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ANTIFREEZE COOLANT: Chemical solution combined with water usually in a 50-50 mixture. The purpose is to increase the temperature at which water boils and decrease the temperature required to make water freeze. It also contains other chemicals that prevent corrosion of the engine block and radiator. WATER PUMP: Pumps are driven by a V-belt from the crankshaft pulley. The pump houses an impeller which pulls antifreeze from the radiator by centri- fugal force. It moves into the engine block where it can circulate around cylinders and valves. Mounted on the shaft is a fan which assists in cooling the antifreeze by drawing air through the fins of the radiator. RADIATOR: Coolant enters the radiator through a specially designed rubber hose at the top. It flows down through a row of tubes that have metal fins attached. These increase the surface area of the metal and aid in the heat dispersal from the antifreeze. It exits at the bottom of the radiator through another rubber hose and returns to the water pump. RADIATOR CAP: Specially designed pressure cap which keeps the cooling system pressure at 14 P.S.I. This raises the coolants boiling temperature from 225F to 260F. RECOVERY TANK: When coolant inside the radiator and engine block heats, it expands. Excess coolant flows from a rubber tube to the recovery tank. When the coolant cools down inside the radiator, it contracts. Excess in the recovery tank is drawn back to fill this space. THERMOSTAT: This valve opens and closes by temperature. When coolant is cold, the thermostat closes which bypasses the radiator and causes coolant to circulate through only the engine block. When coolant warms, the thermostat opens allowing fluid from the radiator to be circulated through the engine block. HEATER CORE: Connected to the coolant system by hoses is another small radiator located behind the dash board. This unit, in combination with a small electric fan, warms the interior of the car with heat removed from the engine. Symptoms of faulty coolant systems: (1) Engine overheats -- lack of antifreeze, broken fan belt, stuck thermostat or clogged radiator. (2) Engine runs too cool -- thermostat is stuck open. (3) Loss of coolant -- check for leakage at radiator, hoses, clamps or water pump gasket. (4) Oil in the coolant -- caused by bad gaskets or a cracked cylinder head. 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ՎՃCÂAAx x``xxxyy'! $%%!yyxđĀ EՃՆՂ?LJ????@ՂՊ@qq@EE?ՏՃ33?33 ёё EGGEE ````ff~xaEEED@AGGG~fffՃ ՇՂp#cc#"" сÏOOCsppЉ@N@NՑՃ|LL|*" ""AAx ``xxxyya%%$ !''yaaTՕՂ?LJ????@Պ@qq1E@ՒՃs@@pp` ````ffx||DDDEE}yyx~gaaՕpp|* "" *Ճ p0p0s<<uuU xyxyxyxԄ~~>~~՚ՕԂԂ# "" ՒՃp@@ y կՂՂNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNՂՃxxpp``aĄղԀӂՕՃ?pC֪xxxxx"ؠ🀀࿀࿀࿀࿀(^P*)hJJKKLLL #!%@4 '$+M=4I,P$:$d]-GLS!0P3{ 4 NS Z;hO NxV/KVTRRTXW??3C33LJLJ?`fxff`yyfff~0<0<0@L@LL LL |pĔ?OАO`f~f`ay~~@LL@3C33ss@33@333 |pŕp||g~CsCsC@TP@ 0L0L0L0L0L0L0L0L0L OOL0L0L0L0L0L0L0@?|p|a~ " fffffffffffffff`3OO}qETP@ 3 3 3 3 3 3?03<33?3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0?~~xb **OOǑ|OOO`xggg| LL|p|ŕӓO033s0~x`xGG@Gxxx~~щт** ӇÏ?@p|||`x~ՇՅՕ|?~x~fyy?ՇՅՉ L LL3yxyyfՉĄĄՅՉ0<<C@LOOyyՉՅՅŃŃ@ŅՌps|ssՉՅǃǃǂǂՍ`pŕՇՂՅÃАՌ?~`yy?|p񁂁|L@LLf`ffayaya0<0<0@L|L@@OOOՅՄՂ@LpLL`f`ffayy@ss3C33|p@?