by broken rotor. (2) Engine runs rough -- caused by dirty, worn rotor. COIL: A transformer that takes the low voltage from the battery (12V) and stepsributor cap. ROTOR: This unit fits onto the end of the distributor shaft in one position and rotates with it. It connects the center electrode to each of the surrounding electrodes as it rotates, allowing the high voltage from the coil to be tra specific order determined by the manufacturer. Symptom of Faulty Distributor Cap: (1) Engine misfires -- cracked distributor cap, loose distributor cap or plug wire put on out of order. (2) Engine won't start -- bad center terminal on the diste high voltage is fed to the individual plug wires at the proper time. The distributor cap has one center terminal made of carbon that connects it to the coil, and steel terminals surrounding this center terminal which lead to each spark plug in a wires or by wires running parallel and close together which allows the voltage to jump to the wrong wire. (2) Won't start -- bad wire from coil to distributor. (3) Rough running -- defective spark plug wires. DISTRIBUTOR: That point where thufactured cables for high voltage transfer. Transfer the high voltage of the secondary winding of the coil to the distributor, and from the distributor to the spark plugs. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plug Wires: (1) Engine misfires -- caused by badirty plugs, gap too wide, or cracked insulator causing misfire. (3) Engine knocking or pinging -- dirty plugs, wrong plug heat range. (4) Engine occassionally skips -- one or more plugs fouled, gap too wide. SPARK PLUG WIRES: Specially manthe gap between the center electrode and the side electrode. The gap should be set to manufacturer's recommendations. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plugs: (1) Poor economy or performance-- worn or dirty spark plugs. (2) Lack of power -- worn or dhout the system. SPARK PLUGS: Produce the spark which ignites the fuel air mixture inside the combustion chamber. Spark plugs must withstand heat to 3000F and electrical sparks to 40,000 volts. The plug's function is to allow the spark to jump ELECTRICAL/IGNITION SYSTEM This system has two main functions. First, it must supply a timed voltage to the spark plugs that is high enough to cause an arc of spark across the spark plug gap. Second, it must charge and regulate voltage througay be made. (1) Blue smoke indicating oil leakage past rings or valves. (2) Black sooty smoke characterized by rich fuel mixture or partially clogged air intake. 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