Ձ ȂȂȂ03ayayaff~x` `ff`@LpLLՄՍՂ0|psp!! ``x`yy |pAP@UUTP@@L@LL x` ( gg|pA@EE@ COOLING SYSTEM Extreme temperatures which an operating engine creates in the combustion chamber requires an efficient cooling system to remove this heat. A mixture of antifreeze and water is circulated by a pump through passages in the engine block. The heat is absorbed then transported to the radiator where it is dispersed. ANTIFREEZE COOLANT: Chemical solution combined with water usually in a 50-50 mixture. The purpose is to increase the temperature at which water boils and decrease the temperature required to make water freeze. It also contains other chemicals that prevent corrosion of the engine block and radiator. WATER PUMP: Pumps are driven by a V-belt from the crankshaft pulley. The pump houses an impeller which pulls antifreeze from the radiator by centri- fugal force. It moves into the engine block where it can circulate around cylinders and valves. Mounted on the shaft is a fan which assists in cooling the antifreeze by drawing air through the fins of the radiator. RADIATOR: Coolant enters the radiator through a specially designed rubber hose at the top. It flows down through a row of tubes that have metal fins attached. These increase the surface area of the metal and aid in the heat dispersal from the antifreeze. It exits at the bottom of the radiator through another rubber hose and returns to the water pump. RADIATOR CAP: Specially designed pressure cap which keeps the cooling system pressure at 14 P.S.I. This raises the coolants boiling temperature from 225F to 260F. RECOVERY TANK: When coolant inside the radiator and engine block heats, it expands. Excess coolant flows from a rubber tube to the recovery tank. When the coolant cools down inside the radiator, it contracts. Excess in the recovery tank is drawn back to fill this space. THERMOSTAT: This valve opens and closes by temperature. When coolant is cold, the thermostat closes which bypasses the radiator and causes coolant to circulate through only the engine block. When coolant warms, the thermostat opens allowing fluid from the radiator to be circulated through the engine block. HEATER CORE: Connected to the coolant system by hoses is another small radiator located behind the dash board. This unit, in combination with a small electric fan, warms the interior of the car with heat removed from the engine. Symptoms of faulty coolant systems: (1) Engine overheats -- lack of antifreeze, broken fan belt, stuck thermostat or clogged radiator. (2) Engine runs too cool -- thermostat is stuck open. (3) Loss of coolant -- check for leakage at radiator, hoses, clamps or water pump gasket. (4) Oil in the coolant -- caused by bad gaskets or a cracked cylinder head. (^H[7~BBBCDDEE "!UU<8 >; 0**  ''IJ)VTT(.*GTouP.SU ( LH8pd|W5#Z\/,Vw6T;d=[߮F]RXQMWUI??OOGQQAffyggg#(**  ## "* (  OLLs3C|| ?<<UUUUgf`aуА|prB ( ((JJr|OO <<03033~`UUU~fggyyԂԂ`fxffp **@LL@03?30@@ss'UUU''f`ff~ayayaUPB* @@PUUO@pOʃ@p|@LpLL " sԏ??LL~~~~~`yss@@LOLO ?||<|||||3s3 ꪂgg`yy`fgf ՕՄĄՃ3s3@|@L@LyaՄՂՂ㥠OOOs? PQUUUTՂ Ձ0330|p@( .. @ `ff~ՕLJŃń LL OOxyyx||||< LL||ÃЈs?`ggyy3O?<ss30ߟ OOOff`fxff~~xL 0<0<0|p|33ggf`~`f`~yyagggf??OO??? <<ԋ~x~x~@|ps@s@s|p@0330`xgg`fxff@L@LL|||p@@p|yya((( ?p||<0?030ԠԂ3ss~xUaaP~`f`~~‚ʊʊffg*"   "*<||@s@L@LL33@E DUDPaff~xpbJJBpp||3C33@Šł@|||~~~iston's location in the cylinder. The computer then pulses the coil which allows the spark to be delivered precisely and accurately thousands of time per minute. Some units also have advance and retard of the timing built into their computers. Symptoms of Faulty Ignition Systems: (1) Engine won't start or runs erratically -- most computers are complex units and must be replaced. ALTERNATOR: Driven by a belt which continually turns the alternator whenever the engine operates. The alternator supplies current to the electrical system to keep it operating and to keep the battery charged. Symptoms of Faulty Alternator: (1) AMP gauge shows discharge -- caused by broken belt, or worn brushes inside the alternator. (2) Squealing heard when engine runs -- the belt is loose, may cause discharge. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: Its function is to keep a steady voltage in the electrical system at all engine speeds. It does not allow voltage to go below 12 V. or above 14V. Most new units are transistorized and require no maintenance. Symptoms of Faulty Regulators: (1) AMP gauge shows discharge -- worn or broken regulator should be replaced. (2) AMP gauge shows overcharge -- faulty regulator. BATTERY: Supplies the voltage and current necessary for ignition and for turning the starter motor which then starts the engine. Most batteries today are maintenance free, although some may be serviced by removing caps and testing the electrolyte (battery fluid) with a hydrometer. This unit simply tests the specific gravity of the electrolyte. Two terminals are present on the battery -- one positive (+) and one negative (-). Automobiles are configured with one-wire systems. The negative side of the battery is bolted to the chassis (). This means that all metal of the car now acts as the negative side of the battery. The positive side goes to all units that require voltage. In this way, only one wire is needed to complete the circuit. Symptoms of Faulty Batteries: (1) Car won't start (lights are dim) -- dead battery. (2) Car won't start (lights ok) -- corroded or loose terminals. (3) Terminals crusted over -- voltage regulator overcharges or the ground cable on the alternator is loose. (4) Ammeter reads charge for a long time after car starts then reads normal -- battery is weak and holding a charge. (5) Engine clicks but doesn't turn -- loose cable or weak battery. STARTER: An electric motor with a small gear that engages with a large ring gear on the flywheel to turn the engine when you want to start the car. Symptoms of Faulty Starter: (1) Engine does not turn (clicks), lights operate -- replace starter. (2) Engine does nothing, lights operate -- bad starter solenoid. (^T,fcLMOQQRS%UU ,=0=** %&('T&Z0;L!?2vTe#U&U~zj*(  *( ?3 UUW_}uUTPATPAffՁĂą ((`  **+/~:: 8*:8ssCxxW_|p@AUU_WUUpuuxՂ xh  +/>x`  ** /p OOO`UUW_}tP@EW_}|ttTUUPUU~ ߕĄ@|? * *+/>zh "  ** :@p033⊨ xU\p@EUUW_}tTPQPTUTUPxfxff|p|LOLOO " +.8`" **+//+* j j:@ÏyyaaTP@EW\p@AAUAT x⊨0<< |pB *( " ++//* jj:@|~xaTP`ADdPUAT~АÃps|ss|pB ++*(**BpOOO~x~fgfg āЁՂՄ3s3 L L fgffgfgՃՂՂ333CsCsC??fутԃԄpו@LpLL33@p ff~~x|ńł@đ?3C33||030??~~~~f`|Մ30L||a`ff??@|ppp|@sspspyxx~~тspp||Op3C3333`))(()fffffayayy|?AAESS LLL@`"" * ** **Ճ~ayayaTEEPUTUUTUUCsCss|px(*    `OO||pEEA0||<<@Uppp|sCLOLOO`" '') bxx~yya03033||0<<`fxffx`x@LpL@8jj(8ps|ssy~~xa`eeaxyx~~p|?`x|~|xppppppp`@|p?~@``|||||pppppppppp`p`🀀 FUEL SYSTEM Fuel is drawn from the fuel tank by a fuel pump and forced through a series of filters. It reaches the carburetor where it is mixed with air and vaporized. The vapor is then drawn through the intake manifold past the intake valve and into the combustion chamber where it is burned. FUEL TANK: Storage container for the liquid fuel needed to operate the engine. The tank of most automobiles contains 10 to 25 gallons of gasoline. Symptoms of a faulty fuel tank: (1) Engine occasionally skips or runs roughly at times. This can be caused by excessive dirt particles or water accumulated in the fuel tank. Dirt particles can come from contaminated storage tanks at gas stations. Water in the fuel tank can be caused by this contamination or by condensation. Condensation occurs when the fuel tank is low and goes from a cold to a warm environment. FUEL PUMP: Pumps fuel from the fuel tank through the fuel lines up to the carburetor. Symptoms of a faulty fuel pump: (1) Hard starting, rough running, stalling, backfiring due to worn, broken or damaged parts within the fuel pump. FUEL FILTERS: Two or more filters are present in most fuel systems. Their purpose is to prevent moisture and small particles from entering the carburetor, clogging small passages and hindering engine performance. They can be present in the fuel tank, carburetor or the fuel line between the fuel pump and carburetor. Symptoms of faulty fuel filters: (1) Engine won't start because of lack of fuel at the carburetor or a clogged dirty filter. (2) Engine won't reach maximum Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) caused by a filter that is restricting the fuel flow. FUEL LINES: Specialized alloy tubing which carries the fuel from the tank to the fuel pump. Symptoms of faulty fuel lines: (1) These lines may become clogged, kinked or crushed resulting in lack of fuel to the carburetor. Engine doesn't start or runs poorly. AIR CLEANER: This unit mounts on the top of the carburetor and contains an air filter. The filter's purpose is to remove dirt and dust from the air before it is allowed to enter the carburetor and mix with fuel. Symptoms of faulty air cleaners: (1) Poor economy and engine performance caused by clogged filters that do not allow air to pass by freely. INTAKE MANIFOLD: Made of steel or aluminum and mounts to the engine and the carburetor mounts to it. It has two main functions (a) helps to vaporize fuel that leaves the carburetor and (b) distributes the mixture evenly to all cylinders. Symptoms of faulty intake manifolds: (1) Rough idle -- vacuum leak due to worn gaskets or connection hoses. (2) Poor performance or economy -- caused by dirty or leaking intake manifold. 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CYLINDER BLOCK: Constructed of cast iron or aluminum with cast iron sleeves. This is a main component of the engine. PISTONS: Made of lightweight aluminum, attached to the crankshaft by connecting rods. They move up and down inside the cylinders as the crankshaft rotates. The pistons also have grooves running around them, into which piston rings made of spring steel fit. These rings seal the gases in the cylinder and stop excess oil from building up on the cylinder walls. CONNECTING ROD: A forged steel component that attaches the piston to the crankshaft. CRANKSHAFT: Constructed of forged steel, this unit converts the up and down motion of the pistons into the rotary motion of the engine. CYLINDER HEAD: Manufactured of cast iron or aluminum. This unit bolts to the cylinder block with a specialized gasket between the two parts. The intake and exhaust manifolds are bolted to this part and it has threaded holes to accommodate the spark plugs. CAMSHAFT: A forged steel shaft wih egg shaped lobes called cams. There is one cam per valve on the engine. Rotating the camshaft causes the cams to pivot the rocker arms, opening the corresponding valves. The camshaft is rotated in precise timing with the crankshaft by a special belt, chain or gears. ROCKER ARMS: A steel finger with one end attached at the cylinder head and the other at the end of the valve. The camshaft causes these to pivot, pressing on the valve causing it to open. VALVES: Constructed of special heat resistant steel, the valves are held in the closed position on the cylinder head by springs. When the rocker arm presses on the valve this overcomes the spring tension allowing the valve to open. FOUR STROKE CYCLE The movement of a piston either up or down inside the cylinder is called a stroke. Four strokes of the piston are necessary to complete one cycle to run the engine. INTAKE STROKE: The intake valve opens as the piston goes down in the cylinder. The fuel air mixture is drawn through the intake manifold past the open valve into the cylinder. COMPRESSION STROKE: At the bottom of the intake stroke, the intake valve closes and the piston goes up. The fuel-air mixture is squeezed into a small volume near the spark plug called the combustion chamber. POWER STROKE: At almost the top of the compression stroke, the spark plug fires igniting the compressed fuel-air mixture. This causes the mixture to expand greatly forcing the piston back down the cylinder with tremendous force. This is the only stroke of the piston that produces power. EXHAUST: When the piston reaches the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the piston rises again. This forces the burned gas out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold. When the piston reaches the top of this stroke, the cycle begins all over again. (^Rf<JJJKKL ժU*U,-B 1*U* '')B>NV%F2)D6IT#CvA K=P [KRXW][[\YggaagayagaL|pC?3@ssyaԊx``f`~~???|p@?03?30~ՍՂyafxff3ssCO? Ï`yyyxᅊ`xP@TTP@0<0<0|sOLL **(((Ր`fxff~xaUUՐ30ԄԅԉՄՃ~``gg`x?CsspՄՄՉ?Ղ@LL@yya~ (((OՁs??0||||ՄՅՂUU|~~xgyy333ՄՓՂ333ffyyyyx~ff@LLppO?ՄՌp||矉|ՒՂ33 `gy~f0330 ϳs|ՒՂ|pfxyyᙦՄL ̃?݈ՃłՉՂ030??yyxx~ffOOpCϿ3?ՃՄՉՂLLL~~yx~03033?O@ŋOOs|ՃՄ|30gy~~`f`~~OO ĂԋՃѐՄՂO?ggfgffL?<<| 0spss~~~~`ax~`yy |L@@LL@ g֕~a@? ~yϏ??ggf~~3O33ՅՂL fff L LLՂՂՂ O OOfgfg3s0ՂՂՂCsCsC~xyxap||Ԕ@`x~ 3??|fff LL?STUUTPTT******CsCss UUUUUU ******sC UUUPTTp03?3003?30``** `~`f`ff`ff` |C|qpq|pp|@ss@LL x~g@ 0pp@sCCsCsC ~aוaa`xx~gga?|||OOOO `xՕёՃfgggg@L|L@3C33߉߂Օ`~~~pC  @@p|~~ EXHAUST SYSTEM This system transports hot gases away from the engine, reduces the pollutant levels released into the atmosphere and limits the noise of combustion to an acceptable level. EXHAUST MANIFOLD: The site where the exhaust gases are collected and sent to the rest of the exhaust system. Symptoms of faulty exhaust manifold: (1) Excessive noise -- caused by loose manifold bolts or leaking gasket. (2) Poor engine performance -- cracked or clogged manifold. CATALYTIC CONVERTER: A chamber in the exhaust system where harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons are oxidized through chemical reactions to produce harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20). Symptoms of faulty catalytic converter: (1) Poor engine performance -- caused by clogged converter. (2) Unacceptable pollutant levels -- dirty or broken sections inside the catalytic converter. (3) Excessive noise -- caused by holes in the converter. MUFFLER: Reduces power by restricting the flow of gases from the exhaust system (back pressure). Reduces the speed and pressure of exhaust gases by sending them through a series of baffles and perforated tubes also decreases noise level. Symptoms of faulty muffler: (1) Excessive noise -- loose fastening clamps, holes in the muffler or rusted out baffles. (2) Poor engine performance and economy -- collapsed chambers in the muffler or other obstructions. RESONATOR: Another type of muffler sometimes found behind the first. It absorbs noise that penetrates past the initial muffler. Symptoms of faulty resonator: See MUFFLER. TAIL PIPES Where clean quiet exhaust gas is released into the atmosphere. By observing these gases, engine performance evaluations may be made. (1) Blue smoke indicating oil leakage past rings or valves. (2) Black sooty smoke characterized by rich fuel mixture or partially clogged air intake. (3) White smoke indicating coolant leaks into the exhaust system. ELECTRICAL/IGNITION SYSTEM This system has two main functions. First, it must supply a timed voltage to the spark plugs that is high enough to cause an arc of spark across the spark plug gap. Second, it must charge and regulate voltage throughout the system. SPARK PLUGS: Produce the spark which ignites the fuel air mixture inside the combustion chamber. Spark plugs must withstand heat to 3000F and electrical sparks to 40,000 volts. The plug's function is to allow the spark to jump the gap between the center electrode and the side electrode. The gap should be set to manufacturer's recommendations. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plugs: (1) Poor economy or performance-- worn or dirty spark plugs. (2) Lack of power -- worn or dirty plugs, gap too wide, or cracked insulator causing misfire. (3) Engine knocking or pinging -- dirty plugs, wrong plug heat range. (4) Engine occassionally skips -- one or more plugs fouled, gap too wide. SPARK PLUG WIRES: Specially manufactured cables for high voltage transfer. Transfer the high voltage of the secondary winding of the coil to the distributor, and from the distributor to the spark plugs. Symptoms of Faulty Spark Plug Wires: (1) Engine misfires -- caused by bad wires or by wires running parallel and close together which allows the voltage to jump to the wrong wire. (2) Won't start -- bad wire from coil to distributor. (3) Rough running -- defective spark plug wires. DISTRIBUTOR: That point where the high voltage is fed to the individual plug wires at the proper time. The distributor cap has one center terminal made of carbon that connects it to the coil, and steel terminals surrounding this center terminal which lead to each spark plug in a specific order determined by the manufacturer. Symptom of Faulty Distributor Cap: (1) Engine misfires -- cracked distributor cap, loose distributor cap or plug wire put on out of order. (2) Engine won't start -- bad center terminal on the distributor cap. ROTOR: This unit fits onto the end of the distributor shaft in one position and rotates with it. It connects the center electrode to each of the surrounding electrodes as it rotates, allowing the high voltage from the coil to be transferred to the spark plug wires. Symptom of Faulty Rotor: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by broken rotor. (2) Engine runs rough -- caused by dirty, worn rotor. COIL: A transformer that takes the low voltage from the battery (12V) and steps it up to approximately 40,000 V. This high voltage is then run to the center terminal on the distributor cap. Symptoms of Faulty Coil: (1) Engine won't start -- caused by shorted coil or loose or broken wires . TRANSISTORIZED ELECTRONIC IGNITION: A small computer that determines when the spark will be delivered to the spark plug. The system contains a small electronic pick up assembly inside the distributor which connects to the computer and relays information to it determining the pժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժĀժԂ0ղĈШŪªŠªŠЪժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժ U @ѪՌѪբժԪ‚ŠՊ‚ŠժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժƪղԪƪՊժѪժԪŪբժժԪըՊժժժՊըՊȪЂըժѪՊժŪբժŪբժѪըժԪѪ ժժժծՀШժªЪժժՊբѪŪըբ ժՂժрՠܪՊԬЪՀѪԪЊՏŪՊժŪբԈĢĨТш ԪЪЪժժժըժըժժժժժ̂PЈ Ш(ժժժժժժժժPժԪŪըՌժŪբЂЂ ЀЀЀԂҢՊՌժժժՠըªŠªŠԪЀЀЀU*PղԪƪՊժѪЂЪЀЀՠժԪѪըըըՌѪժԪŪըժѪՊժըժѪբժժԪЪժժժբըժԂԢժŪըժԪՊժՊժŪբժѪŪը ժԪЪЪժժժծŨժժĂЪժժժƀ ԪԪЪժԪԪժԬՀԪժՊԈĢĨТш ԪԪԪՊժժŪՊТժժժժժzЂPԂѪըժѪըբԨŊԀԈрĢĢŊ ЪժժժՊ uɀԪժժՂЀբղԪՂ‚Š‚Š ժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբԨ(ߕԪժըՊЂՀՂŠժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբЪՀT ըՠՀРՌѪժԪŪЂЪժԪԪԪѪըըբբԪŪՠՊՂժѪŪըբբբղԪƪՌժѪբժŪըժԪբժŪՊժժԪЪЪժժժբըժՀՂЀЀ ժԪЪЪժժժկԠժՂłêժԪըՊժ ԪԪЪЪժժՂժժ‚ԪՊըժѪըբժ*@Q"QD"(Q(D  ԪԪԪՂժժժժժժժjЊPъԀԀŪբժŪբՊĈĈĠĠ ЪժժՊ(uԪժժԪѪժժժՂЪժ‚ŠՂ‚ŠЎ ժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբҕѪժԪժՊªŠªŠժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբժUըբՂՂŢ ժԪԪԪѪѪѪժժՊըըըբբԪՂՀՊժŪբՊՊՊժԪԪЪժժժעըժՂʂՂժԪըՊժŪբժѪբժѪըժԪըՊժԊŊԨѨŊĈł ժԪԪЪժժիվԨՊՂՂԀԀ衅պծժѪըբժԪ ԪԪЪԪՊժՂժժժժժՋըԈբժŪբՊժ ЪԪԪłЪժժߪԪժժժÊPŪԂЀЂՀՀՀՊժՌժԢŊԈрĢĢ ЪЪժժŪՂ(UЪժЪŪժժժՠժxÊxÊЪ ժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբ(@ЪŪՌժѪժ¢Š¢ŠԨժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբժUѪղԪŪըЊժԪԪԪѪѪѪժժyըըբբЪըՊЪЪըժԪըՊժԪԪժԪԪЪժժբըժժʂՂժѪղԪՌժƪՊժƪբѪըբղĈĈѪĈ ԪԪԪЪժժժժծԪժՂՊԂԂժժŪբՊժѪԨŢĠԨТ ЪԪժՀԪժժ@ժժժժժUՂՊժՊժԪ ЪЊтԪժתԪժժժӂPժժժժժժժժժԪժժժըժԪըղԪĢĈĠ ԪժժѪՂ(uЪՊѪŠШŊժŠÊՋÊЪ ժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբTUԴeŞ՟ѪղԪŪըժ‚Š‚ÊԢժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբЀ+UՊժԪԪШժƪՌѪբժժժՎժǪպԪժժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪժժU(UԢըըբբЂ @ U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*ժԪԪЪѪѪժժժըժժ‚ՂԪŪՌժղԪժԪՊժƪբՊѪƪłłԈ ԪԪԪЪժժժժիԊԪժԂժԂԊժՊժԪŪĨբĠԊĈ ժժՂժԪժժժժժժժժ‚Uª衅ꡅժժԪըժԪѪ ժՂԀժժժѪժժԪPըՌժժՊժŪբժѪըժѪբժѪբժѪѢĠЀĂ ժժժЪՀ"UрŪըňԈшĪԪªŠªŠЪU*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*ժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբ@*P؀Ś?ƪՌѪբժ‚ÊՋÊԊժԪԪԪѪѪѪѪѪѪŪըըըըբբĂ*ՠբժԪѪѪѪԪժԪƪըՊժѪբպԪѪգժǪժժժժժժժժՊܪժժ UՂҪժժժժŪՊժѪըղԪՊժŪբՊժѪŪŪ ժժժժժժժժԪժժպըըժբѪղԪҪժժѪժԪՊժԪƪĈĈĈ ժժժժժժժժը?ԂժժԊԊԪըժԪѪĈЪĠĈԂТ ժժՀժժժՊԪժժժժժـªԺꡅվ՚ժѪբժѪŪ ժ"ժժժժժժժժժ"pբղԪŪժԪՊժŪբժƪՊժŪՊժŪ ժՊԪU*ԀգňՈŪѪªŠªŠԪ ժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժժ* ժxղԪƪըՊժ‚ÊՋ‚ŠЪժժժժժժժժѪѪըժժժժժԢUբՊժѪŪŪŪѪՌժѪբժԪŪՊѪժǪՎժժժժժժժժժՂժժժ ըՊªѪժժժժԪŪբѪըՀըժԪՊժԪŪ ժժժժժժժՊժժժժըըժբłĀըժԪѪĈňĈł ժժժժժժժժՀҢԪԪԪԊՊѪբժѪŪըĈШĠĈĂ ժժժՂժժժժժժ@ªԪժꡅժՊժŪՊժŪ (ժժծժժժժժՊ|ՊѪժѪժԪՊժժԪժԪ ԪՂꟀTT ըՎňĈшĪŪªŠªŠԪU*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*U*Πî